Grammar Reference Unit 1 1M Verb tobe Positive 1 [am He She | is it from the USA. We [are You They Question au [tT he she Where it | from? are | you they tm20 ¥m20. Nor Peeeqees. Pm 20 years old. Hwee, 12 Possessive adjectives my Whats | your | name? hi her 7 its Thisis | our | house. your theit 13 Question words What is your phone number? ‘Where are you from? How are you? 14 a/an ticket. esa} newspaper, magazine. ‘We use an before a vowel. pple. English dictionary, Yma doctor. ma student. Isa Padecen nor & 15 Plural nouns 1 Most nouns add -s in the plural, stamps eye 2: she on eds in -shon-ch add ex dass clases wish wishes ‘match matches 3. Ifthe noun ends in a consonant +, they changes to ies ‘country countries ary pares Butifthe noun ends ina vowel + -, the -y doesnt change key keys ey days 4 Some nouns ar regular Dictionaries show tis cdild children ‘Person people 16 Numbers 1-20 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 53 five 6 six 7 seven 's eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 leven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 17 Prepositions ‘where are you trom! ive ina house in Toluca ‘Whats thisin English?Unit 2 11 Verb to be 24 Prepositions Questions with question words Answers “This is a phot of my family ‘shersurmamet | Anderson. ieee ae vost | isis jobt esa policeman. {rm at home. My mother and father are at work Sher seen Sena mat La Guardia Community College. ae Tm im New York. I'm in a clas with eight other students. edges. | live nam apartment with two American girls ie ‘Central Park is lovely in the snow. es ae shes Patrick's daughter ishet How ld “wenty-090, are yout 2 How mach [isanicecream? | One pound 0p. Yeo questions Short answers if Yes hein sete noe | Norse lane. it weit = Fa|E MA trent Nace Are | they | ™#Te4! | Yes, they are./No, they aren't Neztve 1 [nor Ym not = Lam not Fame) He She | isnt ke from the States We You | arent They 22 Possessives “My wife’s name is Judy. andres dictionary. Numbers 21-100 21. eweny-one 22 weno 23. weny thee twenty-four twenty-five Besssesese sunny 2Unit 3 41 Present Simple he, she, it 33 Prepositions 1 The Present Simple expresses fact which is always true, or true for She ves in Switzerland. eta tee ‘he goes skiing i Ner Nee ume, “He comes fom Switzerland, In the evening we have supper She works in a bank nurse loks after people in hospital 2 Iealso expresses a habit, ‘She likes going for walks in summer, ‘She goes skiing in winter. He never has a holiday. Get on the bus He lives om an island in the west of Scotland “He collects the post from the boat. in Australia. He delivers the beer to the pub. He drives the children to school At ten we go to bed Haveis regular. She has a dog. NOT she haves eee powers He speaks to people on his radio, He She's married to an American. She | doesn't tive | in France. | doesn't = does not ae eee x He makes breakfast for the guests. oe He writes for a newspaper. a He works as an undertaker. Where does | she | live? ‘Tourists come by boat it Its about 630. YesiNo questions Short answers he in Australia? | Yes, he does. Does | she | live No, she doesnt. it in France? | Yes it does. 32 Spelling ofthe third person singular 11 -Most verbs ada -sin the third person singular. peak spate ire ies shugo and doar dlleren. They ad <5 goes do des 2 Ifthe verb end in ho ch, ad ex. nih finishes watch watches 3. the verb ends in a consonant + hey changes to ies. yes study studies But if the verb ends ina vowel + the y doesnot change, phy plays i ace eat have hasUnit 4 41 Present Simple Positive You You | sare Tey ato, He She | sans k Negative 1 You | dont Yor | dont ‘They start | at 6.30. He she | docsa’ X Question 1 do | Yo8 When they | stare he does | she it esNo questions Short answers bo 1!" | have |acamersr | Nosldon't/No, we dont. ‘they Pe Yes, they do, he Yes, he does Does | she | like | Chinese food? | No, she docs. it Yes it does. 42 Adverbs of frequency o% 09% 100% never sometimes offen wsually always 1 These adverbs usally come before the asin verb. usually go to bed at about 1.00. 1 don often go sivimming She never eats meat ‘We always have wine in the evenings. {sometimes play tennis on Saturdays. 2 Sometimes and usually can also come at the beginning othe end of asemtence. ‘Sometimes we play cards We play cards sometimes. Usually I walk to school. I walk to schoo! usually 3 Neverand always cant come atthe beginning or the end of a sentence. NOT Assent getethethentee Abra thawte ethemernings 43 like/love + verb + -ing ‘When lite and love are followed by a verb, itis usualy verb + ing. Bbaraings Sheloves listening to music, ‘They lke sailing very much. 44 Prepositions She gets up carly on weekdays He plas football on Friday mornings. ‘They never go out on Friday evenings. ‘Where do you go on holiday? Heliveson the next block He hates watching footal on television, eo you relax at weskend? She gets up at sx clock She gets up eal in the morning, ‘Wego out in the evening. He takes photos in (he) spring. Unit 5 5 There is/are Positive [awn (singular Ther Fare | twobooks. | (plural) Negative itt | anarmehaic | (singular a (singular) arent | any lowers. | (plural) YesNo questions Short answers 1s suber | Mae there - a Ate any phowst | Yosthere are 5.2 How many ...? How many books do you have? 53 some/any ae There are some flowers. Negative ‘There arent any cups. Question ‘Ae there any books? some + plural noun ‘any + plural noun ‘any + plural noun544 this, that, these, those ‘We use this and these to talk about people/things that are near to us. like this ice-ceear, want these shoes. We use that and hace to tall shot poople/things that aren't neat tw Do you like that picture on the wall? ‘Who are those children outside? 55 Prepositions [tthe best home in the world. The fron door sat the top ofthe steps, There are magazines under the table ‘There ica photo on the television. “There are two pictures on the wall, ‘The cinema ion the le, opposite the ower shop ‘he bank is next to the supermarket. “The bus stop is ear the park “There isa post ox in front ofthe chemist’ Unit 6 61 can/can't Can and can't have the same form in all persons. ‘There is no do or does. Can is followed by the infinitive (without 10). could/couldn’t Could isthe past of can. Could and couldn't have the same form in all persons. Could followed by the infinitive (without to). Pave 1 Hise | 5 Wel wel em They Negative 1 hase | ay NOT He dowoeen dance ves couldn | dame They Question fa |e eee wnat | 8), | Rene | ae they Yee questions oat tabs you | gapgp | No teant. No, we cold. Sey | Be | SSE | atthe cane ie | POY they can lool NOT Beryonenn driver 62 was/were Wautwereis the past of amvisar. Positive 1 Heyshertt | in Pais yesterday. Ka in England last yar They Negative t it Heshee | we You They Question r we | meshene Where ae were | yout they? YesNo questions Short answers he Noshe wasn't. Wes | she | atworke | Yes she was you | athomet | yer was./es, we were. were | ther No they were, was bon wa | he Where bom? were | 70% ie Iwas born in Manchester in 1980. NOT tambon in 1980. 63 Prepositions “They were fa England in 1998 Tyas ata party. Yesterday there was a party at my house, Can I speak to your She sells putes fr $10,000. ‘She paints fortwo hours until bedtime.Init 7 Fast Simple ~ spelling of regular verbs ‘The normal rule so add -e pred rtd Ifthe verb ends in-,ad-d lind loved 2 It the verb has only one syllable and one vowel and une eouiyonaist, dovble the consonant. ‘topped planned ‘Vers that end ina consonant + -y change tied staied carried Past Simple “The Pst Simple expresses a past action thats finished “ved in Rome when Iwas 6 She started work when she was 8 “The form ofthe Pst Simple is the same in al persons, 1 HeiSelt | owed Wen | mort | co London in 1985. wou ‘They: ‘Neitve ie di +n without 1 in all persons. fr Heshft fe We didn't to London, ce © They ie + infnive (without in all persons. 1 i | ve did eit go? they 2edNo questions Short answers yu No, 1 dda, we dda ig | ihe | the | them? | Yes. she di they | enjoy | the party? | No, they didn't. ‘Ther is list of irregular verbs on pl2. 73 Time expressions night aturaay last ‘week ‘month ye ‘morning afternoon 74 Prepositions ‘She thinks about her pas ite She died im near crsth He was tired of politics. People were afraid of her. Politic was the love of her lif ‘Whois the card from? She worked from 6.00 until 10.00. Unit 8 81 Past Simple Negative Nepitves inthe Past Simple are the same in al persons. 1 Helshe spout Wer | didn | SeeTom | tt night, You weatch TV They ago tenyears Twente the USA | twovweds | ago 2 month 82 Time expressions ‘the twentieth century 1924 the 19905 ‘winter/summer the evening/the morning py 10 Otober ‘Chaistmas Day Saturday Sunday evening seven o'dlock at | weekends night 83 Prepositions ‘Whats on television ths evening? Ymona mobile phone. ‘We spoke for an hour on the phone. Some people try to find love on the internet. ‘We didnt laugh at his joke. ‘There was a knock a the door. ‘Today's the third of AprilUnit 9 91. Count and uncount nouns Some nouns are countable. a Book Gro books ange sixeegs ‘Some nouns ate uncountable, ‘bread rice Some nouns ate both! Do you like ice-cream? ‘Wet like three ice-creams, please, 92 would like ‘Would isthe same in all persons, We use woud like in offers and requests. Positive 1 You HolSheltt| like | drink| °d=would They YesNo questions Short answers Yes, please, ‘Would jets like a biscuit? Neha vo 93 some and any ‘We use somein positive sentences with uncountable nouns and plural ‘There is bread There | [orange | oneabe ‘We use some in questions when we ask for things and otter things, Can Ihave coffee, please? | _(Lknow theres some coffee.) Would youlite | | grepeat (iw dhcte ate some grapes.) ‘We use any in questions and negative sentences with uncountable nouns and plural nouns. Is there water’ | (don't know if there is any water) Does she have children? | (I don't know ifshe has any children.) Teantsee | | rice ‘There aren't people. 94 How much ...?and How many ...? ‘We use How much... ’with uncount nouns, How snc sive fs Use? ‘There isn't much We use How many... with count nouns. Howe many apples are there? ‘There aren’ many apples. 95 Prepositions 1ve got a book by John Grisham, Help me with my homework.Superlative the oldest the safest the higgret* the hottest™ the noisiest the dirtiest Adjectives ‘with two oF more syllables ‘the most boring ‘the most beautiful Irregular adjectives, good bad far further the best the worst the furthest ‘Youle older than me. [New York is dietir than Paris. 10.2 have got and have * Adjectives which end in one vowel and one consonant double the consonant, Prague is one of the most beautiful cites in Europe, Have got means the same as have to talk about possession, but the form is very different. We often use have gotin spoken English. Yes, [have No, T haven't. Yes she has /No, she hasn't ‘The past ofboth have and have gots had. have got have Positive Postve 1 1 You You Yom have : we fee | ‘They got | ca They rn Ee dade e siden Ste | has She | has X ke Negative Negative 1 1 You | pre You You avert Yor | dont They got | 2008. They Ihave | 2408 He eee He . She | hase She | doesnt k ke ‘Questions Questions 1 1 He | 708 po | Re oy any money? : any money? | a sister? “Y_| have | sister? he he Has | she Does | she ie iB ‘How many children have they got? How many children do they have? Yes, 1 do,/No, I don't. Yes, she does /No, she doesn't 103 Prepositions The country is quite than the iy “he howe 50 mete from the ca Evers is the highest mountain in the world. He spends his ime on the banks of the river he cae wut of the gaa He drove along the road. They ran over the bridge. T walked past the pub He walked up the hill Heran down the bill “The Boat went across the rive ‘The cat ran through the hedge. He jumped ino the lke.Unit 11 111 Present Continuous 113 Whose + possessive pronouns 1 The Present Continuous describes an activity happening now. Whose... fasks about possession. She's wearing jean — ee ceneoos Subject | Object | Adjective | Pronoun ees 1 me | my ‘mine 2 Teal describes an activity inthe nea future. ‘Tm playing tennis this afternoon. fe eee Uren metre Jane's seeing her boytiend tonight meee as ee Positive and Negat We fas | our ous ts They | them | their | thers He mine. she |is 2 t yours F (oo going |ousie Woe ists? | | Re we Whose it hi You |are 2 cm theirs. =— 114 Prepositions aoa Tread in bed. fs | helsbeie ‘We've got this jumper in red. Where = going? He’ talking to Mandy. ae | you “There's gil with fair they 1m looking fora jumper. ‘Lalways pay by credit card. YesNo questions Short answers ‘Ave you having good ime? Yes, we are, Ismy English geting better? Yes, itis. ‘Are they having a party? No, they aren't Spelling of verb + ing | Most verbs just add -ing. ‘wear wearing. going feud folding 2 the inne end in drop the sie weling canes ane 3. When a one syllable verb has one vowel and ends ina consonant, double the consonant. sit sit get getting Fun running, 112 Present Simple and Present Continuous 1 The Present Simple describes things that are always true oF true for along time. ‘Teome from Switzerland. ‘He works in a bank. 2 The Present Continuous describes activities happer ‘temporary activities. . ‘Why are you wearing a suit? You usualy wear jeans.Going ro expresses a person's plans and intentions. ‘She's going to be a ballet dancer when she grows up. ‘Were going to stay in a villain France this summer. Ofien there is no difference between going to and the Present [Continuous to refer to «future intention. Tm seeing Peter tonight Ym going to see Peter tonight. 3, Wealso se gong ro when we can see now that something Is sure 10 Fhappen in the future. Careful! That glass is going to fll! tiveand negative (oon goingto | hme area om | te lies a have a break? we seing to | stay at home? ae | you they the verbs fo go and to come, we usually use the Present for future plans. ‘Were going to Pars next week. Joe and Tim are coming for lunch tomorrow. 2 Infinitive of purpose nfs can express why a person does something. saving ny money to buy 2 CD player. 1 Secautewant to buy aD player) “Were going to Pais to have a (= eens we want to havea hol saving my money Sorse-buy a CD player. saving my money dae 9 CD player Unit 13 13] Question forms ‘When id Columbus discover America? “Where are the Andes? ‘Who did she marry? ‘Who was Mother Teresa? How do you get to echool? ‘What do you have for breakfast ‘What happens atthe end ofthe story? ‘Why do you want to learn English? How many people are there inthe class? How much does she earn? “How far is itto the centre? ‘What sort of car do you have? ‘Which newspaper do you read? 1B2 Adjectives and adverbs Adjectives describe nouns, big dog ‘careful driver ‘Adverbs describe verbs. She ran quickly. He drives too fast. ‘To form regular adverbs, add -Iy tothe adjective. Words ending in -ychange toi. ‘Adjective | Adverb quick | quickly bad badly careful | carefully immediate | immediately easy easily Some adverbs are irregular Adjective | Adverb 00d ‘wel hard hard ‘aly cay fast fast 13 Prepositions Whats the story about? What happens atthe end ofthe story? ‘The tain leaves from platform 9.Unit 14 141 Present Perfect |The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened some time before now. She's travelled to moet pare af the world “Have you ever been in 2 car accident? 2. lf we want to say when these actions happened, we must use the Pat Simple. ‘She went to Russa two years ago. was ina crash when I was 10. 3. Notice the time expressions used with the Past Simple, lastnight. yesterday. eft} in 1990, three oclock, ‘on Monday. Positive and negative 1 ve been = Ihave been You |, ‘You've heen = Van Rave hoon We | ‘We've been = Wehave been ‘They (not) been | to the States, | They've been = They have been He He's boon = He has been she | has She's been It Itsbeen = Ithas been Question 1 hhave | YOU Where they _| been? she has he it YesNo questions Short answers Have you been to Russia? Yes, [have Ne Thaven't ever and never ‘We use everin questions and never in negative sentences. Have you ever been to Russia? ve never been to Russia 142 yet and just ‘We use justin positive sentences. We use yet in negative sentences and questions Have you done your homework yet? Thaven't done it yet (but 'm going to). haw jet dana it (9 shart time before now) 143 been and gone ‘Shes gome to Portugal (and she's there now), ‘Shes been to Portugal (sometime in her life, bt now she has returned). WA Prepositions She works for a big company. Hanlet i a play by Shakespeare. Brad and Marilyn are on honeymoon ‘Wait for me!