Métodos de Integración (Parte 2).

 Sustitución Trigonométrica
En el integrando Sustitución Trigonométrica

1) √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ----------------------------- 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

2) √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ------------------------------ 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃

𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
3) √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ------------------------------

𝒙𝟐 (2 sin 𝜃)2
𝟏. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = =∫ ∙ 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 √4 − (2 sin 𝜃)2
𝑎2 = 4 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 4 sin2 𝜃
𝑎=2 𝑥=𝑥 = 2∫ ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√4 − 4 sin2 𝜃 factorizar

𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 1. sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 = 8∫
𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 √4(1 − sin2 𝜃) identidad

sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 8∫
2 √4 cos2 𝜃 Sacar raíz
x
𝜃 sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 8∫
2 cos 𝜃
√4 − 𝑥 2
8 sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 = ∫ = 4 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃
2
1 4
1 𝑥 = 4 [ (1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃] = (1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜃= ( ) 2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑛 2
𝑥 1
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin ( ) 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝜃 − 2 [ sin 2𝜃] + 𝐶
2 2
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝐶
√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2
cos 𝜃 = 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝐶 = 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin ( ) − 2 ( ) +𝐶
2 2 2 2

𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2
= 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin ( ) − 𝑥 ∙ +𝐶
2 2
 𝟏 1
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = =∫ ∙ 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝒙 √𝟗 + 𝒙𝟐 3 tan 𝜃 √9 + (3 tan 𝜃)2

𝑎2 = 9 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎=3 𝑥=𝑥 = ∫
3 tan 𝜃 √9 + 9 tan2 𝜃 factorizar

𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =∫
tan 𝜃 √9(1 + tan2 𝜃) identidad

sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫
x tan 𝜃 √9 sec 2 𝜃 Sacar raíz
𝜃
3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ =∫
tan 𝜃 (3 sec 𝜃) 3 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃
𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃
𝑥 1
tan 𝜃 = 1 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 1 𝑑𝜃
3
= ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ = ∫
3 tan 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃
𝐻 √9 + 𝑥 2 cos 𝜃
csc 𝜃 = =
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑥 1 1
= ∫ csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ln|csc 𝜃 − cot 𝜃| + 𝐶
𝐶. 𝐴. 3 3 3
cot 𝜃 = =
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑥
1 √9 + 𝑥 2 3
= ln | − |+𝐶
3 𝑥 𝑥

1 √9 + 𝑥 2 − 3
= ln | | +𝐶
3 𝑥
Actividad 01.
𝟏 5 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = =∫ =
𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 (5 sec 𝜃)2 √(5 sec 𝜃)2 − 25

𝑎2 = 25 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 5 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ =
𝑎=5 𝑥=𝑥 25 sec 2 𝜃 √25 sec 2 𝜃 − 25

𝑥 = 5 sec 𝜃 1 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑥 = 5 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ =
5 sec 2 𝜃 √25 (sec 2 𝜃 − 1)

1 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫ =
x √𝑥 2 − 25 5 sec 𝜃 √25 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝜃
1 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
5 = ∫ = ∫ =
5 sec 𝜃 ∙ 5 tan 𝜃 5 5 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃
𝑥 𝐻
sec 𝜃 = = 1 1 1 1
5 𝐶. 𝐴. = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sin 𝜃 + 𝐶
25 sec 𝜃 25 25
√𝑥 2 − 25
sin 𝜃 =
𝑥
1 √𝑥 2 − 25
= ∙ +𝐶
25 𝑥

√𝑥 2 − 25
= +𝐶
25 𝑥
Actividad 02.
𝟏 1 4 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝟒. ∫ 𝟓
𝒅𝒙 = =∫ =∫ =
(𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 √(16 − 𝑥 2 )5 √[16 − (4 sin 𝜃)2 ]5

𝑎2 = 16 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 4∫ =
𝑎=4 𝑥=𝑥 √(16 − 16 sin2 𝜃)5
𝑥 = 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 4 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4∫ =
√[16(1 − sin2 𝜃)]5

cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= 4∫ = 4∫ 2 5
= 4∫ 5
√16(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)5 (4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃

cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 4 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 1
= 4∫ = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1024 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 1024 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 256 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃

1 1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
256 256

𝑢 = tan 𝜃 1 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
256 256

1 1 1 1 𝑢3
tan 𝜃 + ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝜃 + ∙ +𝐶
256 256 256 256 3

1 1
= tan 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝐶
256 768
Actividad 03.
3
𝒙𝟑 7
𝟓. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (3 tan 𝜃) 7
√𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗 =∫ ∙ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
2 3
√9 (7 tan 𝜃) + 49
3
𝑎2 = 49 𝑥 2 = 9𝑥 2 343 3
𝑎=7 𝑥 = 3𝑥 =∫ 27 tan 𝜃 7
∙ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
3
√9 (49 tan2 𝜃) + 49
3𝑥 = 7 tan 𝜃 9
7
𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2401 tan3 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2401 tan3 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 = ∫ = ∫
81 √(49 tan2 𝜃) + 49 81 √49(tan2 𝜃 + 1)

2401 tan3 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2401 tan3 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ = ∫
81 √49𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 81 7𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

2401 tan3 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 343

= ∫ = ∫ tan3 𝜃 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
567 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 81
Integrales Parciales/Por Fracciones Parciales.
Caso 1: Términos lineales distintos
𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
Caso 2: Términos lineales iguales
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
+ + ⋯ +
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛
Caso 3: Términos cuadráticos distintos
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Caso 4: Términos cuadráticos
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝐴𝑘 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑘
+ + ⋯ +
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑘
 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏
𝟏. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛.
Factorizar denominada:

(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) … 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 1

Extraer radicando:

𝑥 − 11 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 4)
∫ = + =
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 − 11 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 4)
[ = ] (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1)
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 − 11 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥 − 11 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 4𝐵
𝑥 − 11 = 𝑥(𝐴 + 𝐵) + (4𝐵 − 𝐴)

𝐸1 … 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1 Sistema de ecuaciones
𝐸2 … − 𝐴 + 4𝐵 = −11 2 incógnitas y 2 ecuaciones

Solución de Sistema de Ecuaciones

a) Eliminación Gaussiana

𝐴+𝐵 =1 Comprobando:
−𝐴 + 4𝐵 = −11 −𝐴 + 4𝐵 = −11
5𝐵 = −10 −3 + 4(−2) = −11
10 −3 − 8 = −11
𝐵=−
5 −11 = −11
𝐵 = −2

𝐴+𝐵 =1 𝐴+𝐵 =1
𝐴 = −𝐵 + 1 3−2=1
𝐴 = 2+1 1=1
𝐴=3
 b) Escalonada reducida
A B
1
1 1 1 𝑅1 +𝑅2 1 1 1 5 𝑅2 1 1 1
𝐴=( )→ ( )→ ( )
−1 4 −11 0 5 −10 0 1 −2

A B
−𝑅2 +𝑅1 1 0 3
→ ( ) 𝐴=3 𝐵 = −2
0 1 −2
c) Método Fácil “Teletón”
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
1 − 11 = 𝐴(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1 + 4)
−10 = 𝐵(5)
10
𝐵=−
5
𝐵 = −2
𝑥+4=0
𝑥 = −4
−4 − 11 = 𝐴(−4 − 1) + 𝐵(−4 + 4)
−15 = −5𝐴
−15
𝐴=
−5
𝐴=3
𝑥 − 11 𝐴 𝐵 3 −2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥2 + 3𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 3∫ − 2∫ = 3∫ − 2∫ = 3 ln|𝑥 + 4| − 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
(𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑢 𝑢
 𝟏𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐
Solución
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
𝐸𝑙 ú𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜

3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6
(3𝑥 + 3) (3𝑥 − 2)
(3𝑥 + 3)(3𝑥 − 2) = = (𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2
3 1
= 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑆𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡é𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠

17𝑥 − 3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(3𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)

∫ = + =
(𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)
Igualar numeradores
17𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴(3𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)
17𝑥 − 3 = 3𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵
17𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥(3𝐴 + 𝐵) + (𝐵 − 2𝐴)
𝐸1 … 3𝐴 + 𝐵 = 17
𝐸2 … (−1) − 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = −3
3𝐴 + 𝐵 = 17
2𝐴 − 𝐵 = 3
5𝐴 = 20
20
𝐴=
5
𝐴=4 𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝐴 𝑒𝑛 𝐸1
3𝐴 + 𝐵 = 17
3(4) + 𝐵 = 17
12 + 𝐵 = 17
𝐵 = 17 − 12
𝐵=5
 17𝑥 − 3 𝐴 𝐵 4 5
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 5 𝑑𝑢
= 4∫ + 5∫ = 4∫ + 5∫ = 4∫ + ∫ =
(𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 − 2) 𝑢 3 𝑢 𝑢 3 𝑢
5
= 4 ln|𝑥 + 1| + ln|3𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
3
Actividad 01.
𝒙−𝟕
𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
Solución
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) … 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑜 1.
𝑥−7 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑥 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)
∫ = + =
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴𝑥 − 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 3𝐵
𝑥 − 7 = 𝑥(𝐴 + 𝐵) + (3𝐵 − 4𝐴)
𝐸1 … 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1
𝐸2 … − 4𝐴 + 3𝐵 = −7
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1(4)
−4𝐴 + 3𝐵 = −7
4𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 4
−4𝐴 + 3𝐵 = −7
7𝐵 = −3
3
𝐵=−
7
𝐴+𝐵 =1
𝐴 = 1−𝐵
3
𝐴 = 1+
7
10
𝐴=
7
 10 3
𝑥−7 𝐴 𝐵 −7
∫ 2 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 7 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 12 (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 4)
10 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 10 𝑑𝑢 3 𝑑𝑢 10 3
= ∫ − ∫ = ∫ − ∫ = ln|𝑢| − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
7 (𝑥 + 3) 7 (𝑥 − 4) 7 𝑢 7 𝑢 7 7
10 3
= ln|𝑥 + 3| − ln|𝑥 − 4| + 𝐶
7 7

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏
𝟒. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟓
Solución
(2𝑥 + 10) (2𝑥 − 1)
(2𝑥 + 10)(2𝑥 − 1) = = (𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 5
2 1
2𝑥 + 21 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 5)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + =
(𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 1)
2𝑥 + 21 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 5)
2𝑥 + 21 = 2𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 5𝐵
2𝑥 + 21 = 𝑥(2𝐴 + 𝐵) + (5𝐵 − 𝐴)
𝐸1 … 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2
𝐸2 … − 𝐴 + 5𝐵 = 21 (2)
2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2
−2𝐴 + 10𝐵 = 42
11𝐵 = 44
44
𝐵= 𝐵=4
11
2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2
2𝐴 + 4 = 2
2𝐴 = 2 − 4
2
𝐴=− 𝐴 = −1
2
2𝑥 + 21 𝐴 𝐵 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ + 4∫ =
(𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 5) (2𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 5) (2𝑥 − 1)
 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= −∫ + 4∫ = −∫ +2∫ =
𝑢 2 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
= − ln|𝑥 + 5| + 2 ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶

Actividad 03.
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟒
𝟓. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐)
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 1
𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)
=
(𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 1)
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥−2=0 𝑥+1=0
𝑥=2 𝑥 = −1
2 (2)2 + 2 − 4 = 𝐵(2)(2 + 1) + 𝐶(2)(2 − 2)
8 − 2 = 6𝐵
6 = 6𝐵
6
𝐵=
6
𝐵=1
2 (−1)2 − 1 − 4 = 𝐶(−1)(−1 − 2)
2 − 5 = 𝐶3
−3 = 3𝐶
3
𝐶=−
3
𝐶 = −1
−4 = 𝐴(0 − 2)(0 + 1)
−4 = 𝐴(−2)
−4
𝐴=
−2
𝐴=2
 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ +∫ −∫ =
𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥+1 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
=2+∫ −∫ =
𝑢 𝑢
= 2 ln|𝑥| + ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶

Integrales Trigonométricas.

𝟏. ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟑 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)] 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

2 2
𝑢3
= − cos(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑢 ∙ −𝑑𝑢 = − cos(𝑥) + ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos(𝑥) + + 𝐶
3
1
= − cos(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥) + 𝐶
3
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 (𝒙) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) [1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥)]𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝟐. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟒 (𝒙) 𝑠𝑒𝑛4 (𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛4 (𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − ∫ =
𝑠𝑒𝑛4 (𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛4 (𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛4 (𝑥)
𝑢 = sen(𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑢
=∫ 4
−∫ 4
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢−4 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 2 = ∫ 𝑢−4 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑢
𝑢 = sen(𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑢−3 𝑢−1 1 1
= − +𝐶 = + +𝐶
−3 −1 −3 𝑠𝑒𝑛3 (𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) Identidad trigonométrica
1
= − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 (𝑥) + csc(𝑥) + 𝐶
3
Actividad 06.
𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟓 (𝒚) [𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑦)]2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑦) [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑦)]2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑦)
𝟑. ∫ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 =
√𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒚) √𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦) √𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦)

𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝑦)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑦) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝑦)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑦)

=∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1−∫ 1 =
√𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦) √𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦) (cos(𝑦))2 (cos(𝑦))2
𝑢 = cos(𝑦) 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑦)
7 1 9 9
𝑑𝑢𝑢2+1 𝑢2 𝑢2 1 𝑢2
= ∫− 1 −∫ − 𝑑𝑢 = − + + 𝐶 = −2𝑢2 + 2 + 𝐶
7 1 9 9
𝑢2 2+1 2 2

2
= −2 √cos(𝑦) + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝑦) + 𝐶
9

Actividad 07.

𝟒. ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟕 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫[𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥)]3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)]3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =

= ∫ 1 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 (𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

𝑢3 𝑢5
= − cos(𝑥) + 3 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − 3 ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢 = − cos(𝑥) + 3 3 +𝐶
3 5
3 1
= − cos(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 (𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 (𝑥) + 𝐶
5 7
𝟓. ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟓 (𝒂𝟓) 𝒅𝒂 = ∫[𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 (𝑎5)]2 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑎5)𝑑𝑎 = ∫[𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑎5) − 1]2 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑎5) 𝑑𝑎 =

= ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 (𝑎5) − 2𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑎5) + 1 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑎5)𝑑𝑎

𝑢 = cot(𝑎5) 𝑑𝑢 = −5𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑎5)𝑑𝑎 𝑢 = 𝑎5 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑎

1 1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 (𝑎5) csc(𝑎5) cot(𝑎5) 𝑑𝑎 − 2 ∫ 𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ cot(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 =
5 5
1 2 1
= ∫ 𝑢3 − 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ cot(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 =
5 5 5
1 1 1
=− 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 (𝑎5) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 (𝑎5) + ln|𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎5)| + 𝐶
20 5 5

𝟔. ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 (𝟓𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (5𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥) − 1] 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = tan(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥)5 𝑢 = 5𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 1 1 𝑢3 1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ tan(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ tan(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|sec 𝑢| + 𝐶
5 5 5 5 5 3 5
1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (5𝑥) − ln|sec(5𝑥)| + 𝐶
15 5
Actividad 08.
2
𝒙𝟐 1
𝟏. ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = (3 sin 𝜃) 1
(𝟏 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 =∫ ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 3
√1 − 9 (1 sin 𝜃)
3
𝑎2 = 1 𝑥 2 = 9𝑥 2 1
1 sin2 𝜃
𝑎=1 𝑥 = 3𝑥 = ∫ 9 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 1
√1 − 9 sin2 𝜃
3𝑥 = sin 𝜃 9
1
𝑥 = sin 𝜃 1 1 sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 = ∫
1 3 9 √(1 − 1 sin2 𝜃)3
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3
1 sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫
27 √[1(1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃)]3

1 sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫
27 √[1(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)]3

1 sin2 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 sin2 𝜃

= ∫ = ∫
27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

1 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1 1
= ∫ 2
= ∫
27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

1 1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
27 27

1 1
= tan 𝜃 − 𝜃+𝐶
27 27

Actividad 09.

(𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
𝟏𝟎. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟑
𝑎2 = 4 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎=2 𝑥=𝑥 = ∫
3 tan 𝜃 √9 + 9 tan2 𝜃 factorizar

𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =∫
tan 𝜃 √9(1 + tan2 𝜃) identidad

sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫
x tan 𝜃 √9 sec 2 𝜃 Sacar raíz
𝜃
2 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ =∫
tan 𝜃 (3 sec 𝜃) 3 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃
𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃
𝑥 1
tan 𝜃 = 1 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 1 𝑑𝜃
3
= ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ = ∫
3 tan 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
1 1
= ∫ csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ln|csc 𝜃 − cot 𝜃| + 𝐶
3 3

1 √9 + 𝑥 2 3
= ln | − |+𝐶
3 𝑥 𝑥

8 𝑥 1
=− 2
+ 8 ln | | + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑥 2 2