Chapter 1 THE NOUN ‘Aoun ie tha pat of ech sed a he mame of peso (gl; Joba), a animal op) a place (park, Oxford), ob ide ache) 2 hing (bok), n action (weting), tye) se apie). te abet of «ver: ‘The boy rs in teste te et object ofa verb: ane wre eter tne ind object ofa wer: ofered mother sre fer 1 te objeto a prepoon ‘The gi wet osha Myre isan engine. yan appeton nt Mis Smith my seeetary, lex FORM ne wor tuneon ony as mous og, Hon, courage, wate ers may fneton ) nuns oF verbs having either the sane speling and promuncilon (answer amwer, attempt - to atempt; blame "to blame; book ~ t back cal ll change to changes climb =U cli; copy ~ to copy: eat = (0 cost lanes to dabee: dream to dream drink to dri drive to deve en end tll to fll: fear ~t fear; help ~ co help; hope ~ to hope: Joke ~ to Joke; hla cok; offer ~to afer: sop ~toeops try = tty; rote— to ote ‘alk to walk; wath to wah; wah ~ to wth), «fern pronacaton nd,sometimes, a ifort seting: () is = fl (advice = to advise; we ~ toclothe), or dierent ses se) 9) eit - to beieve prot = t prove, = — ft (bath ~ to bathe; lth = nro i ab'atract;“eanduet—t0 con doe ‘Qc wo desert Sesport = to eport; sport ~ to Inport; “permit - to pernit; “produce ~to proce; ‘eh 1) uns a actives (ol gh). 1.1.4, Compound Nouns te Engh there ae nous which are made up of Wo or more parts. These compo ‘ouna may be ete single words o uy muy be made up ftw or more separate Wor. \ere'bel; ecard ~ to record): ‘Single word compound nouns may be mae wp 1) two oouse buttery; classroom; cupboard; footprint; footstep; raincoat ‘Shncepam; seaside: types ty bn ajc and a noun (Uackbird; blackboard; greenhouse beavywolht Toaghand redhead) «ver alan adver parce or preposition breakdown downpour; Income: tuteome: upkeep): «a imsaers pareve propio nw noun (tlw oo tage umber of single-word compound nous a bul up with te Rp of ue and prtines Te sulises may be aed 2) verbs to abolish ~ aatiton to accept ~ acceptance to accompany accompaniment to acease~ accusation tw adopt ~ adoption to advertise = advertisment to allow ~ allowance {o appear appearance to applaod ~ applanse {o apply — application to approve ~ approval toarrve = areal to ast asntanceasitant eran. to chose - colce to crate ~ creation to dean ~ cleanness tovcear- clearance to collet = cllection/collector {o communicate ~ communication to compare ~comparion to compel - compulsion to compensate ~ compensation to complete - completion fo compose ~ composition to confide ~ confidence to confuse ~ confusion {0 congratlae ~ congratulation {0 conspire eowopitny ~constrcton to converse conversation fo comet ~enerecton to coer ~ coeragelcvering to erate ~ creation to decide ~ doin to declare ~ declaration 1 describe -deseripon to destroy - destracion develop ~ deve (dturb— dtarbance {o dvde~ vison {o employ ~ employciemployer! {e enter ~entranceentry te ecaim ~ exclamation {e edhast~exhauetion te ei exten, to expel ~ expulsion {o eplan ~ explanation to explode ~explorion to explore ~ exploration to grow - growin appen happening Mus hated {5 her “hdrance tngine - nagiaton {imate natn {stator Information {sib ~ inhabitant Inquire -tngutry {Sten enti {sere = lterfrence {s lntduce - introduction {mea vention {vite tein {Jade ~ Judgement {nko ~ Knowledge tough —tughter th mnnage~ management fo marry ~ mare tw mock - mockery {0 obey ~ obedience 1 ostract " bstracton occupy ~ occupa {0 oppose - opposition tn opie “rant {0 perform performance {o permit ~ permission {to persuade = peruasion 10 plese ~ please to portray = portayal to postpone = postpone to prepare ~ prepara to prescribe ~ prescrip oral" province te proceed ~ procedure {proclaim ~ proclamation te produce ~ production {6 pronounce ~ pronunciation {6 propose ~ proposal prepodtion to prosper - prosperity to provide ~ prov to publish - publisher/pbation to punish - punishment ai — uation orebel = rebelion {a recogni ~ ecogalton to reduce ~ reduction to rely ~rallance {o remain = remainder to repeat ~ repetition te ride ~ raidence {rig = sigan to resolve —resltion to reveal ~ revel to revise ~ reson to revive ~ revival. to reals - rvohition to say ~eatefaction to dae sizeto serve - service to subscribe ~ subscription to tempt ~tempeation ‘othe ~ erie adjectives sti ~ activity 6) other nouns art artit ‘behaviour - behaviour Bern ~ Berliner boy = boyhood ld - eldhood Darwin = Darwin farm ~ farmer ‘rind -trienésap and - handel vilage = vitager| Some of he mot frequen prefies usd in bldg wp sagle-wowd nouns are fotowing ant ody; amcimax; anteyclone anthesis ae sper: tinder Some compound azunt ae made up of Wo oF more separate Words: 4) to abuns(hal-leg: department store; grammar book) am adjectve and a noun Common seas: blue print): ©) postuive cae an! noun (ar mode; traveller's check; lady's maid Sometimes the aprope is omited ‘rom the fist noun (a womens callege; cltens bank); 8 snoun + 3 preporiiona prae (motheri-law; editor-in-chief: cout-of-ara) a garund + » oun aneingsoen; fying pan: boing pnt walking stl, Iva be underline that, wen ing * noon is «compound noun, ony he “ng ‘orm a tested parking area), wile when ti ot a compos aun, Ba 03m reseded bya Preset Partie, both pans are stressed (running “wate “danlng "est 0 ote prs of speech (oretmenot; merey-o-round) 1.2, TYPES OF NOUNS. Proper: England; John conte: a bay; a ook News Seomables anor: a dreams an iden commen: a: {or AMES Lert: ates ake 1.2.1. Proper Nouns hey ar we for parca erons, things, laces, eas considered to be unique and eal with capital ete, They re wed to desig first ames: Deborah, Kerry surranes: Sith, Craig 1 ts: Me. Jckson; Mis Brown: Ms. appt; Dr Jehuson: Queen Vicor: {ord Byron; Sir Christopher Wren: Sergent Langild; Professor Flnacchiar; © lend tems: Sunday: January ; Christmas| 9) geographical mes e"Covnter Abana: Brita; Romanta: © continents: Aen; Austala: Europe es, ocean, er, seas; Lake Ontario; The Paci Ocean; The Dambe; “The black Sen 1 lef books, aewspapers,estins + Gone withthe Wind, The Guardian, The Unltd Nations Organization 10 ames of aonalies an languages: English; Greek; Ulan; Polish; Spank “ra has Common Nouns yar al toss nouns which do not designate a parular person, thing, plac, ie Sich nuns maybe eter countable or uncountable Ia order to ake the distnton Fetween countable and uncountable nouns, mst be shown ht a no i couse 1 ha a pla orm git; school); 1) thea be preceded by an (dog am apple) 1 Wea be pred by Ho fiend ha afew orange) 1) Ica be preceded by murs (ne pisie uncounabe 1) Ithas not a plural form: (aod: gol; saga): 1) iteamnor be preceded by aan (What fie weather!) ©) iteanbepreoled by How much or (a) Iie: (How much par do yoo want? fend bat ie poses). © it cannot be preceded by sues. However, there are ve nous at cane tot countable td uncountable, the refer single tems they are countable and when hey ree to an oct made ‘hal mater they re gout 1 dik cafe evry masing Crantter never rakes, {have const al your pape. Paper i made tom wood ‘The most fequeatuneounble sours in English ae sou ager sexe ame sre Seppe coed Mewes Sal then = SN co ‘dee torase Seam bea im mmciney seg ins fed mu s ena — a ae) = = on Seprnee — toot = arm patience (bread) oer Temewort Fiona Sine fempatly ec Samet Sting onework PO ca inrmaton Po contact Salou ar cen je ay os ee ne 1.2.3, Patines ‘ya enous we ee 2) pe ems oss 1 bara canteen tok ot amps Zinc ors preter 1 Mlk a nbircivood Bane a soap 1 Dtetmatds 1 plce of wooditurltre ‘ltlchallcotonrendadiced Information gossip scandal ‘wisdom/knaledge pile of ear Scrap of paper speck of dus, ‘lee of breadlcakefmeat Shee of paper 2 splash of soda 1 Gap of thunder 2 lk of chalk 1 strand of halewo! 1 barrel of beer jog of water 1 bankt of frie {nag of cocoa 1 bot of mk wine tin ot soup 1 packet of cigarettes tube of paste 1 Mak of ea 4 vase af fers 1 als of water 1 games: a game of billrdsordgecardslehessericketdarstens volleyball 1) measures: a gallon of petrol; a eng of cloth: ate of oll; an ounce of gold ‘plat of berm: «pound of coffee spoonful of medicine; a yard af lth © typesipecis: a rand of soap; a ind of biscuit: especies of fish; a type of drug: a variety of pasta: a make of car: a sort of cake aba nouns: biplee of avce; a bi of knowledge; rai of truth; at foftanger: a ploce of research: a shred of evidence; a period of calm: spot of rouble; spel of work; a wink of sleep; 10 pas: a par of bootsbraces gases ghoneseans/ickers/pants pir! pyjamas ‘elaorsshears/choes/shortsskatesshi/ dipper socks/tockogs!tightltong! 1.2.4, Collective Nouns "hey are wed for « poup of peopl, animals, tings considered a a whole 1 people sn army 1 band (ot usiciaspilrins) h amvembly 1 bench of ishopsmapsrates) tudes 1 ery (ot ties)» ° 0 2 board (of rectors) 2 cholo singes). mera 2 elas (of pps) ‘host (Fangs) 2 company (ac) ‘jury ere (of sors) fag (of abarersthives) Horde sages) * commie 2 party (fends) 1 comergatin (2 weap) ponte 4 counell 2 staf (of seransfeacher) rom ‘eam (oF payer) fey {tbe (of mates) family 1 troupe (f dunes) snimale, bind nsec brood (of eckens) 8 pos (of potcemer) 4 covey (of grouse). 4 pride (of os) 2 down (tte) fag (eo) 4 Sroehord of cle) {fll of woodeals) 4 Mook (of birdsshep) ‘te (of exbspaps) shot of whales) nes (of lea) 1 Sam (of Beslinees) 1 pack (of rasclvwaves) 1 string (of hones) 4 plague (finscewsooue) 1 team (of horefonen) 1 paddling (of ducks) aes troup (flo meake) 8 Douguetbuneh (of omer) haa of com) 1 bane (ot rapes). 1 Strack (oF a) erate of ai) 2 tat (ot gras) hings 2 bale (of couon) brary (0 books) batch (of bread) 2 budget (of pepe) ch (of eg). eallection (of pctres) ‘eet Motiasquadron (ot ps) 2 fight (ot seaplane) 2 forest (of wee) 2 fue (of feiure/ooms) 1 hall of fr) 2 hea (a W090 1.3. GENDER ‘here me four gender ia nglih: matcaline, feminine, neuter snd common ( oering to te fs wo ones, we must emphasize that there isa else connection Jerween tbe Boop cago of “sex” andthe prams category of “gender Tn, acl noun wil be all se sours of tscline sex (bachelor; fater nt es) afin ee wl he tan fin oe Can ee sue; wow). The distinction between macula ene ean Ye made) Inchelor~ maidpister sander ~ pose Iron” wie ing ~ qoeen fad tse ck (renter) hen papa mamta ‘lly ram eve ‘ter = dona sr madam ‘tala ~ mum/mamny Sloven slut ho = bitch son daughter drake» dc rane = bee far = countess father = mother fon vine ear ~ nun (monk) 2 Alling sie othe masculine fem tion - tose nianager ~ manageress Inister = mistress mayor - mayoress millonsire = malionsires| Negro ~ Negres (osu ffensve in patron ~patronest eer ~ peers oot - poeta reat = riterine ~ princess Dror priors Propet = prophetetess Droprietar proprietress protector ~protecress fhepherd~ sheperdest ) ne Tose ~ oxephine lundgrave = landgravine ©) te ‘tdminstrator~ adinistratix {vat ~ ava vate) rector ~ direc retreat) steward stewardess {aor = aloes tiger - gers trator = rates waiter ~ ates sare wardress xcutor ~excutri (exeutress) Drosecator proscutrix a0 ‘ar - carina fon ~ donna confidant - confidante ‘comedian - comedienne France fancée Prog - protégé raglan» tragedenne 9 -eterace aber = uahertte ‘haffear = chffease |Ading the sux -r to the feminine ‘widow - widower [Adding the sfx -groom tthe feng bride Bridegroom ‘The use of compounds in whic he fist element specifies gender: 8) nouns denetng persons ‘oy frend ~ get triend ‘oy coat ~ gl scout ‘oy student get student brother naw seteri-aw {aherinaw - mother tw sale child ~ female hi ‘male pacleat~ fae patent ‘an cacler ~ woman carer ous depoing animals heimale spe ~ she/femae ape be-boar ~sheboar be-bled ~ahe-bird bulla cowecal ‘ale cael ~ femal bullae hepa lephant Pitch fox camel ‘maleltom-cat-femaletabby ea De bly-get~ se naniy-gont smalesjeck buck hare ~ female buckrabblt- doe eabbi Ineieocksparrow she hensparrow logo” biehewal nthe ute of compounts in which the second element specifies gener: ‘halrman -chairvoman trandfther~ grandmother salen -slervonan Sopmaa ~shopwoman ‘Spaceman ~ spacevoman Spekeman- spoewoman turkey cock = turkey en bulldog bull bitch Englishman ~ Baglishvoman Frenchman ~Frenchwoman oleran - policewoman ‘common Cua gender dents citer sex andthe same word may be ued bth of sc aod eale: adit, animal, att, baby, cil, companion, comrade, cook, nl, doctor, enemy foo, foreigner, rend, guardian, guest, fafa, inhabitant, arom, msn, neighbour, nevis pero, i. profesr, pop rave servant, speaker, tines clay soe “gender maka” ae uo oy ee ie! hn his; she, hee Newer gender denotes hing, des or beings whose sex we are mo iret in ok : howe horse baby’ thought ‘rma pupotes, afew nouns ta are neuer may become eer makclne oF elnine n is way sch nous asthe following may Become ase ont denoting pasions, let actions anger, crime, despair, discord, far, fry love, murder, terror mes ois ss owe yd (nthe ober hand tere may be tose spoken ofa eine ha suggest beauty, geen affection; charity; devotion; fh; melancholy; mercy; modesty spring; virtue aan nun ieee ny rg horn wns denoting cleats from nature: darkness: earth; evening ; moon sme of ae aod sles art; drama; panting; poetry ‘ames coors, locales: country; ety; Landon; Romania ‘nim of sroplses, box, ship: Balloon; boat; bus ear; plane; steamer: sharing; 1 fume beer: Camby Unvery;Oxfird Univers; Calla Unrest. rave, mountaln, ocean, iver,1.4. NUMBER 1h Elis, sigur mans ooe and plural means more than on. The genera ral ‘king up plurals toad xox to the singular form ofthe noun. Te six {pronounced after the rounds k= books lags: fp cups I~ pel fot afer sel = etter, ees, tal a the sounds ~ pubs; endef doges I~ ines rntve lee manip aes "The rutin ep, pronouned a wud after the sounds I~ dresses 11! ~ bushes ‘sy vlges; nf enehes; J garages; 2 vases, aswel as ater some cdg in 0: eros The following rules concerning the plural of sows a English must be observed 1, Novas eing in -y preceded ya ome! spy al 0 he singular form: ay ‘ys: buy boy, while those coding in-y preety a consonat change he 4 toe and then ada: county ~ countries; enemy ~ enemies. Menton max made of he fc ht quis econed sa consoan group, so tha sch nous ‘otlages slay sil have he form ello sta sages. respective the plural ‘Quotation words sd proper names ending ny gets, So We mus Ti intrested in al he whys a therefore ‘Tere ar ce Marys ln ot fay. However, we change 0 fe a sch eaples as; the two Seis; the Poems 2 Nouns ending in-o gt che et when woe into the pra. The sufi wi be ad 0 1) those aos whose fal - is preceded by 2 vol ‘amon bambace ‘angaroo — kangaroos ‘cameo "cameos ‘unelo~ nuelos ‘cickoo ~cuckoos trator oratories furi~ curlos port portfolios “embryo = embryoe dio ~ rads | {oll aioe Scenarl = senarios studio ~ studios 1) some sous ening ino, of foreign arin bine ~ albinos agueto- magnetar so” aor ‘merino ~merinos ‘any — casinos pane ~ sopranos ‘dynamo dymamos tango ~ tangs ©) abbreviations (= planters) proper mae: Fliping-Flipins; Kekimo - kines; Hlndoo Hindoos Tilos (< llograms); photos (< photorsp); ‘Whe tbe Final pressed by w conan the wT 9 wil be aed eclas ~ dminaes cho = echoes toabargo~ embargoes hero ~beroes ‘mosquito ~ mosquitoes “Thee are some nouns ening i tat may hve oth tans fo the pla sichiplags —arehipclagstrctpcingera; aie benjsfoanjoces breve" Erooe! inaves:bul ulate: ac -caences commande commands! ‘onmandoes; domino = dominos/dominoee; faninge ~ flamingestamingnes fhaco = frescow/resccs; ghetto hettosghettoes;grotto—grottos gratis; halo — alouhaloes lasso ~laxsorlasoe manifest -manifetos/manlfsaes; memento — tmementowmementes; motto ~ mattos/motioes; porti ~ potosportices titi = letosstiettoer; tobacco ~tobacontobacoes; tornado = trnandos Turmandoes; voleano - vokanosokanoes; 2er0~ zeros 2er0s, 1" Mow! sous ening in reget inthe paral: eb ~ ells; ef - it {Me tes: eet ~ gel: gull - gull; mu mutts: prof ~ pools: rout ~ "There ae few aon ht change orf nto es when turned it the pla salt "calver: elves: hall halves, fe knives: leaf = leaves; fe ~ Hives: Wala; setfselver sea sheaves: sh—sbes; thle; wife— wes: ‘wll wolres But we sy stil ies" (= pctres representing issimste object). ‘AL the sre time, sme uns with dese ending may heer hes she ioral: hee ~ bees (kinds of beefbenes (areas of oxen): dart ~ darts) liwarves; handkerchief ~ bandhercifvhandkerehives; sear ~ scarGsearves; Wet trtarvess wharf = warts wharves 4 Nous eating in th gt inthe plural. The ening th is pronounced cies ‘oth cloths; death ~ deaths; Talhah: heath heath; oth ~ mots; Sth ~sioths; beth ~ births; hearth ~ hearths; length lengths; month ~ ‘ont, o (2): bth bathe’ mouth powthe, path paths. Tere ae some fmm whots paral forte may be promunce ether or a: brat (8) — brates Grsi(rds) elo ~ elohes(kss)/(su22); arth (8) ~ earths {Sb a Oa)“ G0 eat ou) - eat uty: hth ([i2) = sheaths (js)j132); tut ~ truths (ous); wre (et) ~ wreaths (0832) 1 he noun house hava isthe form houses Uhre! in te plea 0 Some fe tae yep ae bra ~ been cates of ‘ie tame smmuniy) child children: fot ~ fee; gous - geese; Houee~ ee ‘moure = mice; man men; tothteth; woman = women ox ~ oxen, 1 utnerof sous get neo plrl” te hey ve he same fra a sigur ‘pl 1) oun reerng ohing al bing arp; od; game; gro; hake; place ‘o' aalmon; hep: tipe However, when heen of ara” of "reeds