Candidate’s Name cTG JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2016 H1 GENERAL PAPER 8807/01 PAPER 4 15 August 2016 0800h - 0930h TIME 4 hour 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES | Write your name and CTG in the spaces at the top of this page. Answer one of the questions. Write your answer on a separate answer paper. Write the number of the question attempted on your answer script. Place the question paper on top of your answer script and fasten all the sheets of paper together. Ifyou are unable to attempt the paper, submit a blank sheet stating your name and CTG. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions carry equal marks. (Note that 20 marks out of 50 will be awarded for your use of language.) For Examiner's Use | Content | 130 = se Total 150 This question paper consists of 2 printed pages including this page. [Tum over10. 4 12. PAPER 1 Answer one question. Answers should be between 500 and 800 words in length, ‘The needs of the disadvantaged are well taken care of today.’ To what extent is this true of your society? ‘The increasing focus on superheroes is detrimental to the development of children.’ Discuss. Does literature offer anything more than an appreciation of the language? Should there still be any concerns over gender issues when people are more educated? To what extent has science and technology had a negative impact on people's values? Consider the argument that the main goal of sports is self-interest rather than the greater good. How prepared are societies today for an economic crisis? Discuss the view that given the global energy crisis today, green energy should be the solution. How far is it possible for people to address current realities? How liberal should governments be? To what extent do visual arts promote national identity in vour societv? “The world today does not give us any reason to be optimistic about the future.’ How far do you agree?2016 JC General Paper Preliminary Examination (Paper 2) Suggested Answer Scheme 1) What are the purposes of the author's opening question? [2) (inferential Semantics, see GCE 2014 Q1) ifted from passage Suggested answers ho could doubt the | [Function] existence of altruism? | The author (line 1) a) poses the question to introduce the issue/focus of the passage [1] OR | b}) poses it as a rhetorical question [1] | so [Context] c) altruism is a very real/tangible/visible phenomenon in any society [1] [2) Explain why the author claims that ‘doubting altruism is easy’ (line 3). Use your own words as far as, possible. [2] {Literal Transposition, see GCE 2015 Q2) Lifted from passage sagested answers People acting altruistically a) ..even when it seems at first glance to be a) do want to help/assist/aid someone else, [1] apparent. It is undeniable that people sometimes act in a way that benefits others (lines 3-4) | : b)_but they almost always appear to obtain b)_but it may seem that they always get something | something, however insignificant/intangible. in return - at the very least, the satisfaction of a) having their desire to help fulfilled (lines 5 - 6) 3) Explain how the two evolutionary theories explain the puzzle in lines 16-17. Use your own words as_ far as possible. [2] (Literal Transposition, see GCE 2015 Q3} Lifted from passage ‘Suggested answers The first explanation is Reciprocal altruism explains that... + a} According to a} people/species who favours organisms that sacrifice their good for‘ others have an advantage/edee in evolving omners in order to gain a favour 1 9-11) up ei sur uhies DECauSe Tey StaAG Th BENET GO) 85 wen. ay The second explanation is Kin selection explains that. b) people/species who are altruistic towards their b) Kin selection ... says that individuals ‘own kind are more likely to recreate/perpetuate behaving altruistically towards others who the same share their genes, will tend to reproduce those genes/behaviours/nature/traits/characteristics.. genes {lines 1112) m4) In paragraph 3, what criticisms does the author make of the two evolutionary theories? Use your own words as far as possible. [3] (Uiteral Transposition, see GCE 2012 Q2) Lifted from passage ‘Suggested answers _ The defeat of reciprocal altruism is clear The criticisms are that a) Doing good for another person because a} reciprocal altruism benefits the doer, something isin it for the doer is the very Which is the reverse/contradiction of opposite of what we have in mind (lines what was originally intended. [1] 22-23) b) Kin selection does better by allowing that | b) kin selection is superior/an improvement | ‘organisms may genuinely sacrifice their with regard to explaining altruism [1] | interests for another, (lines 23-24) oR | Reciprocal altruism is weaker/inferior with regard to explaining altruism [1] | ©) burit fails to explain why they sometimes | c) but it does not offer reasons/justifications do so for those with whom they share no for those who are altruistic towards genes. (lines 24-25) people who are not biologically related [1] o '5) What is the author implying in referring to ‘birds, bats and bees’ to describe altruism (lines 28- 29)? 1) | (Vocabulary in Context, see GCE 201102) | Lifted from passage | Suggested answers ‘After all, bicds, bats and | Unlike humans, these creatures do not have selfish reasons for acting bees can act altruistically. | in a way that benefits others more than themselves. [1] (lines 28-29) oR The author is implying that without factoring in agenda/purpose, biological altruism as a theory cannot explain human behaviour. (1] Note: No marks for using the words, ‘motives’, ‘intentions’. 6) _Using material from paragraphs 5 ~7 only (lines 32-51), summarise the lure of egoism in explaining human action. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible. [8] Points from the passage | Suggested answers/responses a) PSYCHOLOGICAL ... looking inward, they a) where introspectively/refiectively, people doubt the purity of their own motives. (lines 33 | question the uprightness/virtues/righteousness -34) of their own actions (students can lift “psychological”) b).. even when we appear to act unselfishly, | b) despite being seemingly generous/ (line 34-35) magnanimous/ benevolent ep[Points from the passage ‘Suggested answers/responses ¢) other reasons for our behaviour often rear their heads: (line 35) ¢) the real/true motivations behind our actions will manifest/present themselves (inferred point from “rear their heads”) ‘d) the prospect of a future favour, (lines 35 — | 36) €) the boost to reputation (line 36) 4) the possibility of acquiring an advantage/benefit/assistance later ‘e) an increase/improvement in status/stature 1 or simply the good feeling that comes from appearing to act unselfishly lines 36~ 37) ) or just the fulfilment from being selfless. 2) People’s true motives may be hidden, even (or perhaps especially) from themselves (lines 37-38) £8) People’s real reasons/intentions are i undisclosed/concealed/covert, which they do not even realise 1h) Even if we think we are acting solely to further another person's good, that might not be the real reason (line 38-39) hi) Even if we believe we are advancing another person's well-being, this belief is often false/misguided ‘actions can have multiple motives. (line 40) 1) there can be numerous/many reasons behind our behaviour people have about their own or others’ motives, (lines 41 ~ 42) ‘explained by a certain humility or scepticism | ]) because people are modest or cynical of the intentions of themselves or of others Note: Both explanations must be provided for | credit to be given | k).. denying the possibility of pure altruism behaviour. (lines 43 ~ 44) provides a convenient excuse for selfish | provides an easy justification for self-centred | actions, i) refuting the notion that pure altruism oR | refusing to admit that pure altruism can exist is, an easy justification for self-centred actions. (Students can lift “pure altruism”) Tif “everybody is like that” - be like that- (lines 44-45) 7m) we need not feel guilty about our own self- interested behaviour or try to change it (lines 45-46) if everybody must 1) ifother people act/behave similarly m) we do not have to be remorseful/sorryfor | our individualistic/seif-absorbeo actions {for credit to be given 'n) The LOGICAL lure of egoism is different: the ee a 1) the logical (lure) is difficult to refute Note: Either explanation needs to be provided “| oyPoints from the passage_ Suggested answers [responses (0) No matter how altruistic people appear to be, it is possible to conceive of their motives in egoistic terms. (lines 47 —49) "p) «. do what they want to do (line 50) ['q) and therefore get satisfaction (line 50) 1) from what only appears to be self-sacrifice oR altruism is simply self-interest of a subtle kind, (lines 50-51) 0) regardless of how altruistic/magnanimous people may seem, we are likely to perceive/regard/interpret their reasons as egoistic/selfish (Students can lift “altruistic”) ) people may act according to thi wishes/choices [ q) and achieve personal gratification/fulfiln +) from the seeming/supposed self-denial nent or altruism is merely an understated form of self- interest | | Mark table (18 points) No. of points [1-2 940 | 11-12 | 1344 Marks L 5 6 | 7 8 Sample Summary We find egoism appealing and reasonable... as (a) introspection makes us question our intentions. (b) Behind seemingly generous deeds (c) lurk underlying motivations: (d) gaining goodwill, (e) enhancing our standing or (f) just feeling fulfilled. Our real intentions may be (g) covert or even be (h) misguided. Besides, (i) many reasons could account for our behaviour. Emotionally, altruism is attributed to (j) modesty or cynicism about ours and others’ intentions. provides an (k) easy justification for self-centered actions and (m) not having to fee! remorse or alter our self-absorbed conduct, since (I) everyone behaves similarly. Logically, it is (n) irrefutable that (0) regardless of how generous people seem, their intentions could be selfish. People act according to their wishes, (p) feeling gratified from (q) supposed self-denial. Indeed, altruism is an (r) understated form Refuting pure altri of self-interest. (120 words) (Inferential Punctuation, see GCE 2015 08) 7) Why has the author written ‘warm glow in inverted commas in lines 65-66? [2] Lifted from passage Suggested answers a) Function of inverted commas |b) Still, when our desires are satisfied we good when we do good. (lines 64 ~ 65) snthat our true incentives are self- interested (line 66) Indeed, as primatologist Frans de Waal argues, if we did not desire the goods of others for its own sake, then attaining it would not produce the warm glow. (lines 67 a) [Function] The inverted commas indicate that the phrase is used in an | unconventional/uncommon sense/meaning. [1] |b) [Context] The usual meaning attached to acting in the interest of others. However, | the warm glow in this caseis derived | from the gains/benefits experienced by the altruistic individual. (1) Note: No credit is given for describing the phrase as a metaphor and/or indicating sarcasm'8) What is the contrast between what common sense tells us and what egoism claims about altruism, that the author is presenting in lines 69-72? Use your own words as far as pos: 2 (Literal Transposition, see GCE 2013 Q5) Lifted from passage Suggested answers © Common sense tells us that some people a) Common sense tells us that people are more altruistic than others. have varying degrees of altruism, [1] * Egoism’s claim that these differences are b) while egoism claims that people in illusory — that deep down, people act only general have ulterior motives behind to further their own interests — their actions. [1] contradicts our observations and deep- seated human practices of moral Note: Allow for lift of the words, ‘common evaluation. (lines 69-72) sense’, ‘egoism’ and ‘altruism’. 9) Why has the author placed brackets around the comment in lines 76-77? [2] | (Inferential Punctuation, see GCE 2013 03) Lifted from passage | Suggested answers {and probably the only kind | The brackets are used with staying power) (lines | a) [Function] to support/justify the author's assertion. [1] 76-77) b) [Context] The author explains that this might be/is likely to be the sole/exclusive way in which altruism can last/endure/be sustained. [1] Note to assessor: Credit for structure should be given even if response is incorrect (1 ‘mark rather than 0 marks) If point b is explained, credit can be given on its own terms. O marks for function of brackets as “providing additional information” 10) Suggest one reason for the author ending the passage with the final sentence in paragraph 13. { (inferential Semantics, see GCE 2011 Q8) Lifted from passage [Suggested answers ‘Altruism is possible and altruism is real, ['@) This provides a link/an answer to the although in most people, it intertwines subtly | author's opening question in the first the well-being of the agent who does =| _—_paragraph. [1] 00d, and this is crucial for seeing how to increase the amount of altruism in the world. | OR b) It provides a succinct conclusion to the | differing perspectives of altruism that are discussed in the passage. [1]11) In the article, Judith Lichtenberg discusses whether pure altruism exists. How far would you agree with Judith Lichtenberg’s observ ations? [10] OBSERVATIONS EXPRESSED BY JUDITH LICHTENBERG ARGUMENT ‘TEXT REFERENCES. 1. Altruism exists news stories of malice and greed abound, but all around us we see evidence of human beings sacrificing themselves and doing good for others.” (Paragraph 1, lines 1-3) 2. Often times, one may appear to have, or indeed have, underlying reasons behind one’s altruistic act it is undeniable that people sometimes act in a way that benefits ‘others, but it may seem that they always get something in return.” (Paragraph 1, fines 4-5) “.. the view that people never intentionally act to benefit others except to obtain some good for themselves, still possesses a powerful lure over our thinking.” (Paragraph 4, lines 30-31) “We know that even when we appear to act unselfishly, other reasons for our behaviour often rear their heads..” (Paragraph 5, lines 34 - 35) “People’s true motives may be hidden, even (or perhaps especially) from themselves.” (Paragraph 5, lines 37 ~ 38) 3, The defects of the two different theories that are used to explain altruism 1 4. The lures of Egoism | (which challenges the existence of atruism | *Pure altruism, we think, requires...Doing good for another person because something isin it for the doer is the very opposite of what we have in mind.” (Paragraph 3, lines 21 ~ 23) “Kin selection... fails to explain why they sometimes do so for those with whom they share no genes” (Paragraph 3, lines 24~ 25) “Biological altruism explains... but it implies nothing about the motives or intentions of the agent..” (Paragraph 4, lines 27 ~ 28) PSYCHOLOGICAL: “... partly explained by a certain humility or scepticism people have about their own or others’ motives” (Paragraph 6, lines 41 ~42) ~.., Denying the possibility of pure altruism provides a convenient excuse for selfish behaviour.” (Paragraph 6, lines 43 ~ 44) LOGICAL: che mate S peer 3 Te, 3. 7t of their motives in egoistic terms” (Paragraph 7, lines 47 ~ 49) “if people possess altruistic motives, then they sometimes act to benefit others without the prospect of gain to themselves.” (Paragraph 9, lines 59-60)5. Being altruistic is actually a part of our self-interested behaviour. 6. People have the tendency to question their own behaviour, or that of others. 7. There is also a group of people who do good as it makes up who they are. “if “everybody is like that” - if everybody must be like that — we need not | feel guilty about our own self-interested behaviour or try to change it.” | (Paragraph 6, lines 44 ~ 46) . therefore get satisfaction from what only appears to be self-sacrifice.” (Paragraph 7, lines 50-51) | altruism is simply self-interest of a subtle kind.” (Paragraph 7, line 51) | fe normally experience satisfaction: we feel good when we do good. | Yet that does not mean we do good only in order to get that “warm glow” — that our true incentives are self-interested...” (Paragraph 10, lines 66 - 68) “Even if we think we are acting solely to further another person's good, that might not be the real reason.” (Paragraph §, lines 38 ~ 39) -xplained by a certain humility or scepticism people have about their own or others’ motives.” (Paragraph 6, lines 41 42) “No matter how altruistic people appear to be, itis possible to conceive of their motives in egoistic terms.” (Paragraph 7, lines 47 ~ 49) they feel they must do what they do, because itis just part of who they are.” (Paragraph 12, lines 78 - 79) “People who act in these ways believe that they ought to help others, but they also want to help, because doing so affirms who they are and want to be and the kind of world they want to exist... 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Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid, At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. Answer all questions. The Insert contains the passage for comprehension. Note that up to 15 marks out of 50 will be awarded for your use of language. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question. 6 )7)sy,s |] i 273 )4)5 im | ¢m_| 2m | 2m | 2m | im | 10m 2m_|_2m | 3m Question | 7 2m Marks | For Examiner's Use Language ns Total 150 This question paper consists of 7 printed pages, 4 blank page and 1 Insert [Turn overRead the passage in the Insert and then answer all the questions. Note that up to fifteen, _. ‘marks will be given for the quality and accuracy of your use of English throughout this Paper. ‘se NOTE: When a question asks for an answer IN YOUR OWN WORDS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE and you select the appropriate material from the passage for your answer, you ‘must still use your own words to express it. Little credit can be given to answers which only | copy words and phrases from the passage. 1. What are the purposes of the author's opening question? 2. Explain why the author claims that ‘doubting altruism is easy’ (line 3). Use your own words as far as possible. 3. Explain how the two evolutionary theories explain the puzzle in lines 16-17. Use your own words as far as possible.4, In paragraph 3, what criticisms does the author make of the two evolutionary theories? Use your own words as far as possible. | 5. What is the author implying in referring to ‘birds, bats and bees’ to describe altruism (lines 28-29)? 6. Using material from paragraphs 5-7 only (lines 32-51), summarise the lure of egoism in | explaining human action. i Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counfing the opening words | which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible. We find egoism appealing and reasonable... For examiners ‘Use. What is the contrast between what common sense tells us and what egoism claims about altruism that the author is presenting in lines 69-72? Use your own words as far as possible.9. Why has the author placed brackets around the comment in lines 76 — 77? i 10. Suggest one reason for the author ending the passage with the final sentence in| paragraph 13. 11. In the article, Judith Lichtenberg discusses whether pure altruism exists. How far would 1 you agree with Judith Lichtenberg's observations? Relate your opinions to you and your society. |(0)BLANK PAGEJC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2016 H1 GENERAL PAPER 8807/02 PAPER 2 15 AUGUST 2016 INSERT 4 hour 30 minutes READ THE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST This Insert contains the passage for Paper 2. This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn over}ALTRUISM Judith Lichtenberg discusses the issues surrounding pure altruism’. Who could doubt the existence of altruism? True, news stories of malice and greed abound, but all around us we see evidence of human beings sacrificing themselves and doing good for others. Still, doubting altruism is easy, even when it seems at first glance to be apparent. It is undeniable that people sometimes act in a way that benefits others, but it may seem that they always get something in return — at the very least, the 5 satisfaction of having their desire to help fulfilled. Students in introductory philosophy courses torture their professors with this reasoning, and its logic can seem inexorable Contemporary discussions of altruism quickly turn to evolutionary explanations. Reciprocal altruism and kin selection are the two main theories. According to reciprocal altruism, evolution favours organisms that sacrifice their good for others in order to gain 10 a favour in retum. Kin selection — the famous “selfish gene” theory popularised by Richard Dawkins — says that individuals behaving altruistically towards others who share their genes, will tend to reproduce those genes. Organisms may be altruistic; genes are selfish. The feeling that loving your children more than yourself is hard-wired lends plausibility to the theory of kin selection. These evolutionary theories explain a 15 puzzle: how organisms that sacrifice their own “reproductive fitness’ — their ability to survive and reproduce — could possibly have evolved. However, neither theory fully accounts for our ordinary understanding of altruism The defect of reciprocal altruism is clear. If a person acts to benefit another in the expectation that the favour will be retumed, the natural response is, “That's not 20 altruism!". Pure altruism, we think, requires a person to sacrifice for another without consideration of personal gain. Doing good for another person because something is in it for the doer is the very opposite of what we have in mind. Kin selection does better by allowing that organisms may genuinely sacrifice their interests for another, but it fails to explain why they sometimes do so for those with whom they share no genes. 25 When we ask whether human beings are altruistic, we want to know about their motives or intentions. Biological altruism explains how unselfish behaviour might have evolved but it implies nothing about the motives or intentions of the agent: after all, birds, bats and bees can act altruistically. This fact helps to explain why despite these evolutionary theories, the view that people never intentionally act to benefit others except to obtain 30 some good for themselves, still possesses a powerful lure over our thinking. The lure of this view — egoism — has two sources: one psychological, the other logical. Consider the psychological. One reason people deny that altruism exists is that, looking inward. they doubt the purity of their own motives. We know that even when we appe2 to act unseffishly, other reasons for our behaviour often rear their heads: the prospect of 95 ture favour, Me DOCS te repuTadon, oF simpy Me good Fee: appearing to act unselfishly. People’s true motives may be hidden, even (or perhaps especially) from themselves. Even if we think we are acting solely to further another person's good, that might not be the real reason. (There might not be a single “real reason” — actions can have multiple motives.) 40 ‘altruism refers to the fact of caring about the needs of other people more than your own,40 4 12 13 So the psychological lure of egoism as a theory of human action is partly explained by a certain humility or scepticism people have about their own or others’ motives. There is also a less flattering reason: denying the possibility of pure altruism provides a convenient excuse for selfish behaviour. If “everybody is like that” — if everybody must be like that — we need not feel guilty about our own self-interested behaviour or try to. change it. The logical lure of egoism is different: the view seems impossible to disprove. No matter how altruistic people appear to be, it is possible to conceive of their motives in egoistic terms. Doctors who give up a comfortable life to care for AIDS patients in a remote place do what they want to do, and therefore get satisfaction from what only appears to be self-sacrifice. So, it seems, altruism is simply self-interest of a subtle kind The impossibility of disproving egoism may sound like a virtue of the theory, but, as philosophers of science know, it is really a fatal drawback. A theory that purports to tell us something about the world, as egoism does, should be falsifiable. Not false, of course, but capable of being tested and thus proved false. If every state of affairs is ‘compatible with egoism, then egoism does not tell us anything distinctive about how things are. A related reason for the lure of egoism concerns ambiguity in the concepts of desire and the satisfaction of desire. If people possess altruistic motives, then they sometimes act to benefit others without the prospect of gain to themseives. In other words, they desire the good of others for its own sake, not merely as a means to their own satisfaction. From the fact that a person's desire is satisfied, we cannot draw conclusions about effects on the individual's mental state or well-being. 45 50 55 60 Still, when our desires are satisfied, we normally experience satisfaction: we feel good © when we do good. Yet that does not mean we do good only in order to get that “warm glow” — that our true incentives are self-interested (as economists tend to claim). Indeed, as primatologist Frans de Waal argues, if we did not desire the good of others for its own sake, then attaining it would not produce the warm glow. Common sense tells us that some people are more altruistic than others. Egoism's claim that these differences are illusory — that deep down, people act only to further their own interests — contradicts our observations and deep-seated human practices of moral evaluation. At the same time, we may notice that generous people do not necessarily suffer more or flourish less than those who are more self-interested. Altruists may be more content or fulfilled than selfish people. Nice guys do not always finish last, but nor do they always finish first. The point is rather that the kind of aitruism we ought to encourage (and probably the only kind with staying power ig satistving to those who rractise * Sty: show that ney ao not believe their behaviour is extraordinary: they feel they must . what they do, because it is just part of who they are. The same holds for more common, less newsworthy acts — working in soup kitchens, taking pets to people in nursing homes, helping strangers find their way, being neighbourly. People who act in these ways believe that they ought to help others, but they also want to help, because doing so affirms who they are and want to be and the kind of world they want to exist - their identity is tied up with their values, thus tying self-interest and 65 70 75 804 altruism together. The correlation between doing good and feeling good is not inevitable 85 — inevitability lands us again with that empty, unfalsifiable egoism — but it is more than incidental. Altruism is possible and altruism is real, although in most people, it intertwines subtly with the well-being of the agent who does good, and this is crucial for seeing how to increase the amount of altruism in the world.