Exercises 14.4 Chain Rule: One Independent Variable In Exercises 1-6, (a) express d/l asa function oft, both by using the Chain Rule and by expressing w in terms of ¢ and differentiating di- rectly with respect tof. Then (b) evaluate dw/d at the given value oft Lwasttyy x= cos y= sing t= Dwar ty x= coset sing y= cose— sings ¢ 6wornsiny, eon yoink zoe! Chain Rule: Two and Three Independent Variables In Exercises 7 and 8, (a) express dz/au and dz/dv as functions of u and v both by using the Chain Rule and by expressing = directly in terms of wand v before differentiating. Then (b) evaluate /@u and é2/@v at the given point (u,v). 129 4etIny, Bo z= tan (jy), x= ucosy, y= usinus (u,v) = (13, 7/6) In Exervises 9 and 10, (a) express 2/0u and aw/av as functions of w and w both by using the Chain Rule and by expressing w directly in terms of w and v before differentiating. Then (b) evaluate dw /@w and ‘w/w at the given point (u,v) 9. waay tye ta (uv) = 2,1) 10, w= inex? +92 +29), x = we¥sinn, y= we cos u z= e's (uv) = (-2,0) In(ucose), y In Exercises 11 and 12, (a) express du/ar, du/iy, and du/a as fune- tions of x,y, and = both by using the Chain Rule and by expressing w clrwetly in terms of x,y, und = before differentiating. Then (b) evaluate ‘uf, uy, and Aji atthe given point (x, x, 2) pao te w=2E4 panty en gaxey tn pertyas tan2)=(VE21) 1, u=elsin“p, p Iny, (ey,2) = (7/4, 172, sin, q = 2) Vs Using a Branch Diagram In Exercises 13-24, draw a branch diagram and write a Chain Rule formula for each derivative. (ey) = Bl, y= AD) (yw u,v) aw 18, Sand for w = ha, y,2), flu), 16, Fe and 5 forw = first) r= gleyh s= hy), 1 May) aw au aw ang Grand Gy forse = e(uyu), w= Alay), w= Ay) 17, Mand forw = gy), x= Mv), v= Ru v) has) & 19, © and forz = flr.y), x= elt.s), 7 20, tory (a), tr.) aw ag 21, and forw = su), w= hiss) Ap. ge 22, Btorw = fla nav x= lng F= Arg v= Hea) a ng forw = 23, Mand BE forw = f(s,9), oF (6) air), 9 24, Mrorw = atsv), x= Mrs), v= RS) Implicit Differentiation ‘Assuming thatthe equations in Exerises 25-28 define yas a differen tiable function of x, use Theorem 8 to find the value of dy/de atthe given point, 28. = 2? bay =O (LD 26. y+ y?— 3-320, (-1,1) Pty by? 7=0, (1,2) 2, xe? + sinay + y= n2= 0, (0,12) Find the values of /@s and /ay atthe points in Exercises 29-32 2.2) —ay tyety?—2=0, (44D) webs =1=0, 0,36) BM. sin(e +») # sin(y ba) 4 sinh) =O, (wy m,m) 32, ze! ye" + Dine —2—31n2=0, (1,102,103) Finding Partial Derivatives at Specified Points 33. Find aw/ar when r= 1s=—1 if w= (ety teh, Barony mcos(rt sz = sin(r +9) 34, Find aw/i when w= Lv = 2 if way tins, x= Vu = wt YZ = cosm Find wav when uw = 0,0 = 0 reunW+ bya duty 36, Find Asfiu when w= 0, sew vy = ww. 37, Find de/du and azfow when Stam! and x =e" + Inv, 38. Find defi and 35 if w= + Of), 1 if 2=sinay + xsiny, Inv=1 if z= and g = Vo Stan,Theory and Bamps , 38. sume that = f(s + and (2) = e Find and 40. 4a. 43. 45, a we tat w= (02) tay) = yan a Find ana ‘Changing voltage in a cireuit The voltage Jin a circuit that satisfies the law 7” = IR is slowly dropping asthe battery wears fut. At the same time, the resistance Ris inereasing asthe resistor heats up. Use the equation wv wat a wan dt OR dt to find how the current is changing at the instant when 600 ohms, 7 = 0.04 amp, dR/ai = 0.5 ohim/see, and dVfae = =0.01 volt/see. v ( Basry , ny — ® ‘Changing dimensions in a box The lengths ¢, b, and ¢ of the cadges ofa rectangular box are changing with time. At the instant in question, a= 1m, b= 2m, c= 3m, de/dt = dbjdt = 1 m/sec, and de/di = ~3 m/sec. At what rates are the box’s vol ume F and surface area S changing at that instant? Are the box’s interior diagonals inereasing in length or decreasing? IF f(w, v0) is differentiable and w =x —y,v = y= 2 and w= 2x, show that fof of Eye Polar coordinates Suppose that we substitute polar coordinates x= reosd and y™rsind in a differentiable function w= fory). fa. Show that Be j,c0s8 + fy sind and ~fesind + f, 6088. by Solve the equations in part (a) to express fy and fy in terms of| sofia (+h Ga). «Show that Laplace equations Show that if w~ flu, v) satisfies the Laplace equation fag + fou = 0 and if w = (x? — y°)/2 and ‘v= xy, then w satisfies the Laplace equation wg + Wy = 0. Laplace equations Let.w = flu) + glu), where w =x + iy, v= 21, and ¢= V1. Show that w satisfies the Laplace ‘equation Wize + Wy = O if all the necessary funetions are ditfer- cntiable. LP +h 47, Extrome values on a helix Suppose thatthe cof a function f(y, 2) at points on the helix = 08%.» = sin, fa = 0056, feasing At what poins on the curve, ifany, can f take on extreme values? A space curve Let w = x%e* cos 32. Find the value of dw/d at the point (1, n2, 0) on the curve x = cost,y = In(e+ 2), 49. Temperature on a circle Let = f(x,y) be the temperature atthe point (x,y) on the eiele x = cos,» = sing, O 1 2m and suppose that ar Tg genkey Bm ae, Find where the maximum and minimum temperatures onthe circle occur by examining the derivatives d7/dt and d™T/dr b. Suppose that 7 = 4x? — dry + 4y? Find the maximum and minimum values of Ton the etc 50, Temperature on an ellipse Let 7 ~ g(x, ») be the temperature at the pointy) on the ellipse xe 2V2cost, oy > Visin, 0 122m and suppose that ar x ‘4, Locate the maximum and minimum temperatures on the el- lipse by examining d7/adt and d?1/d, Suppose that 7 = xy ~ 2. Find the maximum and minimum values of Ton the ellipse. Differentiating Integrals true that it Under mild continuity restrictions, itis Rw) [ exe, sen Fe)= fing his and Cae cca find the derivative of nos [ats by ltting Gtas) = ["eeood where u = fl). Find the derivatives ofthe functions in Exercises $1 and 52. si. Fay = [Vira144 THE CHAIN RULE 1 @ Sa 2, & = 29,8 =—sint Baeost + Py? = eostt+sint=1 > =0 2eost sint + 2sin t cost ) sint— cost > 2. (a) $= 20, = 2y, = sin cost, $= (2x)(— sin t+ cos t) + (2y)(— sin t — cos t) (cos t + sin {cos t — sin t) — 2(cos t — sin OXsin t + cos t) = (2 cos*t— 2 sin? t) — (2 cos? t — 2 sin? t) Pp y? = (cos t-+ sin OF + (Cost —sinff? = Deos't+ Isnt 2 > HE =O «by 1, om & 0s sin U4 3 sin cos + SE HBS — —2eostsint 3. @ f=} = ® $O=1 & 4) BE Be Bs hae Bs wate B= — sim e002 +2 into 4 (4) +28 t oie ae ce CE TO (32-4 y8 + 22) = In (cost t+ sin? 4 16K) = In (+ 161) > &) = 420s (B+) + (2am!) 2H = 1 = atean* LL Sa=a()etertt Inz= (Quan!) (2 41) —t © 6. (a) $Y = —ycosxy, MY = Kearny, $= 1 B= 1 Habe 1 ay Way cosny — 28 be! ~(in Ufeos (tn Q] =F EY +e! = (Un Ufeos (Ln OI ~ cos (tn) + e's w= eh =sin(ting > &) &(=1-a+0)=0 sin sy 1 feos(cin ot [int +t (B)] =e = + Ing coseeind 7 @ B= BB+ 2S = (4c my) (4) + (S) ony = Sry Hee ee Aes) — (4.cos v) In(u sin v) + 4 cos v; HAR R+ HH = et ny) (SEB) + (S) eos) = — (de ny) any) + Se ees = [-4(u cos v) In(u sin vy}ttan vy + (~4u sin v) In sin v) de® In y = 4(u cos v) In(u sin v) = SF = (4 cos v) In(u sin v) + 4(u cos v) (SEX = (4.cos v) In(u sin v) + 4 cos vs also 6 = (—4u sin v) In(a sin v) + 4(a cos ) ( (-4u sin v) In(u sin v) + 25%" (b) At(2,3): 2 =4.cos In (2 sin =) +405 5 = 2/2 In (2+ 2/2 = V2iIn2 +2); $= (AQ) sin gn (Qsin §) + SHED — 4/3 in Y24+4V2= 2/3 m2 + 429 (a) SERGE Re ey eK yt MI) + (x + AD) + (YE MI) = HY +z HY +X) = (0+ Y) + (Uv) + 2uv + v2u) = Pu 4 dv; BE = Be BS 4 Be Bey Be Be OFOAD ++) + + 0M) Sy x + + U 2+ (2uju way yet x= (uP — v2) + (uy uv?) + (uv + wv?) =a? V2 4 2uPy > 88 = 20+ dy and rer) (b) AUS 1): $F =2(4) +4 (F) A) = 3 and $e = 200) + 2 (4)? = = 10. (a) $2 = (=p2 =) (Csi w+ wo" cos u) + (=p) (c" €0s u— ue" sin u) + (=) (e") = (seme treee) © sin wt ue" eos w) + (Sas PES aes) (€” cos — ue" sin u) + Goma) (C $5 = (=z) (we sina) + (TF) (we e080) + (SF) we) = (Goa) (ve sin) + (Geraea eS Serres) (ue” cos u) + (sores ereeecs) (ue) = 2; w= In (u?e™ sin? u+ ue” cos? w+ we) = In (2u%e™) =In2+ 2inu+2v > & 1 @ a a Sor eee o ew (0) + (Fe sin p) 2z.In y) + (ge sin p) (— +) = (2zre* sin p) (ln y) ~ 38 = (22) (2) (y%x ny) — ZED = ay ays = oY sin (ina) FGy= 38 +y . and B(,y) = Ay tx > B= B= — SE me aana4 = = = fa,n=4 * y i me * =26. Let F(x, y) = xy + y? —3x—3=0 = Fay) =y— Sand F,(,y) = x4 2y > B= = £C14n=2 2 Let Rix y= pay Hy 70S iy) = Pet Yad =KbIy > E = £02 28, Let F(x, y) = xe? + sinxy ty —~In2=0 = Fy(x,y) =e? +y eos xy and Fy(X,y) = xe" +x Sin xy + 1 o> R= -B=- SAS > £0 =-2 410) MEF, Oy ay tye by? 220 Fuwy.2) = -y, Rte y7 ceo yt eG! Ss aa 30. Let Fix,y,2) + ok = #03.60- 31. Let Fix, y,2)= sim (x+y) + sim(y +2) + sin(x +2) = 0 > Fuls,ys2) = cos(s-+ y) + 0054+ 2) F(a, 352 = c08(x Fy) + c0(9 +, Ful 62) = only +2) + c0s(e +2) > = —B a sttinbeante Ge ea FL _emttvienin 6p ow) Segre teste ~ 2 Ran Eapsatestoa 2 ane 32. LAFR.y,2) = 207 Hye F2INX—2—3192= 0 FR Y.Z)= OF EBC Y 2) = HO +O Fae y.2) = Ye #--B=- SS) > gamzmy= seston 2,103) =~ 5S BG By et yt M424 y+ AL-sin(e s+ At y + DcOs(e+ 9) (x + y + z)[1 — sin(r +s) + cos (r+ s)] = 2[r—s + cos(r+ s)+ sin(r + s)][1 — sin(r +s) + cos(r-+ s)} 20x2)= 12 Grade Re et Ra v(S) tas (QO @+M(S)FS > Fa OA) + (4) as = R+E R= (e- DH (Hs paws HL oy = Ot (60804 cos OVI) = 2 =[peeale > Bl 37, [rsatime] ) > Flower = oes = I = werorssy > Ble 3) GE) = (Gees) ) G4) = (Garters) (4) = atts > HL. (0) = = HE B= O(a) 38? = se He = 40. Letx = ts? and y = $= w= f(ts?, 4) =flx, y) > $8 = 9 B+ eS = f(xy) dts + fey) t = 0s (9) 24 =) 24 Capes41 V=IR > = Rand % Bey RAY LM -5 ~001 volushec = (600 ohms) 4 + (0.04 ampsy0.5 ohmsec) => = 0.00005 ampsisee SEG + FS = (be) F + (ac) $F + (ab) = m3 m1 msec) + (1 mJ’ MILL msec) + (1 my my{—3 msec) = 3 mPASCe and the volume is increasing; S = 2ab-+2ac-+ 2he + B= Se SHY BE HM H ++ F+ 2+) F > Beioer 265 m)(1 m/sec) + 2(4 m)(1 m/sec) + 23 m)(—3 m/sec) = 0 m/sec and the surface area is not changing; Da VeTR Te > ODS RSs Me (ast osecs) > 2 = (Fag) [A mA msec) +2 my see) + 3 m)(—3 msee)] = — hy msec < 0 = the diagonals are eines i & z g & RO+FO+ C1 B Ma Hy HW RoR RR Rt ie me Hae MR, Raw He 4 Hayy A=-L4 Hand Ha Cees MMH LOLA N+ KW=-C4H > K+ K+ Hao 44. (a) BA SHG B =f cos 0 +f, sin and 3 = 1—rsind) + f(ecosA) > LA = 1, sind +4, cos (b) sind = f, sin cos 0 + fy sin? and (284) $F = —f, sin 8 cos é + fy cos? O > fy = (in) 95 + (S22) Ss then 9 = fy cos 0+ [isin d) 9 + (S22) 25] (sind) > feos = Be (sin?) Se — (setset) By = (1 — sin? 0) Be — (sts) Bs o> f= (eos 0) $e — (Bt) 3 (©) (6)? = (costo) (3p)* — (Zamgsnt) (Be Bp) + (24) (8)? ane (6)? = (sin? ) (3p)? + 2aBesse) (Be Bs) + (2) (G9)? > WF HG)? R-GR+eE ~Bex(GR TERE +y = we Speak GD) 9) $y ( Bie +B) = te +7 BR) +9 (eR +B) a Ba Geb Day Ras by? ae wy = Oe a BS my te Woy (GE B+ Ba) +(e + EB) Bey (-y Se ex Be) +x(—y Set Be) = — yt ey Beg ths by) Se + OF ty) Fe = +94) Ha + Wd 0, since yu + Wry 46. FE = HV) + FOL) =) + UO) > We = FULL) + "OD = FO) + BNW: Fe =P OD + LON > Wy = MOP) +2") P) = (0) — 20) > at Hy PHI 2> FRESE SE Seyt2205 2 forthe point (cos (—2),sin(—2),—2}t= 1 = x= cos 1, AT, fa(x, yy 2) = 608 tf, ¥, 2) = sim and £504, 2) (cos 1(— sin + (Sin N(e08 1) + (+L 2 = x= cos(—2).y = sin(-2), 1 for the point cos 1, sin 1,1) 48, Bs ES Oe BS (20% con 34) (sin) + (20°C¥ 60832) (Fy -2xe% cos 37, sin t+ 2% — 3,7e%¥ sin 37; at the point on the curve z= 0 =} = 04 Me 9 4 ) + (3x2 sin 32) 0) ° > lomoSx —4y and Hag YX y —AyX—sind) + By —40lem, Rate = (Bos t— 4 sin O( sin t)+ (8 sin t— 4 c05 (cost) = 4 sin®t—4 cost + 47 = 16sin eos t PaO a Asin? 40081 =0 > sintt =costt > sint=costorsint=—cost + t= #5 %, the interval 0 < t< 2n; a Eon #0 16sin $05 F > 0 = Thasa minimum at (x.y) = (4,4 SB], = Ne sin 3 cos F< 0 Thos a maximum at x,y)= (— 9,2): “a Sa 16 sin $F cos $F > 0 > Thasa minimum at (xy) = (— tosin cos 22 <0 > Thas a maximum at (x, y)= (22 ,— (b) T= 4x? —4ny + 4y? = OT = 8x —4y, and $1 = 8y — 4x so the extreme values occur at the four points found in pat (a): T(—F.F) = 1(8.-F) =4) 4) +408) 14.4) =7(--¥) =40) 4) +4) 4 BH = y(-2vFsint) +x (V2eost) = (VEsins) (~2VPsint) + (2/Zeont) (VZeoet) = Asi? + bear? = 4-Bsin?t = $F = —lbsintcott: $= 0 > 4—Bsin’t =O = sin? 6, the maximum and the minimum 50. (a) =A si t44(1— sin?) =} 5 sina =} Gis 8 sin2 (2) =8 = Thasa minimum at (x, y) = 2,0); S8\_. = -8sin2(53) = -8 > Thas a maximumat x,y) = (-2,—1); a 8 sin 2 (22) = 8 = Thasa minimum at (x,y) = 2, -1) ) and #2 — so the extreme values occur at the four points found in part (a): 0, the maximam and T(—2, 1) = T(2, —1) = =4, the minimum New 52, Using the resutin Exenise 1, Fa) = f'VOFM a= — [" VEFFa = FO Paes feat =[-\erree- "2 verea]