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    3.Overhead Power Transmission (Bab 4)

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    26 views127 pages

    3.overhead Power Transmission (Bab 4)

    Uploaded by

    SyamsirAlam
    gg

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 127
    4 Overhead Power Transmission To see a world in a Grain of Sand anda Heaven in & Wild Flow Hole nvinity in the palm of yoor hal and Eternity i an William Blake 4.1 INTRODUCTION In this section, a brief review of fundamental concepts associated with steady-state ae eireuits especially with three-phase cireuis, is presented. It is hoped! that this brief review is suflicient & provide a common base. in terms of notation and references, that is necessary to be able 10 follow the forsheoming chapters Also, a brie! review of transmission system modeling is presented in this chapter. Transmission lines are modeled and classified according to their lengths as 1, Short transmission lines 2, Medium-length transmission lines 3, Long transmission lines The short transmission Lines are these Fines that have lengths up 10 50 mi or 80 km. The medium length transmission lines are those lines that have lengths up to 150 mi, or 240 km, Similarly, the long transmission lines are those lines that have lengths aboxe 150 maior 240 km 4.2 REVIEW OF BASICS 4.2.1 CoMPLey Power IN BALANCED TRANsMission Lines Figure dla shows a per phase representation (or on Line diagram) of a short three-phase halanced bus delines a specific nodal point of trans mission network. Assume that the bus vol +n phase values (ie, line-t0-0 values) and that the line impedance is Z = R + jX per phase. Since the transmission line is a short ne. the line current can be assumed to be approximately the same at any point in the line. Howexer the complex powers Sy and §, are not the same. Therefore. the complex power per phase* that is being transmitted from bus 10 bus J can be expressed as hecause of the line loss JQ; = Vl" aa Similarly. the complex power per phase that ish transmitted from bus jo bus ean be expressed as Sp = Pi + JQy = Vi-D) a2) Wa Electrical Power Transmission System Engineerin Buse Busy y 5 ; FIGUREAI Perphise representation of shor raison shor transnsion Fine an (hla phasor diagram Sinwe 3 subsituting Equation 4.3 imo Equations 4.1 and 2 s Wivi)20 2 = Les 4 Rai and 4 as However, as shown in Figure 4.1b, if the power angle (Le. the phase angle between the two bus voltages) is defined as a6 = 2 hin) a RWNINsloosy + X]¥il¥ Rex Overhead Power Transmission 179 cand 0. X|Mf—X|VilV,loos7—R]VIIV, sin) as Similarly RIV RIViN Joos - X{vIIV)sin7") 49) and Foe LAIME-XWilvioosy + AIV|N pin?) duo ‘Tho three-phase real and reactive power ean directly be found from Equations 47 through 4.10 if the ne values te. Therefore. the mission ine is much greater than its resis line impedance value ean be approximated as au an ay and », WN 72M au LN -Willle087) aus Example 4.1 Assume that the impedance of a transmission fine connecting buses | and 2 is 10LZ! nd 34.6230" and 66,395.1220° V per phase, eespectively, Determine 6) Complex power per phase thats be a {b) Active power per phase tha (6) Reactive power per ph 180 Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering Solution 6) = 110876072556 11:085,280 6+ j627.2304 VA wy Ae= 10.085, & 4.2.2 OveLine Diacraw In general, eletric power ssstems are represented by ‘The one-line diagram is also referred to as the sing fe 4.2b shows the three phase equivalent impedance diagaram of the system re 42a, However, the need for the three-phase equivalent impedance diagram is almost ni in usual situations, This is due to the Fact that a halanced three-phase system can always be represented by an equivalent impedance diagram per phase, as shown in Figure 4.2c. Furthermore, the per-phase equivalent impedance can als bye simplified by neglecting the neutral Hine and representing the system components by standard syinbols rather than by their equivalent circuits [1]. The result isthe one-Line diagram shown in Figure 4.2a. Table 4.1 gives some of the symbols that are used in one-tine diagrams, Additional standard symbols ean be found in Neuenswander [2] A times. as «need arises, the one-line diagram may’ also show peripheral apparatus such as insicument transformers tie., CTs and VTS. protective relays, and Lighting arrestors, Theretore, the dlvails shown on aune-line diagram depend on its purpose. For example, the one-line diagrams that will be used in load flow studies do not show CBs or relays. contrary tothe ones that will be used in stability studies, Furthermore, the ones that willbe used in unsymmetrical fault studies may even show the positive. negative and zero-sequence netsorks separately Note that the huses the nodal poinssof the transmission netivork) that are shown in Figure 42a tuave been identified by their bus numbers. Also note thatthe neutral of generator I has been sil, grounded, that is, the neutral point has been dincely connected to the earth, whereas the neutral of renerator 2 has been greunded. resistor, Sometimes, its grounded using an inductance cui. In either case, they ate used to Linnt the current flow to ground under fault conditions Usually. the neutrals of the ttansformers used in transmission lines are solidly grounded. In nerator grounding for generators is facilitated by bury und electrode system made of grids of buried horizontal wires, As the number of meshes in the grid is increased its conductance becomes greater. Sometimes, a metal plate is buried instead uf a mesh grid ‘Transmission Lines with OHGWs have a ground connection at each supporting seucture te whieh the GW is connected. In some circumstances, tcounterpotse, that is, hare conductor. is buried under «transmission fine fo decrease the ground resistance, ifthe soil resistance is high, The best known

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