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    5 views17 pages

    Part 2 Readings

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    IanneSahagun
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    of 17
    ONE-PORT NETWORKS AND EQUIVALENT 3.6 CIRCUITS You may recall that, in the discussion of }deal sources in C 2, the flow of energy from a source to a load was described in a very general form, by showin Tabeled source and load (see Figure 2.2). Inthe the connection of two “black boxe Jesctiptions were slown: a symbolic one, depicting an ide was represented by a headlight and the sodrce by an automotive battery. Whateve the form chosen for source-load repr teach block—source may be viewed as a two-terminal device ‘-v characteristic, This gener circuit representation is shown in Figure 3.3}. This configuration is called a one-port network and is particularly useful for intefducing the notion of equivalent circuits. leseribed by is -t characteris P Note tht the network of F isco tance Calculation EXAMPLE 3.16 Equivatent Res Problem Determine the source (Hol) cuerent inthe circuit of Figure 3.32, usin ideas. a OER SR Toad Figure 3.32 liustation of cuvileniruit concept Solution ‘Known Quantities: Source voltage; resistor values. Find: Source erent Given Data: Figures 3.32 and 338, ‘Assumptions: Assume the reference node i at the bottom of the circu Analysis: Insofar os the source ix concerned, the thee parallel esis single equivalent resistance of value ran 1 = TTR FR 17 ‘Thus, we can replace the three load resistors withthe single equivalent jn Figure 3.33, and caloulate Reg Comments: Similarly insofar as the load isconcemed, it would not mth ‘unsistod, sa, ofa single 6-V battery or of four I.5-V batteries connect ‘equivalent sistance appear identical ta sistor Req, shown whether the source in series, Lo4 — | Eguivaect loud cic Figure 3.33 Equivalent ood resistance concept For the remainder ofthis section, we focus on developing puting equivatent representations of linear networks. Such repres in deriving some simple—yet general—results for linear ci Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits This section discusses one of the most important topies in the tineuity: the concept of an equivalent elreuit, We show that i is schniques for com: tations are useful swell as analyzing Analysis of electric ways possible t0 va = Lo4) Loa hapsr 8 Resians view even a very complicated circuit in tert load cireuits, nl that the transformations} ‘managed, with alittle practice. In studying you may have observed that there is acertait ‘current sources and voltage sources, on ont the other. This duality appears again very cl Ie-will shortly be shown that equivalent circ either voltage or current sources and (resp reflecting this same principle of duality. T with the statement of two very and 3.35. hs of much simpler equivatent source and eading to equivalent circuits are easily node voltage and mesh current analysis. correspondence (called duality) between hand, and parallel and series circuits, on arly in the analysis of equivalent circuits: its fall into one of two classes, involving tively) cither series or parallel resistors, discussion of equivalent circuits begins theorems, summarized in Figures 3.34 i at some | vw Le an@ ¢ Load Figure 9.24 illstraton of Thvenitheorer souce | va | Dee + eae Figure 3.35 tllstraton of Noon the ‘The Thévenin Theorem ‘When viewed from the load, any network sources, and of linear resistors, may bq consisting of an ideal voltage source vr Rr. ‘The Norton Theorem When viewed from the load, any network, sources, and of linear resistors, may be| consisting of an ideal current source iy i Ry. ‘The first obvious question to arise is, Ho} currents, and resistances computed? The ne} of these equivalent circuit parameters, most of Check Your Understanding exercises are ‘The only way to master the computation of is by patient repetition {composed of ideal voltage andeurrent represented by an equivalent circuit in series with an equivalent resistance posed of ideal voltage and current represented by an equivalent circuit parallel with an equivalent resistance are these equivalent source voltages. few seetions illustrate the computation ‘through examples. substantial number Iso provided, with the following caution: ‘Mhévenin and Norton equivalent eiecuits ig) Loay Determination of Norton or Thévenin Eq! Resistance Inthis subsection, we illustrate the: ‘containing only linear resistors and a Thévenin or Norton equi xlependent sources, alent ulation the equivalent resistance ofa network first step in computi lent circuit consists of finding the equivalent resistance presented by the circuit at its terminals. This is done by setihg all sources inthe eiruit, equal to zero and computing the effective resistance between terminals, The voltage and current sources present in the eieuit are set to zero by the same technique used with the principle of superposition: Voltage sources are replaced by short circuits; current sources, by open circuits. To illustrate the procegure, consider the simple circuit of Figure 3.36; the objective is to compute the equi Ry "sees" at port a-b, ‘To compute the equivalent resistance, we remove thé alent resistance the load load resistance from the circuit and replace the voltage source vs by a short circuit. | At this point—seen from the load terminals—the circuit appears as shown in Figufe 3.37. You ean see that Ry and Ro are in parallel, since they are connected betwedn the same two nodes. If Figure 3.36 Computation the total resistance between terminals a and b is denote determined as follows: Ry = Ry + Ri Re by Rr, its value can be (3.24) An alternative way of viewing Rr is depicted in Figure 3.38, where a hypo- thetical 1-A current source has been connected to termingls @ and 6. The voliage 1, appearing across the a-b pair is then numerically equi {0 Rr (only because is = 1 Al). With the 1-A source current flowing inthe circuit, jt should be apparent that the source current encounters Ry as a resistor in series with|the parallel combination of R; and Ro, prior © completing the loop. Summarizing the procedure, we can produce a set of| imple rules as an aid in the computation of the Thévenin (or Norton) equivalent resistance for a linear resis- tive circuit that does not contain dependent sources. The ¢ dependent sources is outlined later in this section. of circuits containing FOCUS ON METHODOLOBY COMPUTATION OF EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE MF A ONE-PORT NETWORK THAT DOES NOT CONTAIN DEPENDENT SOURCES 1, Remove the load, 2, Zero all independent voltage and current sources. 3. Compute the total resistance between load terminals removed. This resistance is equivalent to that which by a current source connected tothe circuit in place We note immediately that this procedure yields a resu the load. This isa very desirable feature since once the equiva identified fora source eireuit, the equivalent eireit remains u ‘different load. The Following examples further iMlustrate th with the load ould be encountered 3f the load, It that is independent of lent resistance has been nchanged if we connect procedure, Complete ict ce Cc with toad removed for computation off. The vlage source else by son ce oF Mhéveniawesstance ats —*" L_____o, Figure 3.37 Equivalent resistance sen bythe lod What isthe tal essance he caren slencunt in Mowing ‘round he cc? Figure 3.28 An slemaive rca of tering the ThSvcin sestance Caper Resi Neewoek Ay Figure 3.40 Lo4) EXAMPLE 3.17 Thévenin Equivalent Problem Find the Thévenin equivalent resistance seen by a Resistance 1 load Re in the ctcut of Figure 3.39. Figure 3.39, Solution ‘known Quantities: Resistor and current source Find: Taévenin equivalent resistance Ry. ‘schematics, Diagrams, Circuits, and Given Data: Ry = 209% Rr 0; Rs = 108. ‘Assumptions: Assume the reference node isa Analysis: Following the Focus on Methodolog the current source equal to zero, by replacing it epicted in Figute 3.40. Looking into terminal (vay from the load) and moving to the right given by te expression (RNR) +R) RAD + Re (2020) + 10) [20] + 10 = 202 ‘Comments: Note that the reduction ofthe cic load rales. 200;1=54; bottom ofthe circuit, bor introduced inthis section, we first set ith an open cccuit. The resulting cireit is ‘b, we recognize that, starting from the left yard the load), the equivalent resistance is started atthe farthest point away from the CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Find the Phévenin equivalent resistance ofthe ci aha st cuit below, a8 seen by the load resistor R. Find the Thévenin equivalent resistance seen by ue load resistor A inthe following creat G rs oe 20 sa) 40 30 R, EXAMPLE 3.18 Thévenin Equivalent Resistanc| Problom Compute the Thévenin equivalent resistance seen by the loadin a a 2 ly t51 $7 = Jy sows Cos he cireit of Figure 3.41. R Figure 3.41 Solution Known Quantities: Resistor values. Find Thévenin equivalent cesistance Ry ‘Schematics, Diagrams, Circuits, and Given Data: V = 5ViRj TH1A,R,= 29. Assumptions: Assume the reference node is at the bottom oft Analyse: Following the Thévenin equivalent resistance Focus Set the current source equal to zero, by replacing it with an ope sure equal 10 ze10 by replacing it with a short circuit. The Figure 342, Looking into terminal a-b, we recognize that, tart the load) and moving tothe right (toward the load), the equiva expression Ry = OR IIR) + ROI = (212+ DIR=12 Comments: Note tht the reduction ofthe eveuit started atthe Yond 2; Ry = 20:8 Methodology box, we fist circuit, then set the voltage Suing citcutis depicted in 1 from the left away from a ot resistance i given by the Farest poim away fromthe Figure 3.42 . (Caper § Rosie Netwouk Ass CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING For the cireuit below, find the Thévenin equivaldat resistance een by the load resistor, pao sa. nag iMag 210 ov ond 340 hm For te circuit below, find the Thévenin equivaldt resistance seen by the load resistor Ke yoo 3 19 wa ha a ° B90 = HU BAO = Hy siaMsuy Asa final note the Thévenin and Nortgn equivalent resistances are one and the ‘same quantity — Log R= Ry (3.28) ‘Therefore, the preceding discussion holds whether we wish to compute a Norton or 4a Thévenin equivalent circuit. From here on, we use the notation Rr exclusively, for both Thévenin and Norton equivalents, Computing the Thévenin Voltage ‘This section deseribes the computation of tha Thévenin equivalent voltage up for an arbitrary linear resistive circuit containing independent voltage and current sources and linear resistors, The Thévenin equivalent voliage is defined as follows: }—o+ Sacre | ra ‘The equivalent (Thévenin) source voltages equal to the open-circuit voltage ea present atthe load terminals (with the load removed). oe ‘This tates that to compute vr, itis sufigient to remove the loud and to compute oe <,__theopen-circut voltae a the one-port termingls, Figure 3.43 illustrates thatthe open Circuit voltage vie and the Thévenin voltage! vy must be the same if the TI - theorem is to hold. This is true because in tie circuit consisting of vy and Ry, the Figure arsine Voltage diye must equal vy, since no current lows through Ry and therefore the voltage Carrere across Ry is zeto, Kirehholl’s voltage kaw cogfirms that Thani voltae — aay by = Re FOCU COMPUTING THE THEY 1 Remove the load, leaving the load terminals open-

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