MATRIX FLEXIBILITY METHOD

http://web.iitd.ac.in/~sbhalla/cvl756.html
Password: cvl717
Dr. Suresh Bhalla
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
11/11/2017 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi 1
 CONVENTIONAL FORCE
METHOD
Redundant forces and reaction are considered unknowns

HOW TO ANALYSE???
w (N/m)

•Choose redundants
•Form compatibility and equilibrium equations
•Solve

01/10/2008 2
 MATRIX FORCE METHOD
Also called as FLEXIBILITY METHOD.

• Member forces are treated as the basic

unknowns.

• Similar to the classical force method, but based

on matrix approach

• Step-by-step building up of force-displacement

relationship using elements making the
structure i.e FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH
11/11/2017 3
 MATRIX FORCE METHOD

Structure as a whole or any substructure

must satisfy

1. Equilibrium of forces.
2. Displacement compatibility.
3. Force-displacement relation

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 ASSUMPTIONS
• Hooke’s Law holds good
• Infinitesimally small deflections
• No change in length of member for
deflections normal to the length of the
member
• Principle of superposition holds good
• Members are inextensible
• All other assumptions of direct stiffness
approach
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 FLEXIBILITY MATRIX FOR A
FRAME / BEAM ELEMENT

Pay attention
on notations

Shears not included since dependent on moments.

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 Displacement along ith degree of freedom
F =
m
ij
due to a unit force along the line of action
of the jth force, all other points being
unloaded

How to derive the first col. of [F] ???

1
F11 F12
= f1m = 1 d1m

F21 F22
F11 F21
⎛ L ⎞ ⎡ 2 − 1⎤
Fm = ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
11/11/2017
⎝ 6EI ⎠ ⎣− 1 2 ⎦ 7
 TRUSS MEMBER

d1 = (L/EA)f1

{Fm} = (L/EA)
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 COLLECTIVE MEMBER FLEXIBILITY
MATRIX OF STRUCTURE
Member flexibility matrix, of 
member no “m”
{d }
m
= ⎡F
⎢⎣
m
⎤ f
⎥⎦
{ } m

Collective flexibility matrix results when flexibility matrices of all 
individual members are lumped together in uncoupled manner
⎡F 1
0 0 ⎤ ⎧ ⎫
1
⎧d 1
⎫ 0 f
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪d ⎪ ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎪ 2
⎪
⎢0 0 0 ⎥
2
⎪ ⎪ F ⎪ f ⎪
⎨ 3⎬
= ⎨ ⎬
⎪d ⎪ ⎢0 0 ... 0 ⎥ ⎪ : ⎪
⎪ 4⎪ ⎢ N⎥
⎪ n⎪
⎪d
⎩
⎪
⎭ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 F ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎩
f ⎪
⎭

{d } = [F ]{ f }
Matrix of all internal displacements Matrix of all internal forces

9
11/11/2017
 EXAMPLE 1
⎧ d11 ⎫
⎪ 2⎪
⎪⎪d1 ⎪⎪
3
{d} = ⎨d1 ⎬
⎪d 4 ⎪
⎪ 1⎪
⎪⎩d15 ⎪⎭ ⎛ L ⎞
[F1] =[F2] =[F3] = ⎜ ⎟
⎧ f11 ⎫
⎪ 2⎪
⎝ EA ⎠
⎪ f1 ⎪
{f} = ⎪⎨ f 3 ⎪⎬
⎪f 4⎪
1
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎪ 1 ⎪
⎪⎩ f 15 ⎪⎭
[F4] = [F5] = ⎢ L⎥
⎣ EA ⎦

⎡1 0 0 0 0 ⎤
Collective flexibility matrix ⎢0 1 0 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
[F] ⎢0 0 1 0 0 ⎥⎛ L ⎞ {d} = [F] {f}
⎢ ⎥⎜ EA ⎟
⎢0 0 0 2 0 ⎥⎝ ⎠
11/11/2017 ⎢⎣0 0 0 0 2 ⎥⎦ 10
 FORCE TRANSFORMATION
RELATIONSHIP
To find relationship between internal forces
and externally applied forces.

⎧ P1 ⎫
⎪P ⎪
Let {P} = ⎪ 2 ⎪ = Loads applied externally on a structure
⎨ ⎬
⎪ ... ⎪
⎪⎩ Pn ⎪⎭

How internal forces are related to {P} ???

{f} = [b] {P}

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 {f} = [b] {P}
⎧ f11 ⎫ ⎡ b11 b12 ⎤
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢
⎪⎪ f1 ⎪⎪ ⎢b21 b 22⎥⎥
⎧P ⎫
⎨ f1 ⎬ = ⎢b31 b32 ⎥ ⎨ 1 ⎬
3

⎪ f 4 ⎪ ⎢b41 b 42⎥
⎥ ⎩ P2 ⎭
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎢
⎪⎩ f15 ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣b51 b52 ⎥⎦
5x2 matrix
bij = Internal force fi caused by external force Pj
= 1, all other external forces being zero

How to derive the first col. of [b] ???

P1 = 1 P2 = 0 The member forces developed will
be the first column of [b]
P1 = 0 P2 = 1 The member forces developed will
11/11/2017 be the second column of [b] 12
 P1 = 1 P2 = 0 P1 = 0 P2 = 1

-1 0

0 0
[b] = 0 -1

0 0

0 2

So far {d} = [F]c {f}

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{f} = [b] {P} 13
RELATION BETWEEN {P} AND {u}
[P] = External loads / forces
[u] = External displacements

Principle of virtual work

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 Let the structure be
initially under the system
of virtual forces only
{V}<< {P}

When {P} is applied, {V} rides along the

displacements and performs virtual works.

External virtual work Internal virtual work by

by {V} system = internal forces generated
by {V}

11/11/2017 15
 EVW = IVW
{V } {u}
T
= { f V }T
{d }
= ([b]{V }) {d }
T

{u} = [b] {d }
T
{f} = [b] {P}

= [b] [ F ]c { f }
T

= ([b] [ F ]c [b]){P}
T

11/11/2017 FTS = flexibility matrix

Total structural
16
 EXAMPLE 1 Contd…

[ FTS ] = ([b] [ F ]c [b])

T

⎡1 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡− 1 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢0 0 ⎥
⎡− 1 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎛ L ⎞⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎜ ⎟ ⎢0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 −1 0 2 ⎥⎦ ⎝ EA ⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 −1⎥
⎣ ⎢0 0 0 2 0 ⎥
⎢⎣0 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 ⎥
0 0 0

⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦
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 ⎛ L ⎞ ⎡1 0 ⎤
=⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ EA ⎠ ⎣0 1 + 2 2 ⎦
⎧u1 ⎫ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎧ P1 ⎫
⎨ ⎬=⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎩u 2 ⎭ ⎝ EA ⎠ ⎣0 3.83⎦ ⎩ P2 ⎭

P1 L 3.83P2
u1 = u2 =
EA EA

11/11/2017 18
 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

1.Specify {P}
2.Define fm, [Fm], [F]c
3.Form [b]
4. Find internal forces
{f}=[b]{P}

5.[F ]TS = [b] [ F ]c [b]

T

6.{u} = [ F ]TS {P}

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 EXAMPLE 2

⎡ P1 ⎤ ⎡ u1 ⎤
{P} = ⎢⎢ P2 ⎥⎥ {u} = ⎢⎢u 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ P3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣u 3 ⎥⎦

⎡ f 11 ⎤ ⎡ d11 ⎤
⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ f2 ⎥ ⎢d2 ⎥
{f}= ⎢ ⎥ {d } = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ f1 ⎥ ⎢d1 ⎥
⎢ f 2⎥ ⎢d 2 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦

⎡ 2 −1 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎛ L ⎞ ⎢− 1 2 0
[F ]c =⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6EI ⎠ ⎢ 0
⎢
0 2 − 1⎥
⎥
{ f } = [b]{P}
⎣0 0 −1 2 ⎦

11/11/2017 Size of [b] ?? 20

 ⎡L 2L 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 − L − 1⎥
[b] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 L 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 − 1⎦

[F ]TS = [b] [ F ]c [b]

T

⎡ 2 − 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡L 2L 1 ⎤
⎡L 0 0 0 ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 − L − 1⎥
⎛ L ⎞⎢ ⎥ − 1 2 0 0
⎜ ⎟ ⎢2 L − L L 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎝ 6 EI ⎠ ⎢0 0 2 − 1⎥ ⎢ 0 L 1⎥
⎢⎣ 1 − 1 1 − 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 − 1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 − 1⎦
⎡ 2 L 5L 3⎤
⎡ L 0 0 0 ⎤⎢ ⎥
⎛ L ⎞⎢ ⎥ − L − 4 L − 3
⎜ ⎟ ⎢2 L − L L 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎝ 6 EI ⎠ ⎢ 0 2L 3⎥
⎢⎣ 1 − 1 1 − 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
11/11/2017 ⎣ 0 − L − 3⎦ 21
 ⎡ u1 ⎤ ⎡2 L2 5 L2 3L ⎤ ⎡ P1 ⎤
⎢u ⎥ = ⎛ L ⎞ ⎢5 L2 16 L2 12 L ⎥ ⎢ P ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎜⎝ 6 EI ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢⎣u 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 3L 12 L 12 ⎥ ⎢⎣ P3 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦

u1 =
(2L P + 5L P
2
1
2
2 + 3LP3 ) u2 =
5 L3 P1 + 16 L3 P2 + 12 LP3
u3 =
3L2 P1 + 12 L2 P2 + 12 LP3
6 EI 6 EI 6 EI

2 P1 L3 5 P1 L3 3P1 L2
If P2= P3=0 ⇒ u1 = u2 = , u3 =
6 EI 6 EI 6 EI
If the points where displacements are
desired are not loaded ….
we must apply a fictitious load of zero value
at those points.
11/11/2017 22
 PROCEDURE FOR
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE:

Convert the indeterminate structures into a

“primary” structure by eliminating redundant
forces.

Original structure = applied loads + Unknown

redundant
forces

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f 1 = b11 P1 + b12 P2 + ........ + b1N Pn + b1( N +1) x1 + b1( N + 2 ) x 2 + .......... .......... ...

f 2 = ............................. + ..........................................................

⎡P⎤
{ f } = [b p | bx ]⎢ ⎥ X : Redundant

⎣X ⎦
⎡u p ⎤
Similarly, Displacement vector = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ux ⎦
u p → Unknown Displacements
u x → Prescribed displacements
(@ reaction point)
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 At the points of redundant, compatibility conditions
must be satisfied:

Displacements due to {P} + Displacements due to {X} = {u x }

Prescribed displacements

For a structure on rigid supports ux = 0

⎡P⎤
Computational
procedure {u} = [b] [ F ]c [b]⎢ ⎥
T

⎣X ⎦
=[bp|bx]T [F]c [bp|bx] ⎧⎨ P ⎫⎬
⎩X ⎭
⎡bTp ⎤
=⎢ T⎥ [F bc p ]⎧P⎫
Fcbx ⎨⎩ X ⎬⎭
11/11/2017 ⎣bx ⎦ 25
 ⎡ p⎤
u ⎡b T
p Fc b p b Tp Fc bx ⎤ ⎡ P ⎤
∴⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ T T ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ u x ⎦ ⎢⎣bx Fc b p bx Fc bx ⎥⎦ ⎣ X ⎦

⎡ u p ⎤ ⎡ F pp F px ⎤ ⎡ P ⎤ [F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
T

⎢ ⎥ = ⎢F
pp p c p

⎣ u x ⎦ ⎣ xp Fxx ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ X ⎥⎦ [F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ] [F ] = [F ]
px p
T
c x xp px
T

[Fxx ] = [bx ]T [F ]c [bx ]

If {ux} = 0 ⇒ {X } = −[Fxx ] Fxp {P}
−1
[ ]
Internal forces { f } = [b p ]{P} + [bx ]{ X }

Unknown Displacements

11/11/2017 {u p } = [ F pp ]{P} + [ F px ]{ X } 26
 SUMMARIZED PROCEDURE FOR
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

1. Identify redundants….DSI?
2. Define {P},{X}
3. Define {f},from [F]c
4. [b] = [bp|bx]
5. [Fpp] = bpTFcbc
6. [Fpx] = bpTFcbx
7. [Fxp]=[Fpx]T ,
8. [Fxx]=bxTFcbx
11/11/2017 27
 SUMMARIZED PROCEDURE FOR
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
(Contd.)
−1
9. { X } = [ Fxx ] ({u x } − [ Fxp ]{P})

10. [ ]
⎧P⎫
{ f } = b p | bx ⎨ ⎬
⎩X ⎭

11. {u } = [F ]{P} + [F ]{X }

p pp px

11/11/2017 28
 EXAMPLE 3
b+r = 9 2j=8
DSI=1

11/11/2017 29
 ⎡1 0 0 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 1 0 0 0 0⎥⎥
⎢
⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥ ⎛ L ⎞
[F ]c =⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟
⎢0 0 0 2 0 0⎥⎝ EA ⎠
⎢0 0 0 0 2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0 0 1⎥⎦

11/11/2017 30
 P1=1 P2=1 X =1

2
2

P1=1 P2=1 X=1

⎡ − 1 0 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 − 1 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 − 2 ⎥
⎢ 0 2 − 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦

11/11/2017 31
 [F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ] [Fpx ] = [b p ] [F ]c [bx ]
pp p
T
c p
T

[F ] = [F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
xp px
T
x
T
c p

[Fxx ] = [bx ] [F ]c [bx ]

T

Compatibility condition

{ux} =0 = Relative Displacements between the cut ends.

∴ {X } = −[Fxx ] Fxp {P}
−1
[ ]
[u ] = [F ]{P}+ [F ]{X }
p pp px
{ f } = [b p / bx ]⎡⎢
P⎤
⎥
⎣X ⎦
11/11/2017 32
 EXAMPLE 4
w = 10 kN/m We desire a disp. here

5m 5m
5m

11/11/2017 33
 9
wl wl2
8
24

wl2
12

2A 2B
Case 2A need not be analyzed.
11/11/2017 34
 CASE 2 B is equivalent to
P3
P1

P2

11/11/2017 35
 [F]c

11/11/2017 36
To derive a column of the [b] matrix, we
sequentially apply P1 = 1, P2 = 1, P3 = 1, X = 1
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 P1 = 1, P2 = 0, P3 = 0, X = 0

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 P1 = 0, P2 = 1, P3 = 0, X =0

11/11/2017 39
 P1 = 0, P2 = 0, P3 = 1, X =0

11/11/2017 40
 P1 = 0, P2 = 0, P3 = 0, X = 1

11/11/2017 41
11/11/2017 42
 [F ]TS = [b] [F ]c [b]
t

ux = 0 = Fxp p + Fxx X

X = - Fxx-1 Fxp P

up = Fpp p + Fp x X
⎡P⎤
{ f } = [b p !bx ]⎢ ⎥
⎣X ⎦

Final answer = Case 2+ Case I

11/11/2017 43
 PRACTICE PROBLEM

11/11/2017 44
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
MATRIX FLEXIBILITY METHOD
• ABC

11/11/2017 45