PStions ebalel Swers Levels I, II, and III Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Supplement to Recommended Practice FF Fh Book D - RevisedCompiled by the MI/PT Committee of the T&E Council Methods Division of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, ‘This publication contains suggested questions and answers in the Liquid Penctrant Testing method for use in ‘conjunction with Recommended Practice No. SNE-TC-1A, available from ASNT. Published by ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, lnc 1711 Atlingate Lane PO Box 28518, ‘Columbus, OH 43228-0518 Copyright © 2002, 2003 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT is not responsible for he authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the ‘opinion of ASNT. Produets or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or secommendation of ASNT. IRRSP, Level IM Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, NDT Handbook, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, The NDT Technician and www asntorg are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE ate registered trademarks of The American Society for ‘Nondestructive Testing, In. ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing, ISBN 1.57117-100-2 Printed in the United States of America first printing 1996 second printing with revisions 02/03c Table of Contents References Reference Usage List Level I Questions Answers Level II ‘Questions Answers Level IIL Questions Answers 7 7 29 374 Recommended Training References Liquid Penetrant Testing Method ‘The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book. A* McMaster, RC., ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, fist edition, Columbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1959, BX Tracy, Noel A, technical editor, Patrick O. Moore, editor, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 2, Liguid Penetrant Testing, Columbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In., 1999, C* Liquid Penetrant Testing: Classroom Training Handbook (CT-6-2) and Liguid Penetrant Testing Programmed Instruction Handbook (Pl-4-2), San Diego, CA, General Dynamies/Convair Division. 1978. (Now published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc) D* Metals Handbook, eighth edition, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control, Volume 11, Metals Park, OH, American Society for Metals. 1976. * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In. ‘Each question found in this book is followed by leter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found, For example 28, The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is: ». capillary action «. blotting 4. wetting agent pat In this example, the leter “D” refers to Reference D in the list above and “21" is the specifie page in Reference D where the answer tothe question i located.Reference Usage List Reference A: Total = 83, Level 1 (70) Level I (0) Level HI (13) Reference B: Total = 84 Level I(19) evel (27) Level I ) Reference C: Total = 9 Level 1(4) Level 110) Level IIL (3) Reference D: Total = 69 Level 1 22) Level 1146) Level HT (1)Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I Level I Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Which one of the following conditions wil affect the rate and the extent a liquid penetrant will enter cracks, fissures and other small openings? 4. the hardness of the specimen being tested the surface condition of the specimen being tested © the color of the penetrant A. the conductivity of the specimen being tested cai 6 Which ofthe following is a commonly used classification for penetrant? 8. postemulsifiable penetrant », nonferrous penetrant . chemical eich penetrant nonaqueous penetrant waneows Ps A62 A generally accepted method for removing ‘excess nonwater Washable penetrant is: 4: repeatedly dipping the tt specimen ina ». soaking the test specimen in hot detergent water © blowing the excess penetrant off the surface of the part with compressed air 4. wiping and cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a clesner-dampened cloth All ofthe following parts ean be tested by the liquid penetrant method except 4. an iron casting >. an aluminum forging €. a part made from a porous plastic material a 4 part made from 2 nonporous material p per AGA ‘Which of the following discontinuities can be found by the penetrat test method? a, a surface crack '. a subsurface erack «an intemal inclusion 4. none of the above A Which ofthe following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior to penetrant testing? 1. sand blasting wire brushing . grinding 4. Vapor degra oe A6-6 All ofthe following methods are commonly used to clean pars prior to penetrant testing except a. vapor degreasing Liquid solvent « power wire brushing 4. alkaline cleaner N66 Cutting ols may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by 2. preheating ». vapor degreasing © washing with water 4. all of the above B69 ‘The most common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fluid is: a. metal filings boil ©. detergents (from cleaning) 6 water ArasLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I 10. Ultraviolet tight, witha proper functioning filter in place, used for fluorescent penetrant inspection can cause permanent damage to: 4 human tissues ». human eyes . human blood cells 4. none of the above ATS LL. All of the following basic inspection principles apply to the visible penetrant methods except 4 the penetrant must enter the discontinuity in ‘order to form an indication ». indications glow when illuminated with an ultraviolet light «a longer penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities 4. if the penetrant is washed out of the discontinuity, an indication will not be formed by that discontinuity AGS 12. Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by: & the postemulsification penetrant method by the visible dye penetrant method the fluorescent, water washable penetrant method 4 none ofthe above AG 13, Water washable penetrants may be applied by: a. beushing by. spraying ©. dipping 1. allof the above a 14. The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been painted isto 8, carefully apply the penetrant over the surface b. completely remove the paint thoroughly wash the surface with a detergent «wire brush the surface to oughen the smooth surface coating of paint pore N66 15. 16, 0 19, ‘When using a postemulsfication penetrant, itis necessary to apply the emulsifier a. before applying the penetrant b. after the water wash operation ©. after the dwel time has elapsed 4. after the development time has elapsed AG9 When conducting a water washable liquid penetrant test, the wet developer is applied 4, immediately after the penetrant has been applied », immediately before the penetrant is applied ©. after removal ofthe penetrant after removal of the emulsifier pas ‘The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaking up the penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleedout of the liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity, is known as: a. blotting capillary action «concentration «attraction pas ‘Using an ultraviolet Light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place ean cause damage to human eyes because the lamp emits: a. black tight ultraviolet light «. infrared light 4. none of the above Agar ‘The term used to define the period of time in ‘which the test partis covered with penetrant is: 4. waiting time by soak time (drain time) penetration time (dwell time) 4. bleed in time A63© 20, 21 2 24, Usually, the most desirable method of removing 25, excess water washable penetrant after the dwell time is by using 4. a low pressure coarse water spray water and brush © solid sucam of water {0 ater and clea = A6-7 When conducting a liguidpenetranttest sing a 26 postemulsifiable visible dye penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet ddoveloper is by a. brushing b, swabbing ©. dipping 4. spraying a Which of the following characteristies does not apply to liquid penetrant testing? 4 this method can accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuity this method can be used for on-site testing of large pants ©. this method can be used to find shallow surface discontinuities 28, 4. this method can be made more ot less sense by using diferent penewant mats Which of the following discontinuities is most likely t be missed due to improper rinse techniques? 4, a forging lap be. deep pitting ©. shallow and broad discontinuities 29, the rinse technique will not affees the detection of discontinuities AGS ‘When conducting a fluorescent penetrant tes, ‘commonly used technigue for assuring that the ‘excess penetrant has been removed prior to the application of a developer is to 4. blow compressed air over the surface be. chemically etch the surface blot the surface with absorbent paper 4. scan the surface with an ultaviole ight A67 Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I ‘Which of the following surface conditions could hnave a detrimental effect on a liquid penetrant test? a. awet surface b, arough weld «, an oily surface all of the above A66 Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting: 4, subsurface intergranular stress corrosion cracking discontinuities ». discontinuities open to the surface «, subsurface discontinuities lack of fusion (subsurface) p20 ‘Untraviolet light equipment is required when penetrant testing by: a. the fluorescent penetrant method the visible dye penetrant method the nonfluorescent penetrant method 4. all of the above A624 ‘The term used to define the tendency of certain Tiguids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is ‘saturation ». capillary action «blotting 4. wetting agent ease pai Excess penetrant (all penetrant except that which is in discontinuities) is removed from the specimen’ 8. after the required penetrant dwell time has elapsed b. before the application of an emulsifier if a postemulsifier penetrant is used c. by means ofa steam cleaner «only when water washa sare used, ly ater washable penetants are usedLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I 30. When using a postemulsifiable penetrant, the ‘emulsifier time should be: a. as long as the penetrant dell time b. half the penetrant dwell imme . he same as the developer time 4. omly as long as necessary to remove the imertering backgroond ond D3 31, When an inspector is working in a darkened area, he/she showld become adjusted tothe dark before inspecting parts, The generally accepted ‘minimum time period for becoming accustomed to the dark is a 105 min b. Sto 10 min ©. 10 to 15 min 4. no waiting period is neces sie “ Bad 32. When applying penetrant by dipping, heating the penetrant prior to dipping: a. will not increase the sensitivity ofthe test ». will not increase the capillary action of the penetrant . will increase the stability of the penetrant 4. isnot generally recommended AT34 33. Liquid penetrant inspection cannot find: a. surface porosity ». surface cracks ¢. an internal cavity 4. a surface forging I “ene AGI 34. All ofthe following materials can be tested by the usual liquid penetrant tests except: 4. unglazed porous ceramic ». titanium ©. high alloy steel, 4 cast iron | AGA 35, 37 38, Liquid penetrant testing can be used to detect: 8. discontinuities 1,6 mm (0.06 in.) below the surface ». intemal discontinuities © discontinuities open tothe surface all discontinuities C AG1 ‘Which of the following are commonly accepted ‘methods for applying penetsant? 4. dipping the part in penetrant (dipping) . pouring the penetrant over the test specimen (owing) . spraying the penetrant on the test specimen (spraying) 4. all of the above paz A solvent used to clean the surface of a test specimen must possess all of the following characteristics except thatthe: 4, cleaner must be capable of dissolving oils and greases commonly found on the surface ». cleaner must not be flammable ©. cleaner must be free of excessive ‘contaminants 4, cleaner must leave a minimal residue on the surface € Bama ‘Which of the statements below best states the ‘danger of sandblasting (without subsequent ‘chemical etching) for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant tested? ‘the discontinuities may be peened over and closed ». oil contaminants might be sealed in the iscontinuities ©. the sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced into the discontinuity 4. the sandblasting operation may introduce discontinuities ABS29, 40, 4 2, 43 ‘The penetrant applied to the surface of a test 44 specimen: 4. seeps into discontinuities bis absorbed by discontinuities © is drawn into discontinuities by capillary action 4. is drawn into discontinuities by gravity Which of the following statements conceming Jiquid penetrant testing is correct? 4, fluorescent penctrants will produce red against 45, ‘white discontinuity indications b. nonfluorescent penetrants require the use of ultraviolet lights «. fluorescent indications will be seen when exposed to ultraviolet light 44. nonfluorescent discontinuities glow in the dark for easy viewing and interpretation eNcettad A62 When removing excess penetrat from the surface of a test specimen: 8 the penetrant removal operation must not remove the penetrant from discontinuities b. sufficient excess penetrant must be removed to climinate an interfering background «the use ofa solvent-dampened cloth is a ‘common method of penetrant removal 4. all of the above 4". 2324 ‘The most widely accepted method for removing excessive water washable penesrant from the surface of atest specimen is by 4. using a wet rag busing a water spray rinse 6. washing the part directly under water running froma tap i” 4. immersing the part in water 4 AGT ‘The final inspection of a test specimen for liscontinuities should take place: 4 immediately after the developer hasbeen applied b. any ime ater the develope has been applied © after the developer has been on the test Specimen forthe proper development tine 4 immediately after the rinse operation * a D33 Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I ‘Which of the following is an advantage of visible dye penetrants over fluorescent penetrants? 4. Visible dye penetrants do not require ultraviolet light b. visible dye penetrants are more sensitive tan fluorescent penetrants . visible dye penetrants are superior in penetrating characteristics 4. Visible dye penetrants are not toxic while fluorescent penetrants are toxic Pens pai ‘The terms dry, agueous wer and nonaqueous wet are used to describe three different types of: 4. emulsifiers », cleaners «. developers &. penetrants m p26 Which of the following is not a generally accepted method for applying penetrants? ‘4 rubbing the penetrant over the surface ». brushing the penetrant on the part ©. spraying the penetrant on the part 4. dipping the par in the penetrant ping the a ‘A.6-2, 7, 13,19 ‘Which ofthe following is the most commonly used method for removing nonwater washable visible dye penetrant from the surface ofa test specimen? 2. dipping in a solvent >, spraying hand wiping 4d. blowing AGI Which ofthe following is an acceptable method for applying wet developers? «application with a soft brush ». application with a hand powder boll . rubbing with a saturated cloth 4. spraying or dipping oaLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level 1 49. When using solvent removable penetrants, the excess penetrant may be removed by: , high flash point medium flash point 4. flash point isnot a factor to be considered ‘B73 ‘A material tht is applied over the film ofthe penetrant on the surface of a part, mixes with the Penetrant, and enables the penetrant to be washed ‘off the surface is called | _ bapa | 2 beter aLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I 104. The time allowed for the penetrant to enter iscontinuitis that may be present is the: «4, emulsification time application ime , dwell time drain time Bad 105. Which ofthe following penetrant systems is generally considered to be the most sensitive? «4 water washable ~ visible dye bs, solvent removable ~ visible dye ¢. water washable ~ fluorescent dye 4. postemulsification ~ fluorescent dye a eos 106, The best choice of a developer for use on a very smooth surface when using @ fluorescent ppenetrant would be: 2. dry — futy by dry — regular 4. none of the above Bor 107. The purpose of an emulsifier is to: ‘8. combine with the penetrant to make the esultant mixture removable by a water rinse bassist the bloting action of the developer «. increase the penetration of the penetrant into Fine discontinuities 4. eliminate false indications can 108, Developer assists inthe detection of visible liguid penetrant indications by 4. providing a clean surface ’, providing a contrasting background providing ey sure fying the pe oS 109, Liquid penetrant examination can detect all of the following types of discontinuities except: forging lap a surface crack subsurface porosity C26 12 14, 110, What is the most universally used ultraviolet light? a. incandescent lamps by, metalic carbon ares «. tubular BL fivorescent lamps enclosed mereury-vapor art lamps evap : ATA LIL. Which of the following processes would be most sensitive to detecting very fine defects? a. oil-and-whiting process '. water washable process «, postemulsification process 4. water emulsifiable visible dye penetrant process A623 112, When using the postemulsification fluorescent process, which of the following methods cannot be used? 4. dipping the parti the emulsifier ’. spraying the part with emulsifier . pouring emulsifier over the part 4 brushing emulsifier on the La AG-IL 113. Which of the following would be the most desirable center wavelength forthe output of the light source used in fluorescent processes? a 320m , 365 nm 520m 565 nm ATA [Bleedout of penetrant from a cold shut is an example of: a false indication ‘a nongelevant indication a true indication none of the above115. Liguid penetrants become sluggish at temperatures: &. above 38 °C (100 °F) by, between 10 and 38 °C (50 and 100 °F) © below 10°C (50°F) 4d. below 21 °C (70*F) C324 116, Why is t possible to flush a surface with a coarse water spray to which a water washable penetrant was applied, remove the excessive penetrant, and rot remove the penetrant that is in the defects? 8 the liquid will not wash the penetrant from the defects because the penetrant has to be dravwn fot by the developer b. the nature of a water washable penetrant is such that water will not dissolve the penetrant; ithas to push the penetrant off the surface, which is why a spray is used 6. the water droplets are relatively large and wall not enter most defect openings 4. water spray should not be used; the ppenetrant should be removed by a cloth dampened with water oo AGS 13 Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level 1Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level I Level I Answers Liquid Penetrant Testing Method cha cise ab eS on 2d ee eae dl 93. b 44a “ad 94. 35. ¢ Gd oe ce 66. a 96. d Teh 67. a 7. od 38a 68. c 98. 39. 0. a 9, 40. ¢ a 5 100. b 4d nb 101. 4 2» Ra 102, b Bc WG 103. a 44.8 Ta 104. se is 0 105. d 46a 16. b 106. a 47. m7 od 107, a Bd Bc 108, b a. d 9. a 109. 4 30, 0d 0. oe eu Gb oo ML oc ona 0 120 4 oe Bd 13, b 54. b cae ii oe 85. c 5, ¢ 56. d 86. b 16. ¢ s1. ob 87. ¢ 38d 8c 59. a eo dl 60. a 90. 15Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IT Level If Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Which of the following physical properties, more than any other, determines what makes @ material 1 good penetrant? a. viscosity >. surface tension . wetting ability 4. no one single property determines if « material will or will not be a good penetrant 'B.40, 84-86 The speed with which a penetrant penetrates a surface flaw is influenced tothe greatest extent by which of the following properties? a. density b. surface tension and wettability &:vscosiy capillary action _s Bad Which of the statements concerning the operation of the ultraviolet light bulbs of the mercury are type is false? 4 the bulb takes about $ min to warm up to its full ouput when frst turned on >. the lamp may go out ifthe line voltage drops below 90'V «lime voltage variations above 120 V will have litte or no effect on the bulb 4. iC for any reason the arc is extinguished, the bull will not immediately respond if the lamp ‘ened on right after it hs been ed B.237-238, 7 Which ofthe items listed below is a disadvantage ‘of using the Fiquid penetrant test method? 4. the method cannot find discontinuities that are not opened to the surface . the method is simple in principle and relatively easy to understand «. the method is essentially simple in application there are few limitations on the size and shape of the article that can be treated by this method. Bs Which ofthe statements below applies tothe Tiquid penetrant method of testing? 4. the penetrant test method is less flexible than, the eddy current test method ’. the penetrant test method is less reliable than. the magnetic particle method for finding surface defects in ferromagnetic materials ©. the penetrant test method will not detect fatigue cracks 4. the penetrant test method is more reliable than radiographic testing when attempting o detect ‘minute surface discontinuities BS Which ofthe following types of discontinuities ‘cannot be detected by the liquid penetrant test method? a. surface laminations internal forging bursts «- surface cracks 4 surface I 7 BSLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IT 7. Which of the following types of discontinuities ‘could be classified asa primary processing ‘discontinuity often found in cast material? a, fatigue crack b, stress corrosion crack . porosity 4. lack of penetration B.128 8. Which of the following discontinuities could be classified asa finishing processing discontinuity? 4. fatigue erack ', sess corrosion erack lamination «deat teat crack B27 9, Which of the following discontinuities could be classified asa service induced discontinuity?” a. fatigue erack ». porosity © machining tar a uv B27 10, Which ofthe test part characteristics listed below are normally considered before the specific liquid ppenetrant test method is elected?” 1, the kind and size of discontinuities most likely by. the intended application for the part «. the surface finish of the part 4. all ofthe above Bo 11. Which ofthe following foreign matter might ‘block the openings of discontinuities if the surface of atest specimen isnot properly cleaned? a. paint bs, Scale <. core and mold material 4. all of the above Dat 18 12, All ofthe following methods are recommended to remove grease from the surface of a penetrant test specimen except 1. vapor degreasing b, alkaline cleaning ¢. cleaning with solvent type material 4. hot water rinsing B70 13, The penetrant indication fora cold shut on the surface of a casting will bea 1. dotted or smooth continuoes line '. cluster of small indications «rough deep indication 4 large bulbous indication a DAL 4, The penetrant indication ofa forging lap will normally be a: 1. round or nearly round indication >, cluster of indications «. continuous line 4. dotted line B.129-130 ‘When conducting a penetrant test, spherical indications on the surface ofa part could be indicative of: a. fatigue eracks b. porosity , weld laps 4. hot tears pat 16, Penetrant developer is commonly available in all of the following forms except: a. dry developer 'b, nonagueous developer €. wet developer 4. high viscosity developer pasoy 17. Which of the following isa possible cause for false penetrant indications? 4. excessive washing b. inadequate application of developers ©. penetrant or part (00 cold during penetration time 4. Lint or ize BASLAS2 18. Developer assists in the detection of penetrants retained in discontinuities by aiding the: 4. postcleaning process », emulsification process «, bleedout process «drying process pa 19. Developer assists in the detection of the visible dye penetrant test indications by: a. providing a clean surface b. providing a contrasting background «. proving a dry surface 4 emulsifying the penetantbleedout ae D329 20. When using postemulsfication penetrants, ificulties incurred during the washing operation ‘can be overcome by: 4. reapplying a coating of emulsifier b, increasing the water pressure used during the washing operation «. completely reprocessing the part from surface preparation oa and by using a longer ‘emulsifier time, if allowed 4. dipping the part in boiling water ipping the part in bosling nate 21. Which of the following methods for applying ‘honaqueous developer is normally considered the ‘most effective? a. spraying ». swabbing . brushing 4. dipping i 2. 23. 25, Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IT (Of the methods listed below, the most effective ‘means of precleaning atest tem to remove ‘organic contaminants such as grease prior to a penetrant testis 1. vapor degreasing . detergent cleaning ©. hot water rinse 4. solvent wiping aro Fluorescent materials used in fluorescent ppenetrants respond most actively to radiant energy with a wavelength of approximately a. 700 am b, 250 kV, © 365m 4. Tbe (100 fe) B.36,77 When performing a liquid penetrant test using solvent removable visible dye penetrant, there are several ways to remove excess penetrant from the surface ofthe part. Which ofthe methods listed below is generally regarded as most suitable forgiving accurate test results? 4. squirting solvent over the surface with no ‘more than 276 kPa (40 psi) pressure ». wiping with a soaking wet clot, then wiping with a dry cloth ©. wiping with a solvent dampened cloth, then ‘wiping with dry cloths «wiping with dry paper wipes, then wiping with a solvent dampened cloth, and finally wiping with dry cloth B66 Emulsifie time: 1. is important but not normally critical >. is the time needed to rinse the emulsifier and ‘excess penetrant from the surface «is extremely important and will greatly affect test results 4. should be as long as economically practical 8 y practicalLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level Il 26. Prior wo the penetrant testing ofa previously 30, ‘machined soft metal part, which ofthe cleaning ‘methods listed below would best remove any smeared metal that could mask discontinuities? etching shot peening alkaline cleaning ‘water cleaning with detergents pat 27, Why isthe drying process used in penetrant testing? 31 2. the drying process is used to ensure that all excess penetant will evaporate b, the dying process ensures the uniform drying of dry developer applied over a wet emulsifier «the drying process reduces penetration time 6. afer the application of a wet developer, the aging proces in seuing a unferm gece! p20 28. Which of the following reasons best describes why excessive drying of a part should be ied? 22. a. the extra time required is wasted the developer may lose its blotting ability ¢, a eduction in fluorescent brilliance may result 4. the excess developer may be difficult 10 remove on 29. Which ofthe following variables must be considered to use the time required for an indication to develop as a measure ofthe extent of the discontinuity? 33. a. the type of penetrant and sensitivity of technique the type of discontinuity the temperature of the material being tested all of the above ass 20 When using a fluorescent, postemulsifiable ppeneirant, the length of time the emulsifier is allowed 0 remain onthe paris critical when detecting shallow seratclike discontinuities. The ‘actual length of time shouldbe: a 10s bss ©2035 4, determined by experimentation by exp oe ‘Which of che following statements concerning contaminating materials on the surface of penetrant test specimen is false? 4, the contaminant may be of a composition that attacks the penetrant and reduces the fluorescence or color of the penetrant ». the contaminant may reduce or even prevent capillary action by the penetrant «the contaminant may retain the penetrant and thus increase the sensitivity of the inspection 4. the contaminant may completely fill the crack snd thos prevent the entry ofpeneeant cae ze B.137 Water washable liquid penetrants differ from postemulsification penetrants in that water ‘washable penetrans: a, can only be used on aluminum test specimens '. do not need to be removed from surfaces prior to development c, have a soapy base 4. do not need the application of an emulsifier before rinsing Bas ‘The function of the emulsifier in the postemulsifiation penetrant method is t: 1. more rapidly drive the penetrant into deep, tight cracks b. react withthe surface penetrant to make the penetrant water washable «. add fluorescent dye or pigment to the penetrant 4, provide a coating to which dry powder Seveloper can adhere B43, D.25 ¢= © M. 3s. 36 ‘When penetrant testing for shallow discontinuities using a postemulsification penetran, the emulsification time should be long ‘enough to: 1. mix the emulsifier withthe excess surface penetrant only ’b. mix the emulsifier with all the penetrant on the surface and in discontinuities c. mix the emulsifier with penetrant in the discontinuities 4, allow the emulsifier to dry out to white rider ia Bas Which ofthe following practices should be avoided when performing. a penetrant test? «Sepa nny ep Fae a B.36, 37 ‘A-commonly used method of checking on the overall performance of aliquid penetrant system isby: 1. determining the viscosity of the penetrant be. measuring the wetability ofthe penetrant . comparing sections of arificially cracked specimens 4d. all ofthe above B.289 ‘An important difference between nonwater washable penetrants and water washable penedrant is that: 4. Water Washable penetrants contain an emulsifier while nonwater-washable penetrants do not the viscosity ofthe two penetrants is different © the color of the two penetrants is different 4. nonwater washable penetants are more easily removed than water washable penetrants be B36 ea) Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IT 38. Which ofthe following characteristics are sormally considered when selecting the type of penetrant to be used in a penetrant test. a. removal characteristics ofthe penetrant » sensitivity level the cost ofthe penetrant all of the above pat 39. Which materials should be avoided in the penetrant system when testing titanium alloys? 4. carbon or oil ». halogenated solvents ¢, emulsifier or oil 4 fhuorescent agents Daz 40. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in sand castings? 2. incomplete penetration 3 undercut Sk ae DAL 41. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in a welded fabrication? a. shrinkage . lack of fusion aise bn DAL 42. Which of th following is «discontinuity that smght be found in rolled bar stock? fa. shrinkage ». bleedout ©. laps 4. undercut DAL 43. Which of the following isa discontinuity that ‘might be found in rolled plate? 2. laminations », shrinkage «lack of fusion 4. undercut DalLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IT 44. Which ofthe following contaminants could affect the sensitivity of a penetrant? acid salts all of the above pao 45, Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging? shrinkage eracks laps cold shuts insufficient penetration Dal Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled plate stock? 1 shrinkage cracks by inclusions «forging laps 4. blow holes bat 47. Which of the following is an advantage of fluorescent penetrants over visible type penctrants?| 44 the inspection can be carried out in a well lighted area », small indications are more easily seen . they can be used where contact with water is ‘objectionable 4. they ate less sensitive to contamination of discontinuities pas 48, Which of the following is un advantage of dye penetrants over fluorescent penetrants? «4 small indications are more easily seen >. they can be used on anodized and chromate surfaces «. they make less background on rough surfaces, <4, no special lighting is required pas 22. 49, Which of the following is an advantage of solvent wipe methods over water washing? ‘a no special lighting is necessary during inspection '. they provide a quicker penetration of smal openings «, small indications are more easly seen 4d. they can easily be carried out in the field and p24 50. The tendency of quid pentane to emer & aiscontinity x primal elated 0 the: a. viscosity of the penetant ». capilay forces ©. chemical inerines ofthe penetrant 4 specific gravity ofthe penetant, a D212 51, The emulsifiers use 2. to wash the penctran ot of discontinuities > to aid in washing ff the surface of pars when sing either the water or ol sluble penetrats «to emulsify the ol soluble pentrant, thereby taking it water washable 4. to preclean parts before ant preclean p plying enon 52, The prime purpose of the ultraviolet light for Ayorescent penetra inspection io: 4 magnify indications make the indications visible «, develop indications 4 speedup inspection eed up inspec 53, Why is it advisable to have an lravioet ight installed atthe wash station? ‘a. so inspection can be done without drying parts to speed the bleeding of penetrant out of defects to check the effectiveness of the wash cycle 4. to determine if parts have been covered with rant Le p2955. 56, 31, 58 Developing powder should always be: 4. highly fluorescent b. applied wet ©. colorless dl evenly applied y appl s ‘When viewing pars, Nuorescent background may indicate: 4. poor washing b. insulficient emulsifying time (postemulsification method) c, porous material and coating 4. improper cleaning before penetrant cycle ©. all of the above 32.33 In the absence of a written acceptance criteria, rejection or acceptance of parts should be based ‘on the: 4. inspector's education by. design of the part and its intended application © appropriate penetrant standard a ‘Sclecton of he penetrant, a DA1-42, ‘When improper processing causes inspection difficulties, what should the inspector do? a, swab parts with a solvent b. uso a correct bleedback procedure «. erase nonrelevant fluorescence 1. reprocess the part avn Which of the following is most likely to render the postemulsificaton test ineffective? a. the penetrant time is too long the developing time is too long cc. the emulsifying time is too long «none of the above 28.32 23, Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IT 59, Dry developer should be applied: 4, so that a heavy coat of developer covers all surfaces b. so that a light dusting covers all surfaces to be inspected with a dry paint brush 4. by dipping. a Which factor would apply in determining the <éwell time required forthe penetrant to be effective? a. type of discontinuity sought ». shape of part . size of part <. surface roughness 26-32 ‘61. The partis an aluminum forging. Description — the indication is sharp, halfimoon shaped, not deep, Itis called: a alap D. centerline porosity © a heat treat crack 4. false indication pat (62, ‘The partis a 13 mm (0.5 in) thick aluminum plate with a V weld, Description — the indication ‘appears in an area that is somewhat dish shaped, ‘The indication extends out from the center in a spoke formation. The indication is: shrinkage - nonrelevant a quench erack ‘crater crack patLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level II (63, The partis an aluminum casting. Description — 68, the casting has a very complex design, In one section, there is a flat area having a thickness of 32 mm (1.3 in.). In the center of this area is a round section, 51 mm (2 in.) thick and 25mm (Lin. in diameter. There ae linear indications about one-half the distance around the base ‘where it joins into the thin section. The indication is called: dross by hot tar ©. micrshrinkage 6: porosiy . DAL 69. (64, Shrinkage eracks are usually found in what areas of a casting? thin sections only hheavy sections only at abrupt changes in thickness ro longer a problem Dat 70, 165, Which of the following isa discontinuity that ‘ight he found in a forging? shrinkage erack lap hot tear lamination pat 7 (66. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled bar stock? a, blow hole by shtinkage lap ©. rack of seam a Jack of penetration " DAL n 67. The term nonrelevant indication i used to escribe certain types of penetrant testing indications. Which of the following would be a (ypical nonrelevant indication? 4. indications due to part geometry or par design configurations bb. nonmagnetic indications © multiple indications 4. nonlineae indications paz 24 Which of the statements below best states the danger of using sandblasting for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant tested? a. the discontinuities may be closed ’. oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuities . the sand used in the sandblasting operation ‘may be forced into the discontinuity 4. the sandblasting operation may introduce discontinuities inthe part bat A continuous linear indication can be caused by Which of the following discontinuities? 2. porosity b. slag inclusions e. pitting . cracks pat Which of the following could be a source of false indications on a test specimen’? fa. penetrant on the test table b. penetrant on the hands ofthe inspector €, contamination of dry or wet developer with penetrant 4. all of the above pala Accrack type discontinuity will generally appear a. a round indication ’. a continuous line, either straight or jagged €. a straight, single solid line 4. fandom round or elongated hotes aa DAL Which of the following discontinuities would be impossible to detect using 2 liquid penetrant test? a forging Lp grinding cracks ‘oxmetallic internal inclusions 25-274)Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level If Level I Answers - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 1 od 20. ¢ 39. b oe ec 2 4 2a 40. d ote 8 Ro 22, a 4b oe a a 23. a2. ¢ cia 5d 24d aa @ d 6 ob 28. ¢ 44. d 6B. b Roe 26. a 43. b 64. 8 od 2. 46. b 65. b ee zit ao 66. ¢ ioe a td 2a Gia 1d Bod ad 68a ad Ste 501 0. 4 ies red ie 70. 4 oe aa seu mb Is. b 34a 33g 2 4 6 4 35. d 54.0 d md 36. ¢ 55. - wo ¢ 37. a 56.0} () is G 38. sad 2728 | 1Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IIT Level III Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Chemical cleaners are often used for very dit easy putts, If used 4. the surface must be subsequently leaned with solvent cleaner b. the surface must be thoroughly rinsed free of any residue «heat must be used to ensure the removal of any detergents from surface openings 4. the surfaces must be subsequently cleaned With a volatile solvent cleaner Bass Generally, vapor degreasing is considered to be one of the best methods of preparing a part for Jiquid penetrant inspection because: 4 it totally removes all surface contaminants 1 the solvent vapor removes all petroleum based materials the method is easily adapted to virtually any size of the pat 4. the solvent vapor removes all inorganic soils " EEA 6 ‘When penetrant is applied to parts by dipping, the parts should be: 1 left in the tank during the entre dwell time by set aside until the dwell time is up ¢ placed on a rack designed to retun any excess rainage to the dipping station 4, placed inthe alkaline solvent rinse tank immediate a p29 With al other factors the same when removing penetrant from the surface by spray water wash, Penetrant in crack would be harder to remove if ‘thas: a, low viscosity b. high viscosity , medium viscosity 4. viscosity isnot important Bas 29 “The most desirable objectives governing the cleaning operations when removing surface pnetrant are to remove: a litle penetrant from defects and leave a minimal of residual penetrant remaining on the surface by litte penetrant from a defect and leave no residual penetrant remaining on the surface , no penetrant from defects and leave a minimal of residual penetranton the part surface 4, no penetrant from defects and leave no residual penetrant on Une pst surface m ® Bas “The best method of removing the excess water washable penetrant isto: 4. immediately immerse the part in the water rinse tank b. use water running direety from a tap boil in hot water or steam spray use a hose and nozzle with a coarse spray Baz ‘When removing excess postemulsfiable penetrant in production situation involving relatively large irregularly shaped parts, you may 1. coarsel spray D, strong water blast . commercial solvent 4 hot water immersion BaaLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IT 8, The sensitivity of wet developers ean be seriously impaired: 44. when the developer temperature is greater than the ambient temperature ' when the thickness of the coating becomes too heavy «if the corrosion inhibitors are added to the developer 4. if the surtace of the pat is polished ae BSS 9. When is a nonaqueous wet developer generally preferred? a. when the dryer oven temperature is above 121°C @50°F) », when i is essential (0 use the most sensitive developers . when using a fluorescent penetrant on an as cast surface 4. when using a fluorescent penetrant on a wire brushed weld B93 10. The best method of drying after the application of a wet developer is normally: 1, blotting the surface gently with absorptive paper toweling b. allowing the part to dry slowly ator slightly below the ambient temperature ¢. rapid drying with a normal room temperature air blast 4. drying with circulating sir at a maximam of 71°C (160 °F), B.384 11. Removal of residual penetrant or developer materials by a suitable postcleaning technique is advantageous in which of the following cases? a. where it could interfere with subsequent processes or with service ». where it could provide a contrasting background «. where it could assist inthe emulsification of the penetrant bleedout 4. whece it could assist in the lattice structure breakdown Bas 2 13, 14, 15. Posicleaning is particularly important where residual penetrant or developer materials may ‘combine with other materials in service to produce: 1. corrosive action ’, a contrasting background «false penetrant indications 4. proper surface tension BATS Postcleaning should be performed: a. as soon as possible if the material is susceptible ta corrosion ». aller several hours because the drier the ‘materials are, the easier they can be wiped off «. with the part warm to enhance the solubility of penetrant material 4. with the pazt chilled to cause the materials to lose their cohesion BAT When using postemulsifiable fluorescent Ppenetrant on small parts where sulphur or Chlorine residue is deemed harmful: 8, low sulphur and low chlorine content penetrant materials should be used and the ‘part should be postcleaned by solvent wipe ’, fluorescent materials shoold be used and the part should be detergent-washed ¢. low sulphur and low chlorine penetrant materials should be used and the part should >be postcleaned in an automatic detergent wash 4. color contrast should be used so that any reside canbe realy seen and removed Ocular fluorescence should be considered when arranging ultraviolet lights for testing, because rector reflected ultraviolet light shining into the inspector's eyes: a. could cause tissue damage bis harmless and of no consequence . even though temporary, can become extremely ‘annoying and may impair inspector effectiveness 4. even though annoying, it will not impair inspector effectiveness es Bo19. Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IIT Residual acids and chromates are detrimental to 20. {the fluorescent processes because’ A. the fluorescent dyes may be decomposed, resulting in weak of fait test indications ». acids and oxidizing agents react with the Fluorescent dyes only in the presence of water «acids and oxidizing agents react with the ‘uoresceat dyes only inthe presence of ‘emulsifiers Which are contained in water wash penetrants 4, emulsifiers neutralize the effects of the acids ‘and chromates 21 B.l04 Due to the nature of penetrant material, most ‘methods have which of the following adverse elfects om operator health? a. penetrants are @ hazard due to their inorganic base b. penetrant methods inelude materials which can ‘cause dermatitis if proper precautions are not 22. ‘observed «, penetrant materials contain hallucinogens that fan cause a sense of drunkenness 4. modem penetrants have been improved to be virtually hazard free BR Which of the following is an advantage of postemulsifiable methods over water washable methods? a 8 the excess penetrant removal is accomplished by water spray by their sensitivity is easier to control © the overall test time is shortened 4. they usually exhibit higher sensitivity to tight cracks BAT When compared to other methods, which of the items below are disadvantages of water ‘emulsifiable visible dye methods? 4, a. degree of sensitivity to acidity and alkalinity ». portability ¢. test time 4: reqirements of ordinary ight : oe A623 31 ‘The type of penetrant to be used on an investment casting should be: ‘8, water washable visible dye for maximum sensitivity and water washability », solvent removable because of size and shape ¢. postemulsifiable fluorescent for maximum sensitivity and water washabilty 4, solvent removable for greater visibilit great ae Which of the following techniques has been found to be effective for aiding penetration in certain instances in commercial application? 1. heating the part ». vibration . vacuum and pressure 4. ultrasonic pumping ar ‘There is a variety of equipment available for precteaning parts prior to penetrant application OF the following, the recommended method for removing the oil phases, if practical, is: sand or grit blasters solvent or chemical tanks ‘vapor degreasers water detergent washing machines B69 Lf modular equipment has been obtained for a Penetrant inspection system using fluorescent ‘postemulsifiable penetrant and wet developer, the “dryer should be placed: a, before the emulsifier tank ’. after the developer tank ©. before the developer tank «after the wash unit BAB In a modular equipment system using a water ‘washable fluorescent penetrant and dry developer, ultraviolet light should be available: a the penetrant station atthe Wash station at the developer station after the oven cycleLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IIT 25, When a large number of parts are inspected using 31 dy developer that is applied by dipping, the tank should be equipped with: 4 an exhaust system ». an agitator 6, an electrostatic charger . a developer replenisher pets BS6 26, Filters for ultraviolet lights effectively remove: 2. natural white Hight 32, b. radiation of a wavelength above 300 nm ¢. visible light from the energy given off by the ‘mereury are 4. fluorescence from the penetrant Bud 27. The use of 100 watt spot bulbs witha plain filter for color contrast penetrants produces: 3. a high intensity narrow beam ba large amount of light over a large area ‘. does not have a high maximum intensity in any one area 4. is ideal for inspecting large parts specting large ps os 28, A good penetrant must be: 4. inert with respect to the materials being tested >. highly viseous . highly volatile «dan inorganic base liquid 8 i ca 29. Weiting ability is measured by the: a. specific gravity 35. b. density , contact angle 4. surface tension B40, 84 30. Which of the following functions does a developer perform? 4. Pots the penetant by drawing it out of discontinuities masks out aonrelevant indications ©. dies bt the surface ofthe part 4. provides a noncontrasting background a - B38 ‘When inspecting using fluorescent penetrant ‘methods, an indication will appear as a 4. soft white glow against a gray background ». brilliant yellow green glow against a white backgeound «brilliant yellow green glow against a deep lt be backgcound 4, bright yellow green glow against a black background a Ag? A visible dye indication will usually appear as a: 2. bright red glow against a white background &, ed color agai gray background ©. fed olor again a white background GL fed color agaist a glowing white background gins glowing as, fan indication reappears aftr the original developer has been removed and another coat is applied, the discontinuity contains a reservoir of penetrant is probably shrinkage is mos likely porosity is mos likely a erack AS Tf, upon proper reprocessing, a faint indication fails to reappear, what could be the cause? a, it was probably a false indication '. the area has been overcleaned the indication is probably due to a small law 4. reprocessing has resealed the processing opening ag ‘A network of interconnecting jagged lines ‘appearing in hard fired, unglazed ceramic ‘products would be an indication of: a. thermal shock by. fatigue cracks shrinkage cracks a rinding cracks eens cs on36 39, 40, 41 Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level III Porosity indications in ceramics would appear: a more intense than porosity indications in ‘metals ', essentially the same as porosity indications in metals less intense than porosity indications in metals 4. as minute eracks Asa ‘When inspecting glass and looking for very ine 43. cracks, he preferred method is a. postemulsifiale fluorescent >, Water washable fluorescent «. postemulsifiable color contrast 4. clctitied particle bes C146 When inspecting a hard fied ceramic that is very ‘porous, the best inspection method would be the: a filtered particle method >, elecfied particle method «brittle enamel method «d. emobifiable color contrast method B327 A panially welded forging lap would probably: &. give no indication ». appear as a very thin, continuous line © appear asa broad, continuous line 4. appear as an intermittent Line ne ABZ 4s, ‘A ragged line, of variable width and numerous branches on castings caused by a difference in cooling rates botween thick and thinner sections, ‘would most likely be an indication of: a shrinkage b. cold shut © hot tat iy 2 C7-88 46, A deep crater erack will feequeatly appear a a a. small tight crack ». rounded indication «. fine linear indication 4 faint intermittent line AS.3, 812 ‘The Fores generated by capillary attraction cause 2 ligidtorse spontaneously in a capillary tube “These forces are also involved in the: a. entry of a liguid imo a crack », solubility ofa liquid flash point of a liquid 4. chemical inrines fa igid a Bast Viscosity has a considerable effect on some of the practical aspects of the use of a penetrant. It js an important factor inthe: solubility of contaminants ‘washability of a penetrant degree of fluorescence emitted ratae with which a penetrant will drain off a smooth surface B86 One of the two most important properties of a ‘good penetrant is wetting ability. Wetting ability a, measured by contact angle and is not related to surface tension ». a function of viscosity and increases as surface tension decreases ‘e, measured by contact angle and decreases as Surface tension increases 4, measured by surface tension and increases as contact angle decreases Bat ‘A penetrant that will spread over the surface of, the test area in a smooth, even film despite a small amount of surface contamination is said t0 have: a. low viscosity high viscosity . wetting ability 4. low evaporation a ArA8 ‘The sensitivity of two penetrants for crack ‘detection is best compared by: using a hydrometer to measure specific gravity using cracked aluminum blocks ‘measuring the contact angles in a weting tot the meniscus test B29 epeeLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IIT 47, For postemulsifiable penetrants, a good method {oe establishing emulsifying time is by: a, experimentation bythe water drop through test . the water tolerance test «. using published book values ing p ne 48. Anewly mixed batch of wet developer should: a. be checked by a hydrometer », be agitated for 30 t0 40 min ©, have 0.03 to 0.04 L per 38 L (1 to LS 07 per 1 gal) of ammonia added to stabilize the mixture 4, sand for 4 105 h prior to use 29 49. ‘The test used to measure the sensitivity of a ‘penetrant to Water contamination based on the ‘mount of water isthe: ‘4. water drop through test 1, hydrometer test «, photofluorometer test 4. Water tolerance test B.109 ‘50. When performing an evaluation of the fluorescent ability of a penetrant, the value that is normally sought isthe: 4 amount of actual light emited by indications > amount of ulraviolet ight necessary to cause the material fluoresce «. relative amount of light emitted by the uorescent material compared to other penetrants 4 elative amount of ight emsted by the fluorescent material compared tothe light emitted by the background : a C.268-272 ‘51. A method for evaluating quantitative values for the emitted light of fluorescent materials is the tse of 4. fluorometer bi. filtermeter © refractometer 1. spectrometer cae 52. The ability of an indication to be seen can be assigned a value called the contrast ratio. This ratio is based on the amount of: '. white light present as opposed to the amount of light absorbed by the dye », light reflected by the background as opposed to the amount of light absorbed by the dye «light absorbed by the background as opposed to the amount of light reflected by the dye 4, light reflected by the background as opposed to the amount of light reflected by the dye ‘53. ‘The contrast ratio of a red dye penetrant to 8 white developer is normally abot: a. 100101 b.33t01 ¢ 10! 4.9102 Bo ‘54, ‘The test object and standard penetrant materials should be within a particular temperature range. ‘One of the reasons an excessively cold penetrant is undesirable is that as the temperature becomes lower: be. the vi «. fewer volatile materials witl be lost 4. the dyes degrade nes eee AST 45S, Ifthe surface temperature ofthe test partis excessively hot, the: ‘a, viscosity of the penetrant may be too high '. penetrant may lose fluorescent brightness as the dyes are degraded «. surface tension ofthe penetrant increases 4 contact angle increases AgT56, 31 58 59, Which ofthe following is a criterion for a good dryer?” 4 it has the ability to dry the surface slowly bit has the ability to heat the part to an ‘optimam temperature in 2 minimum of time so ‘thatthe parts both dry and warm as promptly as possible «.ithas the electrical heating elements so that there fsa guarantee that no contaminants can be introduced into the inspection process 4 iis a warm air blast system B.204 ‘What are to very important properties that determine whether aiguid will have high penetrating ability? 1, surface tension and viseosity bs, viscosity and cosine of contact angle ©. cosine of the contact angle and density 4 surface tension and cosine ofthe contact ang “40 ‘Where precleaning is necessary and a residue fire solvent i used, which of the following is observed? 4, the solvents are not suitable for removing grease >, the solvents are not suitable for moving oil «. the solvents should never be used for removing grease and oils 4. the solvents ate suitable for removing grease ‘and ols, but are generally not adequate if solids are embedded in void areas BAT0 ‘When utilizing the fluorescent postemulsifiable ppenetrant method and performing the rinse eyele, ‘which of the following will prevent overrinsing? a, rinse before the penetrant is completely emulsified bs, rinse aftr the penetrant is completely ‘emulsified «, discontinue the Finse as soon as the surface ppenetrant is removed from the part 6. rinse only with water hotter than 43 °C (10°8) BSI 35, Liquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level IITLiquid Penetrant Testing Method, Level III Level I Answers Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Lob ib 33. a ad 2b Bob Moa Silt oe 9b a5) a SL ao 2. © eae 52d 5 2a an dl 33. b 6 2 ¢ Be 54} al to) 39. d 55. b & ob ee 40. 56. 9b a 4b red wo. 4 eee Roa see ed Wa 2 43d 59. 2 a a 44a Ba 29. ¢ 45, € Moe 30. a 46 Ob isc 31 c Te a ioe a 2 ate a aoS 20 30 40 50 60 Sample Specification Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Scope This specification is to be used for the liquid penetrant examination of wrought plate material for discontinuities open to the surface. Where the words “shall” and “should” appear herein, the Former is considered to be a mandatory requirement and the latter to be & recommendation Material 10 Austenitic stainless steel, Extent of Examinatic Both major plate surfaces. Plate edges shall not be liquid penetrant examined Approved Methods and Materials Either color contrast or fluorescent penetrants ‘may be used. The penetrants shall be solvent removable type and the developer shall be wet ‘non-aqueous. Penetrants and developers must be ‘compatible and from the same manufacturer. Penetrant materials shall be certified thatthe total halogen content does not exceed one percent by weight (excluding vehicle if spray cans are utilized). Surface Preparation As-rolled surfaces are satisfactory. The surfaces tobe examined shall be thoroughly cleaned prior The (examination using orga organic solvents shall meet the halogen requirements specified for penetrant materials, Prior to the application of penetrants, the surface ‘hall be dry and free of dit, grease, lint, scale, or other extra extraneous matter that could obscure surface openings or otherwise interfere with the ‘examination, Plates shall not be subjected to sand ‘oF shot blasting prior to liquid penetrant ‘examination ‘Test Environment and Lighting Conditions For color contrast penetrans the test shall take place in an area well-lighted (the area should be at Teast 1076 tx [100 fte). For fluorescent 39 penetrans, the test should take place in a darkened area. The black light intensity a the surface under examination shall be a minimum of {600 mWiem, The black light shall be filtered Ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths within the ange of 330-390 am. The bulb shall be allowed to warm up atleast 5 min prior to use in the Procedure 7.1 Penetrant Application ‘The penetrant may be applied by dipping, brushing, or spraying. The surface temperature ofthe part shall be between 15 and $2 °C (60 and 125 °F). The dwell time shall be as recommended by the penetrant manufacturer but shall not be ess than 10 min aor more than 4S min 7.2. Penetrant Removal Excess penetrant shall be removed by wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper. The cloth or paper may be moistened with solvent in order to remove all traces of, penetrant; however, care shall be taken 10 Avoid using excess solvent such that ppenetrant could be removed from discontinuities 73 Drying Sufficient time should be allowed to allow the surface of the plate to dry (solvent evaporation) before applying developer. 74 Developer Application Solvent suspensions shall be applied by spraying unless restricted by health or safety, in which case application may be by brushing. 7.8 Examination Final interpretation shall be made after allowing a development period of not less than 7 nor moce than 30 min. Ifthe entire surface area of the plate cannot be examined within the allotted time, only portions uf the surface shall be examined at any one time.80 90 Rejection Criteria 8.1 All Linear penetrant indications longer than 1.6 mm (0.06 in.). Linear is defined as an indication whose length is at least two times its width, ‘82. Four or more indications in aline, any one of which is separated from the adjacent indication by less than 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) or D, whichever is greater, where D is the major diameter of the larger of the adjacent indications. 83 Any single penetrant indication larger than 3 mm (0.13 in) ‘84 Non-linear penetrant indications less than, (08 mm (0.03 in.) may be disregarded, Personnel Certification All personnel performing liquid penetrant ‘examination shall be qualified and certified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No, SNF-TC-1A, Personnel performing the ‘examination and determining acceptance or rejection shall be certified to Level I, Personnel performing cleaning and penetrant material application and removal shall be certified to at least Level I. 40 CSample Specification Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Using the sample specification located on pages 40-41, answer the following questions. (References listed pertain to paragraphs in the sample speci tion.) 1, By this specification, lamination in excess of 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) is: rejectable acceptable subject to evaluation not considered. Para, 3.0 ‘When inspecting austenitic stainless steel plates jn accordance with this procedure, any indication is rejectable if itis larger than a. 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) b 2-4:mm (0.09 in) © 36mm (0.14 in) 3.2mm (0.13 in) Para. 83 3, Tho maximum allowable dwell time for wat ‘washable penetrant in accordance with this procedure is 45 min 10min 30 min not defined Para. 7.4 ‘When using color contrast penetrants, inspections cean be performed if the lighting is 4, adequate to easily see all indications i. atleast equal to 100 Ix €. atleast equal 10 1076 Ix . al least equal 10 700 mWrem? Para. 60 ‘The surface to be inspected: A, must be as free of extrancous material as is practical b, Should be free ofall extrancous material €. is tobe cleaned with organic solveats having 3 residual of halogen of less than one percent by weight 4, should be sandblasted to remove scale Para. 4.0, 5.0 ‘A liguid penetrant examination reveals 4 rounded indications which are aligned. The greatest distance between any two of them is 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) Their sizes as viewed from left to right are 1.6 mm (0.06 in), 0.8 mm (0.03 in), 24 (0.09 in.), and 1.6 mm (0.06 in.). No other indications are present a. this area is acceptable by this area is rejectable ¢. there isnot sufficient information given to determine acceptability A. spacing does not matter pane Para. 84 ‘A linear indication isan indication where a. W=2L, bLew © L22W aL=3w Para. 8.1When removing the excess penetrant: 1 solvent dampened ctoth must be used ‘a dry absorbent cloth must be used. ‘care must be taken to avoid removing penetrant from discontinuities 4. all traces of excess penetrant must be removed Para. 7.2 Final interpretation shall be made: 4, after allowing a development period of 7 to 30 min >, from 7 to 30 min alter developer has dried with an ultraviolet light 4. after post cleaning Para, 7.8 For penetrant application, the: ‘4 ambient temperature shall be between 6 and 52 °C (60 and 125 °F) », temperature of the penetrant shall be between 16 and 52°C (60 and 125 °F) c. temperature of the pat shall be between 60 and 125 °C (140 and 257 °F) 4 minimum del time shall be 15 min 42Sample Specification Answers Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 43