Experiment 1:

A cascaded amplifier is an amplifier consisting of two or more amplifier stages, frequently common
emitter stages. Cascading two common emitter amplifiers has advantages for increasing bandwidth and
for high-voltage amplifier applications. When operated in DC, it can be observed that in the first stage,
the transistor was wired in collector emitter amplifier. R2 and R3 forms a voltage divider to provide the
bias voltage for the transistor to turn it on. R4 serves as the load resistor for the transistor to amplify the
voltage of the input signals. Thus, amplified signal is obtained from R3 and goes to the next transistor
stage through a coupling capacitor C2 to remove the DC element from the signal. The second stage was
used to amplify the current of the audio signal produced by the first stage. With the same configuration
as the first stage, this stage omits the amplification process with the output of the first stage as its input.
The bypass capacitor C3 was used to maintain the gain at which the voltage of the output signal of the
first stage is amplified in this stage. When operated in AC, all DC components were ignored, allowing the
computation of the voltage gain for both stages of the amplifier. The overall voltage gain of the amplifier
can be computed by multiplying the individual gains produced by each amplifier.

Experiment 2:

Frequency response of an electric circuit shows exactly how the output gain and the phase changes at a
particular single frequency, or over a whole range of different frequencies depending upon the design
characteristics of the circuit. In order to determine the frequency response of an amplifier, its frequency
response curve is examined. The frequency response curve shows the range of frequencies called
passband or circuits bandwidth from low to high frequencies. From this, the voltage gain is determined
for any sinusoidal input within a given frequency stage. AC circuits are assumed that they operate at a
fixed frequency and its response can be examined with an AC or sinusoidal input of constant magnitude
with varying frequency such as those found in amplifier and filter circuits. The variation in voltage gain
can also be plotted using the Bode plot. This plot is the graphical representation of frequency response
curves and it shows the relative output magnitude, typically measured in decibels, and the phase
variation as the frequency changes.