DIVERSITY OF LIFE FORMS

ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTA

FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA

BIOLOGI UMUM –
BIOLOGI 2016
OUTLINE
 The Tree of Life.
 Six kingdoms of life:
1. Kingdom Eubacteria.
2. Kingdom Archaebacteria (Archaea).
3. Kingdom Protista.
4. Kingdom Fungi.
5. Kingdom Plantae.
6. Kingdom Animalia.
HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION
THE TREE OF LIFE

Woese et al. 1990: 3 domains.

Based on: 16S rRNA gene for Prokaryotes.
Based on: 18S rDNA gene for Eukaryotes.
 ENERGY ACQUISITION
Methods of Energy Acquisition
ORGANISMS

AUTOTROPHS
 Use inorganic C compounds as
carbon source.
 Form complex molecules by
reducing CO2 (or other C).
HETEROTROPHS
 Use organic C compounds as
carbon source.
 Form complex molecules by
reducing organic molecules.

PHOTO- CHEMO-AUTOTROPHS PHOTO- CHEMO-HETEROTROPHS

AUTOTROPHS  Use inorganic C HETEROTROPHS  Use organic C
 Use inorganic C compounds.  Use organic C compounds.
compounds.  Use chemical compounds.  Use chemical
 Use light as compounds as energy  Use light as compounds as energy
energy source. source. energy source. source.

The main types of energy-capturing metabolism

 Mode of Obtaining Food, or Nutrient
Saprophyte/Saprotroph
 Obtain food, or nutrient, from dead
organisms or decaying matter. Fungi

Parasite
 Obtain food, or nutrient, from living
organisms.
 Obtain food by living on or in the body of
Mealy bugs
the host.

Pathogen
 Organism that cause disease in other
organisms. Plant pathogen
 KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
COCCUS SPIRAL

Neiserria meningitidis Borrelia

BACIL

Azotobacter vilandii

 Prokaryote.  Forms: Bacillus, coccus, spiral, spirochete.

 Unicellular, filamentous, colony-
forming.
 Autotroph, heterotroph.
 Saprophyte, parasite, pathogen.
 Cosmopolite: terrestrial and
aquatic.
 Cell size: < 1 µm. Exception: giant bacteria
Epulopiscium fischelsoni (500 x 40 mm).
 Cell wall: peptidoglycan.
 Cell membrane: phospholipid bilayer.
 Lipid in cell membrane: fatty acid bound
to glycerol.
 ROLES OF EUBACTERIA IN NATURE
BENEFICIAL ROLES 1) Cycling of chemical elements (biogeochemical
cycle),i.e. photosynthetic bacteria recycle
LICHEN
carbon.
2) Carry out decomposition.
3) Carry out fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
(N2).
4) Carry out symbiotic association with
Cladonia diversa eukaryotes (i.e. lichens).
5) Bacteria as biofactories, i.e. production of
enzymes, vitamins, antibiotics, insulin,
acetone, alcohols, organic acids, vaccine.
6) Bacteria as biocontrol (insect control) agents.
7) Genetically modified bacteria remove
pollutants from water, remove petroleum
products from beaches after oil spill
(bioremediation).
Cyanobacteria produce alternative
energy and chemicals
 ROLES OF EUBACTERIA IN NATURE
1) Deteriorate foods, limestones, textiles,
UNDESIRABLE ROLES papers, metals.
2) Produce toxic gas (i.e. sulfur).
3) Disease-causing bacteria are used as
bioweapons (anthrax).
4) Cause plant diseases (i.e. blights, soft
rots, wilts).
Bacteria cause blight in
pomegranate 5) Cause animal diseases (i.e. anthrax,
Lyme, typhus).
6) Cause human diseases (i.e. cholera,
leprosy, tuberculosis).
Rust-eating bacteria on Historic limestone
Titanic wreck
 KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA (ARCHAEA)

 Archaea: “Ancient bacteria”.  Forms: Bacillus, coccus, spiral,

 Prokaryotes, mostly anaerobic.
 Unicelullar, chemoautotroph,
photoautotrophs.
 Living in extreme habitats (i.e.
hot springs, glaciers) and non-
extreme habitats (i.e. freswater
and marine sediments).
spirochete.
 Cell wall: pseudopeptidoglycan, or
protein, glycoprotein.
 Cell membrane: isoprene lipid
monolayer.
 Lipid in cell membrane: branched,
long-chain isoprene hydrocarbons.
 DIVERSITY OF ARCHAEA
Methanogens
 Produce methane gas from CO2
and H2 (biogas).
 Live in lake sediments, marshes,
hot springs, ruminants.
 Ex. Methanococcus jannaschii.

Halophiles Thermophiles Thermoacidophiles

 Photoautotrophs.  Live in very high  Live in very hot acidic
 Live in highly saline temperature environments, pH 1-2
environment (12-15%), environment, above (i.e. hydrothermal vent,
pH 8-10, i.e. Dead Sea, 80° C (i.e. hot mud, hot sulfur spring).
salt ponds. hydrothermal vent,  Ex. Sulfolobus
volcanoes). acidocaldarius.
 Ex. Halobacterium
salinarium.  Ex.Thermus aquaticus.
 ROLES OF ARCHAEA IN NATURE
BENEFICIAL ROLES

A pocket of
Tube worms in hydrothermal vent methane in a
are smbiotic with Archaea Siberian lake.

1) Cycling of chemical elements (biogeochemical cycle).

2) Carry out decomposition.
3) Carry out symbiotic association with other organisms.
4) Produce extremozymes (enzymes that can function in
extreme conditions), for PCR tech.:
1) Taq DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus.
2) Pfu DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus.
5) Proteases and lipases from alkaliphilic archaebacteria
(i.e. in detergent).
 ROLES OF ARCHAEA IN NATURE

UNDESIRABLE ROLES
 Produce methane gas in rumens; contribute
to global warming.

Cow farms are the biggest

contributors to methane gas
on earth.
 KINGDOM PROTISTA

 Eukaryotes that are clearly not  Solitaire, filamentous, colony-forming.

animals, plants, or fungi have been
lumped together and called
PROTISTS.
 Unicelullar, multicelullar.
 Autotrophs, heterotrophs,
mixotrophs.
 Saprophyte, parasite, pathogen.
 Most are microscopic, but some are
as large as trees.
 Protista exhibit a wide range of forms,
locomotion, nutrition and
reproduction.
 DIVERSITY OF PROTISTA
AUTOTROPHIC PROTISTA HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTA
(CHROMISTA) (FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS)
 Unicelullar, multicelullar,  Unicelullar, multicelullar.
filamentous, colony-forming.  Saprohytes.
 Photoautotrophs, heterotrophs.  Ex. water molds, slime molds.
 Ex. Phytoplankton, bentos.

HETEROTROPHIC
PROTISTA (PROTOZOA)
• Unicelullar, motile, aquatic.
• Heterotrophs.
• Free-living and parasitic.
• Reproduction: multiple
fission or conjugation.
• Posses eye spot, cyst,
contractile vacuole, food FUNGUS-LIKE
vacuole. CHROMISTA PROTOZOA PROTISTS
 DIVERSITY OF CHROMISTA (ALGAE)

Pyrrophyta Euglenoid Chrysophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Chlorophyta

Pyrrophyta
(Dinoflagellata) Chrysophyta Phaeophyta
Unicellular, autotroph, Unicellular, autotroph, Multicellular, autotroph,
heterotroph, plates of posses chlorophyll a, posses fucoxanthine, have
cellulose formed the cell xanthophyll and body parts similar to roots,
wall, possess flagella. carotenoid. leaves, and trunk.

Euglenoids Rhodophyta Chlorophyta

Unicellular, autotroph, Multicellular, autotrophs, Unicellular and multicellular,
heterotroph, no cell wall, posses phycobilin and autotrophs, possible ancestors
possess flagella. other pigments. of the Plant kingdom.
 DIVERSITY OF PROTOZOA
Paramecium Amoeba Radiolaria Trypanosoma Plasmodium

Ciliata Rhizopoda Flagellata Sporozoa

Ciliata Rhizopoda Flagellata Sporozoa

Unicellular, Unicellular, autotroph, (Mastigophora) Unicellular,
heterotroph, heterotroph, move by Zooflagellata and spore-forming
ciliates, food pseudopod, engulf food Phytoflagellata. parasites of
vacuoles for particles by process of Parasites, animals.
ingesting food, and cytoplasmic streaming. mutualistic.
regulating water Some members have
balance (contractile mineral skeletons
vacuole). (tests).
 DIVERSITY OF FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS
Hemitrichia sp. Trichia sp. Dictyostelium discoideum Phytophthora
infestans

PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD CELLULAR SLIME MOLD WATER MOLD

Heterotrophs.
Saprophytes, parasites.
Produce sporangium in fruiting body.
PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
 Multinucleate mass of
cytoplasm that resemble a
moving mass of slime.
 They engulf and digest
bacteria, yeasts and other
small particles of organic
matter.
CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
 Consist of individual organisms
behave as separate amoebas.
 They move through the soil
and ingesting bacteria.
OOMYCOTA
Also called WATER MOLDS.
They are filamentous.
 ROLES OF PROTISTS IN NATURE
BENEFICIAL ROLES 1) Carry out photosynthesis.
Giant kelp as food and 2) Giant kelp provide food and shelter
shelter for many different kinds of marine
organisms.
3) Carry out symbiotic association with
Lichen other organisms.
4) Food (i.e. red algae for nori; red alga
polysaccharide for cosmetics and
thickening ice cream).
Toxins kill the fish 5) Health supplement (i.e. Chlorella,
Spirulina).
6) As geological marker; guide for
searching oil-bearing strata (i.e.
limestones of Foraminifera).
Red tide
 ROLES OF PROTISTA IN NATURE
UNDESIRABLE ROLES
1) Toxins from red tide cause
detrimental effect to fishing
industries.
2) Cause human, animal and plant
diseases (leishmaniasis, malaria).
3) Cause red tide associated with
blooming of dinoflagellates; fish,
birds and mammals may die.
Malaria 4) Pathogen to humans, animals
(i.e. African sleeping sickness,
malaria).
5) Pathogen to plants (i.e. blight of
potatoes).
 KINGDOM FUNGI
YEAST MOULD
 Eukaryote.
 Unicellular, multicellular.
 Chemoheterotroph.
 Saprophytes, parasites, pathogen.
 Fungi is grouped based on fungal
forms: yeast (khamir, unicellular),
mould (kapang, multicellular), and
mushroom (cendawan,
multicellular).
MUSHROOM
HYPHAE
 Cell wall: khitin and polysaccharides.
 Membrane cell: phospholipid bilayer,
contain sterol (ergosterol).
 Forms hyphae and mycelia.
 In taxonomy, Fungi is classified into 5
phyla based on sexual reproduction,
hyphal structure, and genetic profile.
 DIVERSITY OF FUNGI (Phyla of Fungi)
Rhizopus sp. Aspergillus sp. Favolaschia sp.

ZYGOMYCOTA ASCOMYCOTA BASIDIOMYCOTA CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA GLOMEROMYCOTA

ZYGOMYCOTA ASCOMYCOTA BASIDIOMYCOTA

 Multicellular.  Sac fungi.  Club fungi.
 Saprophytes, parasites.  Unicellular and  Unicellular and
 Sexual spore: zygospore. multicellular. multicellular.
 Saprophytes, parasites.  Saprophytes, parasites.
 Sexual spore: ascospore.  Sexual spore: basidiospore.

CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
 Primitive fungi.
 Unicellular.
 Saprophytes, parasites.
 Sexual spore: zoospore.
GLOMEROMYCOTA
 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
 Obligate symbiont.
 Mutualistic symbiosis
(vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhiza, VAM) with roots.
 ROLES OF FUNGI IN NATURE
Fungi on wood chips Leaf-cutter ant and fungus

BENEFICIAL ROLES

1) Carry out biogeochemical cycle.

2) Carry out decomposition.
Fermented food 3) Carry out symbiotic association
with other organisms.
4) Biofactories (i.e. enzymes, organic
acids, antibiotics).
Antibiotics 5) Biocontrol agents/bioinsectides
against plant pests.
6) Bioremediation agents.
7) Produce fermented foods.
 ROLES OF FUNGI IN NATURE
UNDESIRABLE ROLES
1) Deteriorate foods, textile,
wood, papers, lens.
Chytridiomycosis Corn smut 2) Cause human, animal,
on frogs plant diseases.
3) Pathogen to humans (i.e.
ringworm, athlete’s foot;
produce mycotoxins).
4) Pathogen to animals (i.e.
chytridiomycosis on
frogs).
Fungi deteriorate
5) Pathogen to plants (i.e.
buildings soft rot, white rot, corn
smut).
Fungi deteriorate
parchment
 KINGDOM PLANTAE

MOSS FERN GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

No vascular system Seedless plant Naked seeds Ovaries/Flowers

 Eukaryote.  Posses tissues and organs.

 Multicellular.  Cell wall: cellulose.
 Autotrophs, photosynthetic.
 Have haplodiplontic life cycle:
 Non-vascular plants lack vascular
tissues. - multicellular diploid sporophytes
 Vascular plants have water- - multicellular haploid gametophytes.
conducting xylem and food-
conducting phloem in their
stems, roots and leaves.
 PLANT DIVERSITY: CLASSIFICATION
PLANTS

MOSSES VASCULAR PLANTS

(No vascular system) (Have vascular system)

NO VASCULAR SYSTEM SEEDLESS PLANTS SEEDED PLANTS

(Ferns, etc.)
 Mosses (lumut sejati).
 Liverworts (lumut hati).
 Hornworts (lumut tanduk). NAKED SEEDS OVARIES/FLOWERS
(GYMNOSPERMS) (ANGIOSPERMS)

Red moss
VASCULAR SYSTEM
 SEEDLESS PLANTS
Liverwort Hornwort Ferns (Paku: Tumbuhan Berspora)
 ROLES OF PLANTS IN NATURE
BENEFICIAL ROLES
1) Provide oxygen for all aerobic
organisms.
2) Provide food for other
organisms.
3) Carry out symbiotic association
with other organisms.
4) Provide food, wood for shelter,
fuel, clothing, chemicals,
medicines.

Bark cloth from the

Dayak tribe,
Kalimantan
 ROLES OF PLANTS IN NATURE

UNDESIRABLE ROLES

1) Produce saps and alkaloids which can be harmful to humans and

animals. 2) Cause allergies to humans (i.e.
rash).
3) Some plants are poisonous to
humans and animals (i.e. toxic
substances).

Oleander
 KINGDOM ANIMALIA

SPONGE CNIDARIA JELLYFISH MOLLUSC ARTHROPOD

ECHINODERM BIRD: FINCH AMPHIBIAN: FROG

 Animals are consumers; subdivided

 Eukaryote.
into herbivore (eaters of plants),
 Multicellular; lack cell walls.
carnivores (eaters of other animals).
 Heterotrophs.
 Humans are omnivores (capable of
 Saprophytes, parasites.
functioning as herbivores or
 Locomotion is a distinctive character,
carnivores).
although not all animals move about
 Some are detritivores (consume
(i.e. sponges and corals).
decomposing organisms).
 TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
The kingdom of animals are
traditionally divided into 35 distinct
phyla, based on:
- comparison of morphological/
anatomical features.
- embryological developments.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:
• Tissue
• Symmetry
• Body cavity (Coelom)
• Embryonic development
• Segmentation (Metamerism)
 TISSUES
Sub kingdom PARAZOA: Subkingdom EUMETAZOA:
Simple tissues, no organs. Tissues organized into organs
and organ systems.

Porpita porpita

CORAL JELLYFISH
 SYMMETRY OF EUMETAZOA

Subgroup: RADIATA Subgroup: BILATERIA

 BODY CAVITY OF BILATERAL ANIMALS
Bilateral animals without body cavity: ACOELOMATA
(i.e. sponges, jellyfish, simple worm).

Bilateral animals with body cavity:

PSEUDOCOLOEMATA and COLOEMATA.
PSEUDOCOLOEMATA: COLOEMATA:
Body cavity not enclosed by Body cavity enclosed by endoderm (i.e.
endoderm (i.e. Nematode, Rotifera). Echinodermata, Chordata).
 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
The progressive division of cells during embryonic growth is called
CLEAVAGE.

Mollusc Annelida
 SEGMENTATION (METAMERISM)

Segmentation, or METAMERISM: subdivision of the body into

segments.
True segmentation is found in only three phyla: annelids,
arthropods and chordata.

Chordata
 ROLES OF ANIMALS IN NATURE
BENEFICIAL ROLES 1) Provide/become food for other organisms.
2) Carry out symbiotic association with other organisms
(i.e. anemones and corals harbor symbiotic algae,
which carry out photosynthesis).
3) Marine hydroids are bioluminescent.
4) Provide food (i.e. oysters) and meat (i.e. chickens).
5) Provide medicine (i.e. medicinal leeches produce
anticoagulant).
6) Provide pleasure (pets) (i.e. dogs, cats).
7) Provide transportation (i.e. horses, camels).
8) Provide scents (i.e. musk and civet oil for perfumes).
 ROLES OF ANIMALS IN NATURE
UNDESIRABLE ROLES

1) Parasites and cause human diseases (i.e.

fluke worms in liver cause cirrhosis,
blood flukes cause schistosomiasis).
2) Poisonous stings and bites can be fatal
to humans (i.e. spiders, jellyfish).
3) Predators of other organisms.
4) Produce toxic protein (i.e. “stinging
nettle” by Cnidarians, caterpillar slug).
5) Parasites in other organisms

Most venomous
spider in the world
Next Week: Animals, Structures and Functions