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JGMHVX
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, = , iBj ⋅

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m
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 , nBo 
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L]QRVXLSRNXWX3DGQDSRQD∆8GHILQLUDVHNDR
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O⋅3
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8 ⋅ FRV ϕ
JGMHVX
O±GXOMLQDYRGDXP
3±VQDJDNRMDVHSUHQRVLYRGRPX:
8±QD]LYQLQDSRQX9
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5 N ±UDGQLRWSRUXΩP
; N ±MDORYLRWSRUXΩP
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O⋅3
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κ ⋅ 6 ⋅8
JGMHMH
κVSHFLILþQDYRGOMLYRVWXPΩPPs
s
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κ ⋅ 6 ⋅8
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v t
∑ w 3t ⋅ ∑w G u ′ y x u
⋅ .
−
t u w
∆8 =
= =
8
V|
G { ′ −~ } { = G z } { ⋅
V′z{

.=
⋅ V
JGMHMH
3 ±SRWUDåQMDXþYRULãWXLXN:
8±SRJRQVNLQDSRQXN9
G ±GXOMLQDYRGDL]PH XþYRULãWDLLMXP
G′ ±QDGRPMHVQDGXOMLQDXP
V ±WLSVNLSUHVMHNNDEHOD
V ±VWYDUQLSUHVMHNYRGD
V′ ±QDGRPMHVQLSUHVMHNYRGD]D$OYRGLþHV′ V
]D&XYRGLþHV′ V ⋅

'R]YROMHQLSDGQDSRQDXUHGRYQRPSRJRQXMHXL]YDQUHGQRP
SRJRQXGR]YROMHQLSDGQDSRQDL]QRVL$NRWRQLMHLVSXQMHQRPUHåHVH
PRUDSRQRYQRPRGHOLUDWLGDELVHRYDMXYMHW]DGRYROMLR

3URUDþXQNRPSHQ]DFLMH

2YDUD]PDWUDQMDSURYRGHVHSUHPDSRJODYOMXL]>@L>@
0QRJD WURãLOD NRULVWH MDORYX
HQHUJLMX ]D VWYDUDQMH PDJQHWVNRJ

SROMD 1D VOLFL SULND]DQ MH

YHNWRUVNL GLMDJUDP SULMH L SRVOLMH

SURYHGHQH NRPSHQ]DFLMH ,]UD] ]D

UDþXQDQMH MDORYH VQDJH L]JOHGD )
RYNR "
4 = 6 − 3

3
FRV ϕ =

6
JGMHMH 6OLND-DORYDVQDJDSULMHL
6SULYLGQDVQDJD SRVOLMHNRPSHQ]DFLMH
3±GMHODWQDVQDJD
4±MDORYDVQDJD
FRVϕIDNWRUVQDJH
=D QDSDMDQMH WURãLOD X WURID]QRP VXVWDYX GMHODWQH VQDJH 3 EH]
NRPSHQ]DFLMHLVDNRPSHQ]DFLMRPMDORYHVQDJHYULMHGL
3 = ⋅ 8 ⋅ , ⋅ FRV ϕ = ⋅ 8 ⋅ , ⋅ FRV ϕ
,]WRJDSURL]OD]LRPMHU
, FRV ϕ FRV ϕ
= → , = , ⋅
, FRV ϕ FRV ϕ
9LGL VH GD MH ]D QDSDMDQMH WURãLOD MHGQDNH VQDJH X] YHüL IDNWRU VQDJH
SRWUHEQD PDQMD VWUXMD D VDPLP WLP MH L PDQMH VWUXMQR RSWHUHüHQMH SD VH
PRJXXSRWULMHELWLYRGRYLPDQMHJSUHVMHND

.RPSHQ]DFLMD MDORYH VQDJH L HQHUJLMH LPD NRULVWL L L] HNRQRPVNRJ
DVSHNWD*XELWDNVQDJHSULMHNRPSHQ]DFLMHMHRGUH HQL]UD]RP
3 =

(
3 +4

)
⋅ 5
8
'RNQDNRQNRPSHQ]DFLMHJXELWDNVQDJHL]QRVL

3 + (4 − 4 )
3 ′ = ⋅ 5
8
GDNOHUD]OLNDJXELWDNDL]QRVL
∆3 = 3 − 3 ′ =
(4 − 4 )⋅ 4 ⋅ 5
8
JGMHMH4 VQDJDNRPSHQ]DWRUVNHEDWHULMH
2GUH LYDQMH VQDJH NRPSHQ]DWRUVNH EDWHULMH UDGL VH L] WHKQLþNLK
UD]ORJD L L] HNRQRPVNLK UD]ORJD (OHNWURSULYUHGQD SRGX]HüD QDSODüXMX
SRWURãQMXMDORYLQHDNRRQDSUHOD]LRGUH HQLL]QRVSDVHWDGDNRPSHQ]DFLMD
MDORYLQH UDGL GD VH VPDQMH WURãNRYL HOHNWULþQH HQHUJLMH 'UXJL UD]ORJ MH
WHKQLþNH SULURGH NDR ãWR MH YHü SULMH UHþHQR ]ERJ YHüHJ SDGD QDSRQD QD
HOHPHQWLPDPUHåHXVOLMHGSURWMHFDQMDYHüHVWUXMHYHüHJVWUXMQRJRSWHUHüHQMD
YRGRYD«,GHDOQDNRPSHQ]DFLMDVHSRVWLåHNDGDVHRVWYDUL
4 − 4 =
,GHDOQD NRPSHQ]DFLMD VH JRWRYR QLNDGD QH SURYRGL ]ERJ PRJXüH
SUHNRPSHQ]DFLMH SULOLNRP PDQMHJ RSWHUHüHQMD SD VH UHDOQD NRPSHQ]DFLMD
SRVWLåHDNRVHRVWYDUL
4 − 4 >
DOL WDNR GD SUL SXQRP RSWHUHüHQMX FRVϕ EXGH RNR D SUL QDMPDQMHP
RSWHUHüHQMXGDQHGR HGRSUHNRPSHQ]DFLMH
3URUDþXQQDGRPMHVQLKL]YRUD

5D]PDWUDQMDXRYRPSRJODYOMXSURYHGHQDVXX]NRQ]XOWDFLMHVD>@
3RVWRMH SRWURãDþL NDR ãWR VX EROQLFH UDILQHULMH NRQWUROH OHWHQMD NRML
]ERJVYRMHYDåQRVWLLVLJXUQRVWLOMXGLLLPRYLQHQHVPLMXRVWDWLEH]QDSDMDQMD
HOHNWULþQRP HQHUJLMRP SD VH WDNYL SRWURãDþL RSUHPDMX GYRVWUDQLP
QDSDMDQMHPVDXWRPDWVNLPSUHEDFLYDQMHPLOLVHSDNRSUHPDMXQDGRPMHVQLP
L]YRULPD NRMX VX QDMþHãüH GL]HOVNL DJUHJDWL 7DNYL QDGRPMHVQL L]YRUL PRUDMX
ELWL SUDYLOQR GLPHQ]LRQLUDQL NDNR EL SR SUHVWDQNX JODYQRJ QDSDMDQMD
SRX]GDQRPRJOLSUHX]HWLVYDNULWLþQDRSWHUHüHQMDQDVHEH
3UYL XYMHW SUL L]ERUX VQDJH HOHNWURDJUHJDWD MH RGUH LYDQMH YUãQH
SULYLGQHLYUãQHGMHODWQHVQDJHSULNOMXþHQLKWURãLOD
6 ≥ ⋅ 8 ⋅ , ⋅ − N9$

3 ≥ ⋅ 8 ⋅ , ⋅ FRV ϕ ⋅ − N:

JGMHVX, LFRVϕYUãQDVWUXMDLIDNWRUVQDJHWURãLOD
.DR GUXJL XYMHW SUL L]ERUX VQDJH DJUHJDWD SRWUHEQR MH X]HWL X RE]LU
SUROD]QH VWUXMH NRMH QDVWDMX SUL XNODSDQMX HOHNWURPRWRUQLK WURãLOD 7DNR

DJUHJDWL PRUDMX ELWL X VWDQMX MHGQR NUDüH YULMHPH L]GUåDWL þDN L GYRVWUXNX
QD]LYQXVWUXMXLVQLåHQLQDSRQ
6QDJDHOHNWURDJUHJDWD6± PRåHVHRGUHGLWLL]L]UD]D
3 ⋅η²
6³ = N9$
FRV ϕ ²
JGMHMH
3±VQDJDSRJRQVNRJVWURMDXN:
η´ ±VWXSDQMGMHORYDQMDDJUHJDWD
FRVϕ´ ±IDNWRUVQDJHDJUHJDWD
'L]HOVNL DJUHJDW RVMHWOMLY MH QD SURPMHQH XYMHWD X RNROLQL 6QDJD
GL]HOVNRJ DJUHJDWD RSDGD V SRYHüDQMHP WHPSHUDWXUH RNROLQH SRYHüDQMHP
QDGPRUVNHYLVLQHLSRYHüDQMHPUHODWLYQHYODåQRVWL
3URUDþXQNUDWNRJVSRMD

2YDUD]PDWUDQMDSURYRGHVHX]NRQ]XOWDFLMXVD>@
.UDWNL VSRMHYL VX QDMYHüL NYDURYL NRML VH PRJX GRJRGLWL X SRMHGLQRM
PUHåL 6WRJD MH SRWUHEQR UDþXQVNLP SXWHP RGUHGLWL VWUXMH NRMH EL PRJOH
SURWLFDWLPUHåRPSULOLNRPSRMDYHNUDWNRJVSRMD1DWHPHOMXSURUDþXQDVWUXMD
NUDWNRJVSRMDGLPHQ]LRQLUDVH]DãWLWDLHOHPHQWLPUHåH2SüHQLWRUD]OLNXMHPR
GYLMH YUVWH NUDWNRJ VSRMD NUDWNL VSRM GDOHNR RG JHQHUDWRUD L NUDWNL VSRM X
EOL]LQL JHQHUDWRUD$NRVHVLQXVRLGDOQRMVWUXMLNRMDSURWHþHSULSRMDYLNUDWNRJ
VSRMD VPDQMXMH DPSOLWXGD WM SULVXWQR MH W]Y NYD]LVWDFLRQDUQR VWDQMH VOLND
NRMHPRåHWUDMDWLþDNLSRQHNROLNRVHNXQGLWDNDYNUDWNLVSRMQD]LYDPR
NUDWNLVSRMXEOL]LQLJHQHUDWRUD$NRSDNQLMHSULVXWQRNYD]LVWDFLRQDUQRVWDQMH
X VWUXML NUDWNRJ VSRMD WM DPSOLWXGD VWUXMH NUDWNRJ VSRMD VH QH PMHQMD VOLND
JRYRULPRRNUDWNRPVSRMXXGDOMHQRPRGJHQHUDWRUD
.UDWNL VSRM PRåH ELWL WURSROQL GYRSROQL GYRSROQL VD ]HPOMRP L
MHGQRSROQL =D GLPHQ]LRQLUDQMH SRMHGLQLK HOHPHQDWD X PUHåL QDPD MH
SRVHEQRLQWHUHVDQWQDPDNVLPDOQDVWUXMDNRMDVHPRåHMDYLWLXVOXþDMXNUDWNRJ
VSRMD D ]D XGHãDYDQMH SURUDGQH VWUXMH ]DãWLWQLK HOHPHQDWD SRWUHEQR MH
RGUHGLWLLPLQLPDOQXVWUXMXNRMDVHMDYOMDSULNUDWNRPVSRMX
1D VOLFL LOXVWULUDQ MH QDþLQ SURUDþXQD VWUXMH NUDWNRJ VSRMD 6WUXMD
NUDWNRJ VSRMD X VYLP VOXþDMHYLP RGUH XMH VH WDNR GD VH QD PMHVWX NUDWNRJ
VSRMD SRVWDYL QDGRPMHVQL
QDSRQVNL L]YRU L]QRVD QDSRQD
¡
F⋅8´ √ .RQVWDQWD F ]D ¢

SURUDþXQ PDNVLPDOQH VWUXMH
NUDWNRJ VSRMD RGQRVQR F
]D SURUDþXQ PLQLPDOQH VWUXMH
£¥¤.¦ § ¤.¦ £`¨ §`¨ £"© §ª© ¢
NUDWNRJ VSRMD 2VLP DNR MH

®
¯°
8´ 9 WDGD MH F ]D
SURUDþXQ PDNVLPDOQH VWUXMH
«
″¬
NUDWNRJ VSRMD RGQRVQR F

6OLND1DGRPMHVQDVKHPDNUDWNRVSRMHQRJ
]D SURUDþXQ PLQLPDOQH VWUXMH NUXJD
NUDWNRJVSRMD6YLRVWDOLVLQKURQL

L]YRUL VH ]DQHPDUXMX 6YL VLQKURQL L]YRUL VLQKURQL L DVLQKURQL PRWRUL L
NRPSHQ]DWRUL ]DPMHQMXMX VH QMLKRYLP XQXWDUQMLP LPSHGDQFLMDPD 2VWDOL
HOHPHQWLXPUHåLVHWDNR HUQDGRPMHãWDMXQMLKRYLPLPSHGDQFLMDPDVWLPGD
VHSRSUHþQHJUDQHQHX]LPDMXXRE]LU3URUDþXQNUDNRJVSRMDVHWHPHOMLQD
WHRULML VLPHWULþQLK NRPSRQHQDWD SD MH VWRJD SRWUHEQR RGUHGLWL GLUHNWQH
LQYHU]QHLQXOWHLPSHGDQFLMHHOHPHQDWDRGNRMLKMHPUHåDVDVWDYOMHQD
.UDWNLVSRMXGDOMHQRGJHQHUDWRUD

.DR ãWR VH YLGL QD VOLFL
ÅÆÇÈ
VWUXMD NUDWNRJ VSRMD
XGDOMHQRJ RG JHQHUDWRUD QLMH
SULJXãHQD WM DPSOLWXGD MH
NRQVWDQWQD 0RåH VH RSüHQLWR
UHüLGDMHNUDWNLVSRMXGDOMHQGR
Ç
JHQHUDWRUDDNRMHVWU>@
, ¶′′ < ⋅ , µ 6OLND6WUXMDNUDWNRJVSRMD
XGDOMHQRJRGJHQHUDWRUD
JGMH MH ,″· HIHNWLYQD SRþHWQD
YULMHGQRVWVWUXMHNUDWNRJVSRMDD,´ QD]LYQDVWUXMDJHQHUDWRUD
$NWLYQH PUHåH WUDQVIRUPDWRUL ]UDþQL YRGRYL NDEHOL L RVWDOD RSUHPD
QLVNRQDSRQVNLK PUHåD LPDMX MHGQDNH GLUHNWQH L LQYHU]QH LPSHGDQFLMH 1XOWH
LPSHGDQFLMH SRMHGLQLK HOHPHQDWD PRJX ELWL YHüH PDQMH LOL MHGQDNH GLUHNWQRM
LPSHGDQFLMLDQMLKRYXYULMHGQRVWSURSLVXMHVDPSULR]YR DþRSUHPH
$NWLYQDPUHåD
1DGRPMHVQDLPSHGDQFLMDDNWLYQHPUHåH= ¼
¸ RGUH XMHVHSUHPDL]UD]X
¼
F ⋅8 » º F ⋅8 » º
=º = =
6 ¹D′′º ⋅ , ¹D′′º
JGMHMH
F±IDNWRURSLVDQNRGVOLNH
8´¸ ±QD]LYQLQDSRQPUHåH
6″·¸ ±SRþHWQDVQDJDWURSROQRJNUDWNRJVSRMDQDPMHVWXSULNOMXþNDPUHåH
,″·¸ SRþHWQDVWUXMDWURSROQRJNUDWNRJVSRMDQDPMHVWXSULNOMXþNDPUHåH
$NR MH DNWLYQD PUDåD SULNOMXþHQD QD QLVNRQDSRQVNX PUHåX SUHNR
WUDQVIRUPDWRUD SULMHQRVQRJ RPMHUD W½ QDGRPMHVQD LPSHGDQFLMD JOHGDMXüL V
QLVNRQDSRQVNHVWUDQHWUDQVIRUPDWRUD=¸" L]QRVL

= ÀÂÁ = = À ⋅ ¾
W¿
$NR QLVX SR]QDWH YULMHGQRVWL UHDNWDQFLMH ;¸ L UH]LVWDQFLMH 5¸ ]D
QLVNRQDSRQVNHPUHåHVHPRåHX]HWLGDYULMHGL
5Ã = ⋅ ; Ã L ; Ä = ⋅ = Ä
'LUHNWQDLLQYHU]QDQDGRPMHVQDLPSHGDQFLMDDNWLYQHPUHåHVXMHGQDNH
QDGRPMHVQRM LPSHGDQFLML L RGUH XMX VH L] L]UD]D LOL 1XOWD
LPSHGDQFLMDVHQHX]LPDRRE]LUVWRJDMHUVHQLVNRQDSRQVNHPUHåHQDSDMDMX
SUHNR WUDQVIRUPDWRUD JUXSH VSRMD '\ SUHNR NRMHJD QH PRåH SULMHüL QXOWD
NRPSRQHQWDVWUXMH

7UDQVIRUPDWRU
2YGMH üH VH UD]PDWUDWL VDPR GYRQDPRWQL WUDQVIRUPDWRUL MHU VX MHGLQR
RQL ]DVWXSOMHQL X PUHåHPD QLVNRJ QDSRQD LPD L]QLPDND DOL RQH VX ULMHWNH
'LUHNWQDLPSHGDQFLMDWUDQVIRUPDWRUD= É 5 É M; É PRåHVHRGUHGLWLL]QD]LYQLK
SRGDWDNDWUDQVIRUPDWRUD Í
XÌ Ê 8 ÊWË
=Ë = ⋅
6 ÊWË
Î
X Ò Ï 8 ÏWÐ 3Ñ ÏWÐ
5Ð = ⋅ = Î
6 ÏWÐ ⋅ , ÏWÐ
; = = Õ − 5
Ô Ó ÔÓ
JGMHVX
8½BÉ ±QD]LYQLQDSRQWUDQVIRUPDWRUDQD91LOL11VWUDQL
,½BÉ ±QD]LYQDVWUXMDWUDQVIRUPDWRUDQD91LOL11VWUDQL
6½BÉ ±QD]LYQDSULYLGQDVQDJDWUDQVIRUPDWRUD
3·½BÉ ±XNXSQLJXELFLXQDPRWLPDWUDQVIRUPDWRUDSULQD]LYQRMVWUXML
X·½ ±QD]LYQLQDSRQNUDWNRJVSRMDXSRVWRFLPD
XÖÂ½ ±QD]LYQL³RPVNL´QDSRQNUDWNRJVSRMDXSRVWRFLPD
1XOWD QDGRPMHVQD LPSHGDQFLMD WUDQVIRUPDWRUD RYLVL R NRQVWUXNFLMVNLP
RVRELQDPDWUDQVIRUPDWRUDDPRUDMHSULORåLWLSURL]YR Dþ
0RWRUL
6LQKURQL PRWRUL VH X WUHQXWNX QDVWDQND NUDWNRJ VSRMD SRQDãDMX NDR
JHQHUDWRULDXWRPVOXþDMXVHNUDWNLVSRMPRUDSURPDWUDWLNDRNUDWNLVSRMEOL]X
JHQHUDWRUD$VLQKURQLPRWRULLOLJUXSHDVLPKURQLKPRWRUDQHPRUDMXVHX]HWLX
SURUDþXQ VWUXMH NUDWNRJ VSRMD DNR MH ]EURM QMLKRYLK QD]LYQLK VWUXMD PDQMD RG
VWUXMHWURSROQRJNUDWNRJVSRMDEH]XWMHFDMDPRWRUDWMDNRYULMHGL
∑ , Ø Ù ≤ ⋅ , ×′′
JGMHMH
Σ,ÚWÛ ±VXPDQD]LYQLKVWUXMDPRWRUDVPMHãWHQLKXEOL]LQLPMHVWDNUDWNRJVSRMD
,″Ü ±VWUXMDQDPMHVWXNUDWNRJVSRMDEH]XWMHFDMDPRWRUD
$NRMHΣ,ÚbÛ YHüHRG⋅,″Ü NUDWNLVSRMVHSURPDWUDNDRNUDWNLVSRMXEOL]LQL
JHQHUDWRUD
9RGRYL
,PSHGDQFLMH YRGRYD VH RþLWDYDMX L] WDEOLFD NRMH GDMX SURL]YR DþL NDEHOD
'LUHNWQD L LQYHU]QD LPSHGDQFLMD NDEHOD MHGQDNH VX L PRJX VH RGUHGLWL L]
SRGDWDNDYRGLþDLGXOMLQHYRGRYD1XOWXLPSHGDQFLMXWDNR HUVD]QDMHPRRG
SURL]YR DþD NDEHOD 8 QLVNRQDSRQVNLP YRGRYLPD RSüHQLWR UH]LVWDQFLMD MH
GRPLQDQWQD QDG UHDNWDQFLMRP SD SURUDþXQ QHüH PQRJR SRJULMHãLWL DNR VH
SUHWSRVWDYL GD MH ]D NDEHOH ;Ü ΩNP D ]D QDG]HPQH YRGRYH ;Ý
ΩNPVWU7DE>@
.UDWNLVSRMXEOL]LQLJHQHUDWRUD

1DVOLFLSULND]DQDMHVWUXMDNUDWNRJVSRMDNDGDNUDWNLVSRMQDVWDQH
X EOL]LQL JHQHUDWRUD 6OLND MH NDULNLUDQD MHU NYD]LVWDFLRQDUQR VWDQMH NRMH QD
RYRP SULND]X WUDMH QHNROLNR SHULRGD X VWYDUQRVWL PRåH WUDMDWL L SR QHNROLNR

VHNXQGL 2QR ãWR VDP KWLR õ ö ÷ ø
SUHGRþLWL RYLP SULND]RP MHVW
VPDQMHQMH DPSOLWXGH VWUXMH
NUDWNRJ VSRMD D QH NROLNR GXJR
WR VPDQMHQMH WUDMH 7UDMDQMH
NYD]LVWDFLRQDUQRJ VWDQMD ÷
QDMYLãH RYLVL R YUHPHQVNRM
NRQVWDQWL JHQHUDWRUD X þLMRM VH
EOL]LQLGRJRGLRNUDWNLVSRM 6OLND6WUXMDNUDWNRJVSRMDX
,PSHGDQFLMH DNWLYQH EOL]LQLJHQHUDWRUD
PUHåH WUDQVIRUPDWRUD L YRGRYD RGUH XMX VH QD LVWL QDþLQ NDR L NRG NUDWNRJ
VSRMD XGDOMHQRJ RG JHQHUDWRUD 0H XWLP X RYDM SURUDþXQ XOD]L L XWMHFDM
URWLUDMXüLKVWURMHYD
0RWRUL
6LQKURQLPRWRULLVLQKURQLNRPSHQ]DWRULXSURUDþXQXVHSURPDWUDMXNDR
VLQKURQLJHQHUDWRUL
,PSHGDQFLMD=Û 5Û M;Û DVLQKURQRJPRWRUDRGUH XMHVHSUHPDL]UD]X
â
8Þß 8Þß
=ß = ⋅ = ⋅
, àá , Þ ß ⋅ ,Þ ß , àá , Þ ß 6Þ ß
JGMHMH
8ÚWÛ ±QD]LYQLQDSRQPRWRUD
,ÚWÛ ±QD]LYQDVWUXMDPRWRUD
6ÚWÛ ±QD]LYQDSULYLGQDVQDJDPRWRUD6ÚWÛ 3ÚWÛ ηÚ ⋅FRVϕÚ
3ÚWÛ ±QD]LYQDPHKDQLþNDVQDJDPRWRUD
µÚ ±QD]LYQLIDNWRUNRULVQRVWLPRWRUD
FRVϕÚ ±QD]LYQLIDNWRUVQDJHPRWRUD
,ãä ,ÚWÛ ±RGQRVSRWH]QHLQD]LYQHVWUXMHPRWRUD
=D QLVNRQDSRQVNH PRWRUH VH VD ]DGRYROMDYDMXüRP WRþQRVWL PRåH
SUHWSRVWDYLWLGDYULMHGL
5å ; å = ; æ = ⋅ = æ
6WDWLþNL SUHWYDUDþL VH X SURUDþXQX NUDWNRJ VSRMD WUHWLUDMX QD LVWL QDþLQ NDR L
DVLQKURQLPRWRUL
=Û ±SUHPDL]UD]X
8ÚWÛ ±QD]LYQLQDSRQVWDWLþNRJSUHWYDUDþDQDVWUDQLPUHåH
,ÚWÛ ±QD]LYQDVWUXMDVWDWLþNRJSUHWYDUDþDQDVWUDQLPUHåH
,ãä ,ÚWÛ
5Û ;Û X];Û ⋅=Û
*HQHUDWRUL
'LUHNWQD LPSHGDQFLMD JHQHUDWRUD VSRMHQRJ L]UDYQR QD PUHåX
RGUH XMHVHL]L]UD]D
= èé = . è ⋅ = è = . è ⋅ (5è + M; ç′′ )
JGMHMH.ê NRUHNFLMVNLIDNWRU
8î F ï`ðbñ
.ì = ⋅
8 ë ì + [′′ ⋅ VLQ ϕ ë ì
í
JGMHMH
Fòªóô ±IDNWRUQDSRQDSUHPDVOLFL

8ù ±QD]LYQLQDSRQPUHåH
8ÚDê ±QD]LYQLQDSRQJHQHUDWRUD
=ê`ú ±NRULJLUDQDLPSHGDQFLMDJHQHUDWRUD
=ê ±LPSHGDQFLMDJHQHUDWRUD
[″û ±SRþHWQDUHDNWDQFLMDJHQHUDWRUD[″û ;″û =ÚDê
ϕÚDê ±ID]QLNXWL]PH XQD]LYQHVWUXMHLQD]LYQRJQDSRQDJHQHUDWRUD
6D ]DGRYROMDYDMXüRP WRþQRãüX PRåH VH X]HWL GD ]D QLVNRQDSRQVNH
JHQHUDWRUHYULMHGL
5ý = ⋅ ; ü′′
,QYHU]QDLPSHGDQFLMDVLQKURQRJJHQHUDWRUD
= ( )þ = = þ = . ÿ ⋅ = þ
=DJHQHUDWRUHVDLVWDNQXWLPSRORYLPDVDUD]OLþLWLPYULMHGQRVWLPD;″û L;″

; ( ) = ⋅ (; ′′ + ; ′′ )

JGMHMH
;″û ±X]GXåQDLPSHGDQFLMDJHQHUDWRUD
;″ ±SRSUHþQDLPSHGDQFLMDJHQHUDWRUD
1XOWDLPSHGDQFLMDRGUH XMHVHL]L]UD]D
= ( ) = . (5( ) + M; ( ) )
3RMHGLQHNRPSRQHQWHVD]QDMHPRRGSURL]YR DþD
2GUH LYDQMHPDNVLPDOQHVWUXMHNUDWNRJVSRMD

=D RGUHGLWL PDNVLPDOQX VWUXMX NUDWNRJ VSRMD SRWUHEQR MH L]UDþXQDWL
VWUXMH NUDWNRJ VSRMD ]D VYH VOXþDMHYH NUDWNRJ VSRMD 7R VX QDMþHãüH VWUXMD
WURSROQRJ LOL MHGQRSROQRJ NUDWNRJ VSRMD 2QD VWUXMD NRMD LVSDGQH QDMYHüD MH
PMHURGDYQD]DGLPHQ]LRQLUDQMHHOHPHQDWD
7URSROQLNUDWNLVSRM
6WUXMDWURSROQRJNUDWNRJVSRMD,″Ü RGUH XMHVHL]L]UD]D
F ⋅8 F ⋅8
,
′′ = =
⋅ =
⋅ 5
+ ;
,PSHGDQFLMD =Ü ]D WURSROQL NUDWNL VSRM X]LPD VH GLUHNWQD LPSHGDQFLMD SHWOMH
NUDWNRJ VSRMD 8GDUQX L SUHNLGQX VWUXMX NUDWNRJ VSRMD X RYRP UDGX QHüX
X]LPDWLXRE]LU
'YRSROQLNUDWNLVSRM
6WUXMDGYRSROQRJNUDWNRJVSRMD,″Ü RGUH XMHVHL]L]UD]D
F ⋅8 F ⋅8
, ′′ = = DNRMH= =
= ( ) + = ( ) ⋅ = ( )
JGMHMH
= ±GLUHNWQDLPSHGDQFLMDSHWOMHNUDWNRJVSRMD
= ±LQYHU]QDLPSHGDQFLMDSHWOMHNUDWNRJVSRMD

'YRSROQLNUDWNLVSRMVD]HPOMRP
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Proracun Pada Napona Na 9 Stranici

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