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    Sound Testing of Fans

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    8 views22 pages

    Sound Testing of Fans

    Uploaded by

    Carlos Andrés Paricahua Ochoa
    Sound Testing of Fans

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    1. SCOPE This standard is intended to apply to fans of all types and sizes. This standard is limited to the determi- nation of airborne sound emission for the specified setups. Vibration is not measured, nor is the sensitivity of airborne sound emission to vibration effects determined. The size of a fan which can be tested in accordance with this standard is limited only by the practical aspects of the test setup. This standard establishes a method of determining the sound power level of a fan. The method is reproducible when all requirements of the method are met. In this standard sound power levels are determined using sound intensity measurements on a measurement surface that encloses the sound source. Guidelines are provided on suitable test environment acoustical characteristics, the measurement surface, and the number of intensity measurements. Test setups are designated generally to represent the physical orientation of fans as installed following ANSI/AMCA 210 and used also in ANSVAMCA 300. 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. ANSI/AMCA 210-97) ANSVASHRAE 51-97 American National Standard Laboratory Method of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 W. University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A. ANSI/AMCA 300-97 American National Standard Reverberant Room Method for Sound Testing of Fans, Ait Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 W. University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A. ANSI S1.6-1984 (R1990) American National Standard Preferred Frequencies, Frequency Levels, and Band Numbers for Acoustical Measurements, Acoustical Society of America, 120 Wall Street, 32nd Floor, New York, 10005-3993 U.S.A. (AMCA 1108-84-A0) ANSI S1.11-1986, American National Standard Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave Band Analog and Digital Filters, Acoustical Society of America, 120 Wall Sttect, 32nd Floor, New York, 10005-3993 U.S.A. (AMCA 1727-86-40) ANSI S12.5-1990 American National Standard Requirements for the Performance and Calibration of Reference Sound Sources, Acoustical Society of America, 120 Wall Street, 32nd Floor, New York, 10005- 3995 U.S.A, (AMCA 1863-90-40) ANSI S12.12-1992 American National Standard Engineering Method for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Intensity, Acoustical Society of America, 120 Wall Street, ‘2nd Floor, New York, 10005-3993 U.S.A. (AMCA 1850- AO) ANSI S1.40-1984 (R190), American National Standard Specification for Acoustical Calibrators, Acoustical Society of America, 120 Wall Street, 32nd Floor, New York, 10005-3993 U'S.A. (AMCA 1895-84-A0) ASTM E380-86 (R1992), Standard Practice for Use of SI International System of Uns, American Society for Testing and Materials. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 U.S.A. (AMCA 1363-92-A0) 3. DEFINITIONS, UNITS OF MEASURE, SYMBOLS. The acoustical definitions and symbols used in this standard are taken from appropriate ANSI standards whenever possible; some have been expanded to fit the specific needs of this standard. The non-acoustical terms and units used are defined in ANSI/AMCA 210, and are consistent with those used in ANSUAMCA 300. 3.1 DEFINITIONS 3.1.1 Blade Passage Frequency (BPF): The frequency of fan impeller blades passing a single fixed object, calculated by the following formula, pr = Number of Binds x Fan rpm yy 3.1.2 Decibel (4B): A dimensionless unit of level, in logarithmic terms, for expressing the ratio of a Power or power-like quantity o a similar reference quantity (see 3.1.11 through 3.1.13) 3.1.3, Dueted Fai ts inlet or outlet, or both, A fan having a duct connected to either 3.1.4 End Reflection: A phenomenon which occurs whenever sound is transmitted across an abrupt change in area, such as at the end of a duct in a room. When end reflection occurs at the end of a duct ina room, some of the sound is reflected back into the duct and does not escape into the room. 3.1.5 Informative: A term which indicates that the reference or appendix is provided as advice to the user of this standard, 3.1.6 Nondueted Fan: A fan without a duct connected to either its inlet or outlet. 3.1.7. Normative: A term which indi which are mandatory in order to comply wit tes that the reference or appendix contains requirements this standard, 3.1.8 Octave Band: The interval between any two frequencies having a frequency ratio of two. The fan industry reports sound power levels in eight standardized octave bands which are shown in Table | Table 1a. ANSISL.11 octave bands ANSISLI1 band number 18 21 © 242730 333639 63 125 250 $00 1000-2000 40008000 frequency (Hz) ‘Table 1b. ANSI S1.11 one-third octave bands ANSISI.11 band number 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Nominal midband 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 frequency (Hz) ANSISI.11 band number 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Nominal midband 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 25003130 4000 5000 6300 8000 10,000 frequency (Hz) 3.1.9 Reference Point of Fan Equipment: The position that is used to define and locate the ‘measurement surface relative to the fan equipment under test (see Figures 1-4), For fan inlet (or outlet) sound Power testing of equipment with a single inlet (or single outlet), the reference point is the center of that inlet (or outlet). For fan total sound power testing of equipment with a single inlet and a single outlet, the reference point is the midpoint ofthe line that joins the centers of the inlet and the outlet. Generally, the reference point is the centroid of the centers ofall inlets and outlets that contribute to the sound power level being determined, 3.1.10 Shall and Should: The word shall is to be understood as mandatory; the word should as advisory. 3.1.11 Sound Intensity Level L,, in decibels: Ten times the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of absolute value (magnitude) of the sound intensity / to the reference intensity J, 1,=10 wee ( et 3.1.12 Sound Power Level Ly, in decibel sound power W to the reference power Hy. : Ten times the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of the ef 3.1.13, Sound Pressure Level £,, in decibels: Ten times the logarithm (base 10) of the square of the ratio of the sound pressure p to the reference pressure pj. Unless otherwise stated, the sound pressure p is the root-mean-square (rms) pressure. 10 tog, (2) eB 3.2, SYMBOLS Symbols and subscripts are given in Table 2. Unless otherwise noted, subscript numbers refer to the AMCA Octave Band Number. The non-acoustical terms and units used are defined in ANSI/AMCA 210 and IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997, Table 2 Symbols Symbol _Deseription SI Unit IP Unit ‘Ay Area of n® segment Seapets ft © Speed of sound . exon on ca tlh fusec Characteristic acoustic source dimension ............sscs.ssem ft D Duct diameter ee m ft &, Duct inlet end correction ........ --B 4B £, Duct outlet end correction B 4B Ey Adjustment to sound power level for duct end corrections) ...dB aB Sf Frequency Hz Hz 1 Sound intensity = Wim? . T Surface average sound intensity ave Wim? . 1, Sound intensity / at measurement location m ............+.... Wim? . Ju Reference intensity, 1 pW/m? (1.0E-12 W/m?) - _ 1 Measurement surface character ft 1, Sound intensity level (re. 1 pWim*) . 4B T, Surface average sound intensity level 4B Ln Fan sound intensity level .. . 4B T, Surface average fan sound intensity level 4B La RSS sound intensity level . B T,, Surface average RSS sound intensity level « 4B 4, Sound pressure level (re. 20 uPa) B Ly Background sound pressure level ........ 4B Ty Surface average background sound pressure level . 2B 3 Lym Ly at measurement location n B Ly Sound power level (re. 1 pW) : 4B 4m Fan inlet sound power level (ducted inlet)... 4B Lm Fan total sound power level (nonducted fan) 4B Linas Fan inlet sound power level (nonducted inlet) .. B Lime Fan outlet sound power level (nonducted outlet) B Lay Fan outlet sound power level (ducted outlet) ... 4B Ly RSS calibration sound power level . B P Sound pressure ........ . Poe Reference sound pressure, 20 uPa (2.0E-05 Pa) . P, Fan static pressure Gsteecye rece in, wg. P, Fan total pressure in. wg Q — Fanairflow rate. fim 7 Measurement surface characteristic dimension (radius) ft Re Sound power level reference source adjustment . 4B SSurface area of measurement surface aa m fe Swe Reference area, I'm? .. : corey = W Sound power ........ . We Reference sound power, | pW (1.0E-12 W) 7 Sm Convergence index (with N measurement locations) 4B = Measurement surface characteristic dimension ... m ft (height above reflecting plane) * I-P units not used 4. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF TEST 4.1 SOUND PRESSURE MICROPHONES Pressure-sensing microphones shall comply with the requirements of ANSI $12.12, 4.2, SOUND INTENSITY PROBES ‘The sound intensity probe shall consist of two pressure-sensing microphones, and comply with the require- ‘ments of ANSI $12.12. Note: To cover the entire frequency range of interest, it may be necessary to use more than one probe or microphone spacing, 4.3, FREQUENCY ANALYZER An octave band or one-third octave band filter set shall meet or exceed the Order 3, Type 1-D, requirements of ANSI S1.11. 4.4 REFERENCE SOUND SOURCE (RSS) The reference sound source should comply with the requirements of ANSI S12.5. 4.4.1. The RSS shall be a small, modified, direct-driven centrifugal fan having maximum overall dimensions of 610 mm (2 ft) of less. 4.4.2 The RSS shall produce steady, broadband sound over at least the frequency range from 50 Hz to 10,000 Hz. It shall comply in all respects with the performance requirements of ANSI $12.5 except for the spectral characteristics of the 50 Hz and 10,000 Hz one-third octave bands, where the sound power may deviate by up to 6 dB from the sound level of the adjacent one-third octave band. The sound power output shall be high enough so that the sound pressure and sound intensity levels shall be measurable above the prevail ambient noise levels in all bands of interest. 4.4.3. The RSS shall be equipped with vibration isolators to minimize vibration transmission from the RSS into the structure of the room, The degree of isolation should be 20 dB or more. If metal springs are uused as vibration isolators, rubber pads shall be used between the isolator and the structure of the room 4.4.4 To ensure compliance withthe stability requirements of ANSI $12.5, all operating parts of the RSS shall be rigidly and permanently attached. No rubbing or wearing parts shall be permitted (except lubricated bearings) and protection shall be provided against corrosion 4.4.5 The RSS calibration shall consist of a determination of the sound power level radiated by the source when itis in operation on a reflecting plane with radiation into a free field above that plane. The calibration shall be in accordance with the requirements of ANSI S12.5, or as provided in Appendix F. The maximum time interval since calibration shall not exceed that specified by the manufacturer, or three years, whichever is shorter Note: The RSS is used to qualify the performance of the sound intensity measurement system and personnel ‘and to determine a sound power level adjustment for the specific site conditions. ‘To be used for these Purposes, the RSS must be of appropriate type. be calibrated accurately and be properly maintained 4.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM ‘The frequency response of the instrumentation system shall be flat over the frequency range of interest within the tolerances given in Table 3, applied as outlined in ANSI S12.12. Note 1: For sound intensity measurements, the use of two or more different configurations of the intensity probe, or different probes, may be required to cover the entire frequency range in conformance with Table 3. Note 2: The useful frequency range for accurate sound intensity measurements is dependent upon the character of the sound field, Care shall be taken to verify that sound intensity measurements are accurate in the actual measurement environment. Table 3. Tolerances for the instrumentation system Tolerance (@B) ‘One-third Octave Band (Hz) 50-80 41s 100-4000 +10 5000-8000 a5 10,000 4.6 TRANSDUCER AND INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM CALIBRATION CHECKS Before and after each sound power determination the following calibration checks shall be performed. A calibration check of the entire measuring system at one or more frequencies within the frequency range of interest shall be made for each microphone. An acoustical calibrator conforming to ANSI S1.40, and having ‘an accuracy of +0.5 dB or better, shall be used for this purpose, In conformance with ANSI 1.40 the calibrator shall be checked at least once every year to verify that its output has not changed. In addition, an electrical calibration of the instrumentation system over the entire frequency range of interest shall be per- formed periodically, at intervals as recommended by the manufacturer(s), but not more than two years. Im addition to the calibration check, the field check procedure for sound intensity measurement specified by the manufacturer shall be performed. If no field check procedure is specified, the following procedure shall be performed: The intensity probe shall be placed at the measurement surface, oriented normal to the surface, ata position where the noise is characteristic for the fan equipment under test. The sound intensity shall be measured. The intensity probe shall be rotated through 180 degrees and placed with ts acoustical center in the same position 4s the initial measurement. The sound intensity shall be measured again. The intensity probe should be ‘mounted on a stand or other mechanical device so that its acoustical center retains the same position when the robe is rotated. For the octave band with the highest level, the absolute difference between the two levels shall be less than the value in Table 4 for the measuring equipment to be acceptable, ‘The two sound intensities shall be of opposite sign, 4.7 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION Periodically, the performance of the instrumentation system shall be verified by determining the sound power of a reference sound source using the procedures specified in ANSI $12.12. This verification shall be performed monthly by qualified personnel. The sound power level determined for the reference source shall differ from its calibrated value over the frequency range of interest by no more than the tolerance given in Table 5 Table 4. Tolerance for Difference in Sound Intensity Levels for Field Check Octave Band Difference (Hz) (4B) 63-125 Ls 250-4000 1.0 8000 1s Table 5. Tolerance for Sound Power Level Determined for Reference Sound Source EE Oe Sound Power Level Deve Octave Band Tolerance (4B) (Hz) 63 +50 125 +30 250-500 #20 1000-4000 #15 8000 #25 4.8 TEST METHOD ‘The basis of the test method originates in ANSI S12.12. The test method covers a wider frequency range and contains requirements somewhat more specific and restrictive than those of ANSI S12.12, and also provides for sound power level adjustments as described below. With the exception of the adjustments however, mea- surements made in conformance with this test method will be in conformance with ANSI $12.12 over their com- mon frequency range. ‘The basic requirement is measurement of the sound intensity distribution around the fan. A measurement surface is defined which encloses the entire fan, fan inlet, or fan outlet, depending upon the objective of the test. A set of sound intensity measurements is made about this surface. The average of these measurements 's compared with the average of a set containing haif the number of measurements, to ensure the adequacy of the number of measurements and the accuracy of the average. The sound power level is calculated using the surface area and the measured sound intensity data. Adjustments are made for duct end corrections, if required, and based on measurements of a calibrated RSS, Prior to sound intensity measurements on the source of interest, the sound intensity measurement instrumenta- tion and personnel are to be qualified by conducting measurements about an RSS. ‘The sound power levels resulting from the test method can be expected to be identical to those that would be produced using ANSI/AMCA 300, within the accuracy of both methods, to the extent that each method is applicable and that the installations tested are identical. It should be noted that the present method differs substantially from ANSI/AMCA 300 in both the test environment requirements and the measured quantities. 5. EQUIPMENT AND TEST SETUPS S$. TEST ENVIRONMENT 5.1.1 Background Noise. Sound power determination using intensity measurements is inherently less sensitive to background noise than are methods based on sound pressure measurements (such as ANSI/AMCA 300). An excessive amount of background noise will not permit accurate sound power determination by any method. In general, background noise should not be a problem in using the present method provided that, on ‘the measurement surface, the sound pressure level of background noise does not exceed the sound pressure level ‘of direct sound from the fan equipment of interes. If the background noise is excessive, sound power determination according to the procedures of this standard ‘may not be possible. The test environment must be such that the background noise criterion of Section 7.2 is satisfied. 5.1.2 Nearby Reflecting Surfaces. Reflecting surfaces in the vicinity of the measurement surface can have an effect on the source sound power, and on the ability to accurately sample the sound intensity on the ‘measurement surface. Nearby reflecting surfaces may alter the sound power output of the fan equipment under test, and should be limited to those surfaces usually encountered in a typical installation of the fan. If a reflecting surface is part of the typical installation of the fan equipment, a similar surface shall be used during te: Ifthe presence of a nearby reflecting surface interferes with sampling of sound intensity on the measurement surface, sound power determination according to the procedures of this standard may not be possible. To ‘evaluate whether a nearby reflecting surface is in fact the cause ofthe difficulty, the procedure of Appendix A is suggested. 5.1.3 Reverberation Control. In addition tothe difficulties associated with nearby reflecting surfaces, diffuse reverberant sound at the measurement surface can limit the accuracy of sound intensity measurements if this sound is excessive. In general, reverberant sound should not be a problem in using this standard Provided that, on the measurement surface, the sound pressure level of reverberant sound does not exceed the sound pressure level of direct sound from the fan equipment of interest. Excessive reverberation usually can be controled by introducing a modest amount of sound absorbing material at the boundaries of an acoustically "hard (reflective) room. Alternatively, it may be possible to reduce the relative strength of the reverberant sound by moving the measurement surface closer to the sound source of interest within the limits ofthis standard, ¢., increasing the direct sound from the source. Application of this standard in a reverberation chamber qualified for use with ANSVAMCA 300 is not recommended without use of supplemental absorption material, and/or special care in defining the measurement surface, {freverberant sound is excessive, sound power determination according to the procedures ofthis standard may ‘not be possible, To evaluate whether excessive reverberant sound is in fact the cause of difficulty, the procedure of Appendix A is suggested. 5.2. FAN INSTALLATION 5.21 Setup Categories. A number of specific fan test setups are allowed. They are determined by the airflow direction and the particular mounting arrangement of the test device. These test setups fall into two ‘general categories. The first category is for a free standing unit that would be placed entirely in the test room (see Figure 1). Results of this arrangement yield total sound power level (Liya oF Ly) of the test unit. The second category is for those units that would be tested with a chamber or two-room system and where only the inlet or outlet would discharge sound into the test room (see Figures 2 or 3). This arrangement results in ratings of inlet (La, OF Ly:) OF Outlet (Lye OF Ly,) Sound power level only. Note that the subscript 'm’ indicates that the sound power level is determined from measurements using a setup not requiring an end correction adjustment, while values without the subscript ‘m’ are determined by applying an end correction to measure- ments on a ducted test setup, The choice of which test setup is used for a particular fan will depend on the way a product is expected to be rated and applied in the field. 5.2.2 Aerodynamic Performance. Where aerodynamic performance tests are necessary to determine the point of operation of the fan, these shall be performed as specified in ANSVAMCA 210 or other fan aerodynamic performance test standard with a demonstrated accuracy equivalent to that of ANSV/AMCA 210 5.2.3 Mounting Methods. Vibration is known to influence airborne sound emission. Vibration effects may be minimized by resilient mounting of the fan and vibration isolation of any duct used, The method of mounting fans, of connecting them to non-integral drivers, and of connecting them to aerodynamic performance test facilites is not specified. Any conventional method may be used, including vibration isolation devices and short flexible connectors. Other than these, sound and vibration absorptive ‘material may not be incorporated in the test fan unless it isa standard part of the unit. Ducts shall be of metal oF other rigid, dense non-absorptive material, and have no exposed sound absorption material on the interior or exterior surfaces. Driving motor and drive, when not an integral part of the fan, may be damped or enclosed in any manner that does not expose sound absorption material within the measurement surface. When driving motor and drive are an integral part of the test unit, they may not be treated in any manner, and normal belt tensions, bearings, and lubricants shall be used, 5.2.4 Duct Length. The length of duct shown in Figures 2 and 3 is consistent with the procedures of ANSVAMCA 210. Care must be exercised to ensure that no duct resonances exist in close proximity to specific frequencies of interest, e.g, blade passage frequency), On chamber or two-room setups, the length of duct shall be consistent with acceptable practices from ANSI/AMCA 210 which are necessary to accurately establish the point of rating, 5.3. MEASUREMENT SURFACE ‘The measurement surface shall be defined to enclose the source or sources of interest, and to exclude extraneous sound sources and extraneous absorption material. All of the measurement locations shall be on the measurement surface. The shape and size of the measurement surface shall be chosen with reference to Figure 4, noting whether the objective is fan total, inlet, or outlet sound power. If i is not possible to satisfy the requirements of Figure 4, see Appendix C. For casing-radiated sound power, see Appendix D. Locations on the measurement surface where air velocity exceeds I m/s (3 fs) should be identified, Care must be taken to ensure that wind-induced noise due to flow over the intensity probe does not influence the mea- surements. A probe windscreen is used for this purpose. When used, the windscreen shall be used forall RSS and fan sound intensity measurements. At higher air velocities, for example in an outlet air jet, it may not be Possible to eliminate wind-induced noise. Provided that all locations where wind-induced noise is excessive do not exceed 10% of the total measurement surface area, such locations need not be measured when sampling the sound on the measurement surface Reflecting surfaces shall be used as a boundary of the measurement surface as outlined in Figure 4. When used in this way, the area of the reflecting surface shall not be included in the area of the measurement surface, and no intensity measurements are made for it. 5.4 REFERENCE SOUND SOURCE (RSS) To account for specific laboratory and test setup conditions, a sound power level adjustment is determined from ‘measurements on a RSS as specified in 7.4, If practicable, the fan equipment is removed and replaced with the RSS for this purpose as given in Figure 4, If the fan equipment cannot be removed, the RSS may be placed at another location in the same measurement environment. When another location is used, the RSS shall be located with respect to the measurement surface as given in Figure 4, the measurement surface for the RSS shall bbe geometrically identical to that used forthe fan equipment, and care shall be taken to duplicate the geometric configuration of reflecting surface(s), if any. 6. OBSERVATIONS AND CONDUCT OF TEST 6.1 INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED The following information, when applicable, shall be compiled and recorded for all measurements. 1.1 Laboratory and instrumentation identification (A) Date of test (B) Laboratory name (©) Laboratory location (D) Technician name (E) List of equipment with dates of calibration (F) Method and results of transducer and instrumentation calibration check (in ‘conformance with Section 4.6) (G) Date and results of performance verification check (in conformance with Section 4.7) 6.1.2 Description of fan under test (A) Manufacturer (B) Mode (C) Nominal size (D) Impeller diameter (©) Number of blades (F) Blade setting (adjustable pitch fans only) (G) Number of stator vanes (as applicable) (A) Inlet area 10 (1) Outlet area 6.1.3 Fan installation and operating conditions (A) Mounting conditions (Test figure ii) Test installation type (B) Operating conditions (i) Fanspeed Gi) Famaieflow rate (iil) Fan static pressure or total pressure at actual rst conditions v) Fan air density (« Environmental conditions (Barometric pressure (ii) Ambient dry-bulb temperature (iii) Ambient wet-bulb temperature (iv) _Dry-bulb temperature at the fan infet (~) State pressure at the fan inlet 6.1.4 Acoustical setup and test conditions (A) Intensity probe configuration parameters (microphone size, spacin, (B) Number of measurement positions (©) Sketch of measurement surface showing position in test laboratory and location of ‘measurement positions (D) Location of RSS during testing (E) Whether or not a windscreen was used over the intensity probe (F) Whether the fixed point or scanning method was used ete.) 6.1.5 Acoustical data (A) Surface background sound pressure levels (B) Surface average background sound pressure level (C) Surface reference sound source sound intensity levels (D) Surface average reference sound source sound intensity level (E) Convergence index for surface average reference sound source sound intensity level () (F) Surface average fan sound intensity level (G) Convergence index for surface average fan sound intensity level (F) (H) Sound power level reference sound source adjustment (2) Unweighted fan sound power level (Q) End correction data if applicable (i) End correction values Gi) Duct length Flush, or non-flush, mounting of the duct (iv) Inside diameter of the orifice plate (K) Whether results in octave bands were calculated from measurements in octave bands or one-third octave bands 6.2 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS. All personne! responsible for conducting measurements in accordance with this standard shall be qualified for this activity. Such qualification should include training in fan air performance testing and acoustical mea- standard. surements, and demonstrated experience in conducting satisfactory tests in accordance with thi Appropriate training normally should include formal classroom training, plus additional instruction or self study, followed by a period of supervised measurements. The supervised measurements should consist of a ‘number of tests in accordance with this standard conducted in a position of increasing responsibility over a period of several months. ‘At the completion of the training period, the performance verification of Section 4.7 shall be completed satis- factorily. When the time interval since the last measurement exceeds one month, personnel shall conduct a satisfactory performance verification following the requirements of Section 4.7. The laboratory or test facility shall maintain a log of qualification and test experience for all personnel who ‘conduct tests under this standard to permit the ready determination of the qualification of said personnel. 6.3 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND REQUIREMENTS 6.3.1 Sampling of Sound on the Measurement Surface. The sound on the measurement surface is sampled at the measurement locations. A sufficient number of samples must be obtained to ensure an ‘accurate determination of the required surface average levels. Two methods can be used for sampling of the sound: (1) measurements at fixed points, and (2) measurements while scanning surface segments. Either or both ofthese methods can be used, but the same procedure shall be used to determine all surface average levels “Measurement locations shall be chosen so thatthe measurement surface is divided into segments as nearly equal in dimension and area as is practical. ements. The number of measurement locations shall be selected to satisfy 1, The convergence index dyy calculated using Equation 7-4 shall be satisfactory, and 2, The number of measurement locations shall be at least the larger of: (a) the number equal to the area of the measurement surface in square meters, rounded to the next higher whole number, or (b) eight. Note: The convergence index must be calculated for each result of Equation 7-3 that is used in Equation 7-5 or 7-6, ‘The convergence index is satisfactory when the calculated value is within the tolerance specified in Table 6, except that when results are reported over a frequency range that includes all eight AMCA octave bands twice the Table 6 tolerance is permitted fora single frequency band or for two non-adjacent bands. The convergence index criterion applies to any frequency band that is reported, regardless of bandwidth, When results are ‘eported in a bandwidth that is less than a full octave, the Table 6 octave band is the octave band that contains the midband frequency of the reported band, Note |: Determining the required number of measurement locations may require experimentation, for example selecting a trial number and then increasing it until a satisfactory convergence index is obtained. See also Appendix H. Note 2: The number of measurement locations need not be the same for all frequency bands, For some fans in some test environments it may not be possible to satisfy the requirements of Table 6 using 2 reasonable number of measurement locations. In this event it will be necessary to alter the test environment in order to determine sound power level in accordance with this standard. See Section 5.1 of this standard 12 and/or ANSI S12.12 for recommendations. Table 6. Tolerance for the Convergence Index Octave Band Tolerance* (Hz) (48) 63-125 0.75 250 - 4000 o4 8000 0.65 *See Section 6.3.2 6.4 OBSERVATIONS 6.4.1 Point of Operation. Although the acoustical observations necessary to determine sound power output are the same for all fan types, the non-acoustical observations necessary to determine the aerodynamic point of operation differ. This standard provides different test setups for the testing of various fan types. Re- gardless of the test setup, the point of operation shall be determined. If the test setup conforms to one of the test setups in ANSI/AMCA 210, then the point of rating can be established with sufficient accuracy. If the sound test setup does not conform to one of the test setups in ANSUAMCA 210, steps must be taken to ensure that the speed is known within 11% and that the point of rating can be established within = 6.4.2 Background Sound Level L,,. Observations of the average background sound pressure levels in each frequency band shall be made over the measurement surface. Background noise shall be observed with all noise sources which will be present while the fan is being tested that are not directly associated with fan sound, Examples of background sources are noise duc to the motion of the microphone, and any noise due to external sources, For a set of tests at various fan points of operation the background sound level £yy needs to be observed only once, unless there is reason to believe that the background noise may have changed significantly. 6.4.3 Sound Intensity. Observations of average sound intensity in each frequency band shall be ‘made for the fan under test, and for the RSS when installed as specified in Section 6.4. If more convenient, sound intensity levels may be recorded, but care shall be taken to record also the direction of the associated intensity. All intensity shall be measured on the measurement surface, with the intensity probe oriented outward from and normal (perpendicular) to the measurement surface. For a set of tests at various fan points of operation, the RSS intensity needs be observed only once, while the fan intensity must be observed for each ‘operating point. When practical, measurements of the RSS should be made for every fan test. It shall be permissible, however, to use results of RSS measurements made within one month provided that the test environment, measurement surface, windscreen use, and RSS location are the same 6.4.3.1 RSS Sound Intensity Levels L,,. These are the intensity levels present when only the RSS is operating with the background noise. 6.4.3.2 Fan Sound Intensit is operating with the background noise. Levels Ly. These are the intensity levels present when only the test fan 6.4.4 Test Conditions. The test conditions shall be as nearly as possible the same for all sound readings. Observers shall be away from the sound source and measurement surface, and in the same position, for all tests. ‘Operators and observers, if located in the test area, shall be away from the sound source and measurement location as much as practical. Operators and observers shall attempt to minimize their interference with the acoustical measurements, considering both blockage and reflection of sound, and in no event shall an operator or observer be positioned between the source and the measurement location. Readings shall be the unweighted ("linear") time average over the observation period. At each measurement Position, the observation period shall be a minimum of 30 seconds for the 63 Hz and 125 Hz octave bands. and 15 seconds for the 250 Hz and higher bands. Note: For frequency bands other than octaves, it may be desirable to adjust the minimum averaging time to maintain the same bandwidth-time product, and hence equivalent statistical confidence for random signals. 7. CALCULATIONS i 008 Ty 7.1 SURFACE AVERAGE LEVELS Ly ‘The average background sound pressure level on the measurement surface is calculated from: x qty Ba, 10% i ip * 10 logyy | 2 a yA, a where: T,,, is the surface average background sound pressure level, and 4, is the background sound pressure level Lj. atthe n® of the N measurement positions observed. ‘Ag is the area associated withthe n® of the N measurement positions observed. The average intensity on the measurement surface is calculated from: x XY 44 is «B 7-2) U4 and the average intensity level on the measurement surface {s calculated from: TZ, = 10 logis | Tp] 4B (7-3) where: T and Z;_are the surface average sound intensity and surface average sound intensity evel, respectively, ir 1, is the sound intensity at the n® of the V measurement positions observed, and dog the reference intensity. Egustions 72 and 7-3 are used calelate the surface average fan sound intensity evel Eg andthe surface average RSS sound intensity evel Z,. by substuting the appropriate measured intensity fluc into equation 72 Note: 1.1f 7 Othe rsutis invalid (See Appendix A), and. Ty, cannot be calevlaed 7.2, BACKGROUND NOISE CRITERION Sound power levels sal be eaeslted fom the measured daa only when both Zy and I, exceed Eg If ths eriterfon isnot met, the background noise must be reduced and all observations repcated No corrections forthe background sound pressure level shall be made. 7.3. CONVERGENCE INDEX. 8,y The convergence index 8yy is calculated from the difference between two calculations ofthe surface sound intensity level using N and N/2 observations: im ~ Lina (7-4) where: Zyy and Zp are the surface average intensity levels calculated from V and N/2 observations of the intensity on the measurement surface, respectively. The convergence index shall be calculated for both the fan and the RSS surface average intensity levels 7.4 REFERENCE SOUND SOURCE ADJUSTMENT Ry The sound power level reference source adjustment is calculated from: Ry =L, s 7 = Ly, ~ Ty, - 10 log, (4 4B (7-5) et where: Lay is the sound power level of the RSS obtained from the RSS ¢: Lj, is the surface average RSS sound intensity level, and ‘Sis the surface area of the measurement surface. Note: Ej, must have an acceptable convergence index. ‘The maximum value of Ry shall not exceed the limits given in Table 7. If Table 7 limits are exceeded the test shall be invalid, and the performance verification per 4.7 should be performed. Problems may exist in the RSS, the measurement system, or the observed measurements. Table 7 Limits for Reference Sound Source Adjustments Octave Band (Hz) Ry Limit Value (4B) 63 +50 125 +30 250-500 +20 1000-4000 #15 8000 425 7.8 SOUND POWER LEVEL Ly. ‘Sound power levels are calculated ftom Equation 7-6, Note that the equation varies with different product types and setups in the adjustment required for duct end corrections (if any). Tee eee ae (| ® na x is the surface average fan sound intensity level, ‘Sis the surface area of the measurement surface, Ry is the sound power level reference source adjustment calculated from (7-5) and Ey is the adjustment for duct end corrections, obtained from Figure 1, 2 or 3, depending upon the test setup, Note: Tq must have an acceptable convergence index. 8. RESULTS AND REPORT 8.1 ACCURACY OF RESULTS Accuracy of test results, addressed in Appendix E, depends upon several variables, including the type of test setup utilized and the acoustical conditions at the measurement site. This standard requires measurements in eight octave bands. It should be noted that, in some cases, more accurate results will be obtained if observations are made and results first calculated in one-third octave bands, and then these are combined to produce octave band results 8.2, PRESENTATION OF RESULTS ‘The test results are presented as sound power levels in decibels in each of the eight octave bands for each test speed and point of operation. This standard does not require that pure tone components be separated from broadband sound. However, users having suitable instrumentation are encouraged to investigate and report pure tones separately, 8.3. RESULTS Results shall be reported as octave band sound power levels ata stated fan speed for a stated fan size and point of operation. The report shall include the impeller diameter, number of blades, blade pitch (adjustable pitch fans), type, test setup used, airflow rate (Q), fan static (P,) or total pressure (P,), test standard and test setup figure used for air performance check, method of sampling, date, and name of laboratory. Final values of Ly, Lips Lies Lines Ly Of Lys shall be reported to the nearest decibel. The test report shall specify which method, fixed points or scanning, is used in sampling. 8.4. MINIMUM INFORMATION TO BE REPORTED A statement indicating whether or not all requirements of this standard were met, 8.4.1 Fan under Test (A) Description of the fan under test Manufacturer Model ‘Nominal size (iv) Actual impeller diameter (v) Number of blades (vi) Blade piteh (adjustable or variable pitch axial fans only) (B) Operating Conditions (i) Test setup figure for air performance check (ii) Test installation type (iii) Fan speed (iv) Fan airflow rate (v) Fan static pressure or total pressure at actual test conditions (vi) Fan air density 8.4.2 Laboratory (A) Laboratory name (B) Laboratory location (C) Test date 8.4.3 Acoustic Data Unweighted fan sound power levels (Liv, Lis Lier Lpnes Lars OF Ly.) in full octaves, reported to the nearest whole decibel (dB) Note: Octave band results are to be reported even when one-third octave band data is given, AIRFLOW. Fan |< A: FREE INLET FREE OUTLET SOUND POWER CALCULATIONS INSTALLATION TYPE Ey (4B) SOUND POWER LEVEL A: Free Inlet 0 Lam Free Outlet Notes: 1. This test procedure and the above calculations are based on the following assumption: That no resonances are present on either the fan structure, supporting devices, or driving devices that provide any significant ure tones that may add to the fan recorded sound levels, Appurtenances attached to the fan are considered part of the fan and shall be contained within the test measurement surface, Figure 1 Fan Total Sound Testing “CHAMBER scHaMDER av EREE ner oregnee mer =munen FEST BE er ear . : ~-frn— rant | ee HEE) 7 roo BL [P| 1900 opeviner opener 1 einer Teer ons cx querep eer coum mai be pueres mas vo ores near PTR rare? SOSTES ober SER EST, INSTALLATION Ey (dB) SOUND POWER TYPE LEVEL AA: Fre inlet 0 ia Free outlet B: Free Inlet 0 Lom Dusted Outet CC Ducted Inlet, 5 a Free Outlet, ‘May require acoustical treatment via D: Ducted Inlet in This 1 Ducted Outlet test procedure and calculations are based on the following assumptions: Acoustical energy in an outlet duct which terminates in a second room or chamber does not contribute ‘excessive interfering sound nor otherwise introduce extraneous sound emission inside the measurement surface. This requires adequate transmission loss between adjoining rooms and the addition of absorptive material within the second chamber to absorb this energy. ‘Adequate absorption takes place at the discharge ofa duct in a second room or chamber so that any energy Passing down that duet is adequately attenuated. Duct construction is such that the transmission loss through the duct wall is large enough ro eliminate any addition to sound emission inside the measurement surface. 4. No resonances are present on either the fan structure, supporting devices. or driving devices that provide any significant pure tones that may add to the recorded fan sound. levels, Note: Different test setups may not yield equivalent results Figure 2 Fan Inlet Sound Testing “oUNeER ‘ailaen “CHAMBER “CHAMBER | | ep ran] & aH! 6 : = , geaame |], rou | crarcer SO | SSE ecinss t PERMITTED sscrag as sapnatmsr someting we mer HSE Slr FEO Resear SEES “nauaen eR +. i Int =) [rw a" ran 738 rax[—— Mosinee rs ‘oven ourter ape roou — { ace —| sre20-— ‘oh gucreo must c= oucren must a oucrED mee Pree oun Paeeouner Sucre curer INSTALLATION (4B) SOUND POWER TYPE LEVEL A: Free Inlet ° Lime Free outlet B: Free Inlet z Lie Ducted Outlet : Ducted Iniet ° Limes Free Outlet a i D: Ducted Inlet z, a "May require acoustical treatment. pou This test procedure and calculations are based on the following assumptions: 1. Acoustical energy in an inlet duct that terminates in a second room or chamber does not contribute to fan test sound pressure levels. This requires adequate trans mission loss between adjoining rooms and the addition of absorptive material within the second chamber to absorb this energy. 2. Adequate absorption takes place at the inlet of a duct in a second room or chamber so that any energy passing down that duct is adequately attenuated, Duct construction is such that the transmission loss through the duct wall is large enough to eliminate any addition to measured room sound pressure levels. 4. No resonances are present on either the fan structure, supporting devices, or driving devices that provide any significant pure tones that may add to the recorded fan sound pressure levels. Note: Different test setups may not yield equivalent results jure 3 Fan Outlet Sound Testing 20 ‘The measurement surface is defined so that reference point of 1. Fan Total Sound Testing fan equipment is over origin of hemisphere at height =, Surface area S ant tee, Surface as shown 2art \ *s Circumseribing rectangular be ‘ jarallelepiped Pn: : — : 1 RSS location: For RSS testing, the RSS is on reflecting plane i. : centered at origin of hemisphere. 2.& 3, Inlet or Outlet Sound Testing The measurement surface is defined so that reference point is at origin of hemisphere (Type 1) or at elevation z above the origin ofthe half-hemisphere (Type I) nage pe ater iesshennaiet amen Surface Area S eee : Typel Type tl fan 7 Surface as shown 2ar(rsty | _sr(rel) * Circumseribing rectan- | 4r(3r+21) | 2Gr20) oe ’ ular parallelepiped oe RSS location: For Type I test, RSS is on reflect- : ing plane centered over projection of reference point (ie, the duct center and projection of hemi- sphere origin). For Type II test, if > z RSS is on reflecting plane 2 centered over projection of ref erence point (ie., the half-hemisphere origin), otherwise RSS is on reflecting plane | at projec tion of reference point (ie., the duct center) ‘The measurement surface may be as shown above, or may be the re box") that circumscribes the surface shown. angular parallelepiped ("rectangular ed relative to the reference point of the fan equipment. For 2. The measurement surface is defin re 2 or le inlet or single outlet sound testing, the reference point is the center of the inlet or outlet, respe tiveiy. For Figure 1 total sound testing, and figure 2 or 3 inlet or outlet testing with multiple inlets or outlets, the reference point is the centroid of the centers of the inlet(s) and/or outlet(s). 2 ‘The radius r shall be no less than 3d, /, or | m (3 ft), whichever is larger, and shall be large enough so that all parts of the measurement surface are at least 2d from the fan equipment. For inlet or outlet sound testing, duct length / may be zero. Equipment under test shall be located with respect to specified reflecting plane such that 0

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