2.2 Characteristics of Near-Fault Ground Motions…………………..

2.2. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)……………………….. 3

2.2.2 Peak Ground Velocity (PGV)…...……………………….. 4
2.2.3 Arias Intensity…...……………………………………….. 5
2.2.4 Peak Ground Acceleration to Peak Ground Velocity Ratio
(PGA/PGV)……………………………………………… 7
2.3 Near-Fault Ground Motions and Attenuation Relationships…….. 8
2.3. Attenuation Relationships Predicting Peak Ground
Acceleration…......……………………………………….. 9
2.3.2 Attenuation Relationships Predicting Arias Intensity……. 24
2.4 Correlation between the Pulse Period and the Predominant Period
from Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectra………………………... 26
2.5 Spectral Displacements of Ground Motion Components………... 3
3. BASIC THEORY AND DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS…………… 35
3. Models and Analysis Procedures………………………………… 35
3. . MDOF Models…………………………………………… 36
3. . . Properties of the Idealized Frames……………… 36
3. . .2 Analysis Procedures for the MDOF Systems…... 39
3. .2 SDOF Systems…………………………………………… 40
3. .2. Properties of the SDOF Systems……………….. 40
3. .2.2 Analysis procedure for the SDOF Systems……... 4
3.2 Effects of Near-Fault Ground Motions on the Response of Elastic
Moment Resisting Frames ………………………………………. 42
3.2. Effects of Pulse Period on Local Displacement Demands.. 42
3.2.2 Effects of Pulse Period on the Contribution of Higher
Modes……………………………………………………. 43
3.2.3 Effects of Strong Motion Pulses on Lateral Displacement
and Interstory Drift Profiles of Elastic Moment Resisting
Frames…………………………………………………… 46