Sara eee - Oxford - River Books se osetedetoee mere Dictionary Pe asic enapre = donwnasA-s107 Und fe Odreyis-lVi tgThe Oxford-River Books English-Thai Dictionary has been in prepa ss Reeth eens uc Are etn sR ACE Oxford's reputation as the world’s leading dictionary-maker is founded on the Oxford English Dictionary, which has been referred to Petree er oan cutn cs The Translation Centre at Chulalongkorn eee ate ered Coenen aia) English-Thai translation, In addition, the translation team has drawn on the knowledge of Pee R A Sic mOmo ccs The Oxford-River Books English-Thai Dictionary captures the idiomatic, colloquial, spoken and written character of English, incorporating over 230,000 words and phrases, many helpful in-text boxes, a selection of useful phrases and 1 list of irregular verbs, It is a dynamic passport Par ee onrsie went ee Canoe recon At the same time, it enables advanced Thai em Orono kt Simi skills PRS Cen ne ace Sern ee UTE Sern osos Np omens curateOxford-! wanynsvaanswasa—Ina4 tad danqu-lna)/, dest “aranst/ 8b? 6 why sofa; (vey -puinn 3. Sense categories and labels nysuntitanamanauasdiiiy Sense categories mausnemamine seusadlanrorane «. Subject labels shiviuuseanetin awuanatuenn ang Iwouudludauny iu (Computing) Regional abels siiuwaeemerty susmatunin Sinqyaiolwonts extremity /k'stremiti/Bn wl. 8 (of branch, pat, road) Falenne of region) Hrullnagonasmelay (fg) the southeranost~ ofa continent drut iga rvowihariit; inp: (hands and fe) Slofiush facet esi /"unin/ m8 (ofmany-sided dy, exp ofeut one) wi aspect) ui, chs every =: nowdna, No fax: ~ machine 1. wwfodlnaans, wogunlod (18); ~ modem s. (Computing) Wai sind (na) ~ number soft goat gout TN8/ (cot) onl gob /gob/n0¥/ ws); Shut your =! ‘thous gob v(t pt rng hobo /*hovboo Tal np ~e8 (Amer) uctiawnnanah, masa, mys Hogmanay /*hogmonet/‘sony0=14/ x (Seot,N. Engl Sugerha (Suit 91 Girma) Doubling of final consonant ofa verb before 04 or: wanowiowa ed uae Style labels soaiiuuseagdvumsldinwn iw (col) ou) ia 4. Translations Auda Translations suila eoluguuvwnsclunnd Collocatrs~ words often used with tho hheadwore, shown to help select the correct translation foreach contort. éuknngian - shiitalsaiturnainn sestiitosrelunronsiuilailgavios Ausneviom ignore inne) ua(s)/ vx nally “ais ali eons, Age; ana nah: dl hed mein the street inn duliinstudlomuumow; Isl that remark? svvevndhl lu fryer Insort © /in'sat/Bu'tin7 vs. O° Aldily nox, naan (adam Lulnsdit, Wl Corio regula) lwsvames aan a. in a. Intense tens Su uy af) -r/mtensn) iw'isae(3)/, «Bt /m tense 763 fans wi (rrrag, maaudinhas) quis, (epralons, wartou) Ss (onsite) vinta, (rvsduna) es the day before the play opens is a prio of ~ sctiviy Surouiemnuses hah aoand sinewutuot nuns (coger, ardent) Cansei haba (nmol) ‘lian Intensity tensa hb, faunas @ vs. Grraou) va Cernurious W, ustiu keenly ki: ay (sharply acs vin (coy) ahem: (eager) (snsry)athalaeotase; (sonee) anna lok forward~ to sth 59 fon a ahaa lado; (piercing) athe tenn, osraquhndaiy Objects ofa verb Nouns mociiod by an adjective sonrailtingatniusnoenn Subjects ofa verb seonrvasehnsin Vorb or adjectives mood by an adverb shnfemtorqadtnitie ual Shuman nnKey to English-Thai Entries /haaunuitandnithinnginnnyoan 5. Phrases 2499 Examples (witha swung dash representing the hesdword) dati (oamnne ~ umuehinninsns Unngluitvarin) Parts ofa phrase soparsted bya sas ‘syntactically interchangeable but have ‘ferent meanings snmaniidudedonane / user munsoldumuiuld usiierwmneunndiate quandary /’kwondary/*moua sovumsnifua itis, sonnel ‘witdouzesi this demand pot him in a ~: fociuntasinitiianagludnwenidods anienadualyhaerhactaiald question /‘kwestfans'nioa'w © x 48 ary ask sb. a Ra At; pata~ to sb. Gurinmniia #1; be beyond all or be without~: aguancniiadoandentedae 30 Tanduiifecasdlay relapse eps uae @ wi. (Gide) na ‘nya naubigenmiaa wos into null: nt drug-aking/shoptnang niu ‘Mhaonvandi euacad ua; into ilencaetharay niulgemmitowoa7 ermgeem © x maniunys, mnaendy, mandulgammuarha peat rd 6. Cross references nisd1dsdudvau ‘an arrow drcts the user to another hadword withthe same meaning osyanugness itournasvoinsn sbduildemumnmdeniiy ‘An arrow > and a page-number cross reference droct the user toa usage box ‘containing adltional information sosyana > mudananiih usarhos aunsodureiadiaaauietumss satiate 'seifient/saBton/ = sate sliver /*suvate)/Bac02(3)/ © n. ine pl, no inde. art hs; the price of =: 408 iu (colour) AC; no pl, no inde art (coins) wrSanyiu; thirty pees or u handful of Gig.) dwSutuinenann; 8 (vessel, cutlery) woaltantnutngaucus outer of other material) Soudons73u0n; € (medal) wags lunrsudutn): win two -« (a2) Lsosurianu @ ara hs shot; have a~ tongue stra = + epo0n 1A solicitor 3st) 80 BoBINAEC)/ > $99 0s osyer) mina ager: coma Grutunaiont: Parts ofa phrase separated by or are ‘synonymousand interchangeable Hhavondfude or utnshilermamane leuriuuacananselumuflet 1 +tcts the user to another headword ‘where atonal information canbe found inSaemne = + WiRtouaarhanansadu siulaviiutaileitiwinsndulelanGuide to the use of the Dictionary diiamslanawunsy 1. Order of entries a) Headwords Headwords (with the exception of phrasal verbs — see below) fare entered in strict alphabetical order, ignoring hyphens, apostrophes, and spaces Branpls othe liber Niberal 1. dun a) doinain @rnindinnneh Canciunmngar) wetsoeuchduiadnws Tnolsirnisfisetoesna -* wasmamsrssa wu rts Nperatism Abbreviations are also entered in alphabetical order Dictionary. the main Examples oth clutter com. abbr, dwrindinitudnwssiailavdnnanideriy du ND abi. Headwords spelt the same but with unrelated meanings (homographs) are entered separately with a raised mumber before each, ‘dam *dam Examples faaina Each English phrasal verb is entered on a new line immodiately following the entzy for its frst element, which is indicated by a swung dash Bxamples/ache track ='down ‘wackball b) Compounds Hyphenated English compounds are entered in their alphabetical place in the Dictionary, as are English compounds written as two or more words if they are regarded as having independent status inthe language, eg. love affair. Those not so regarded are given phrases intheentry fortheit frst word, so forexample love game is given as~ game under love, Where two or more compounds with the same first element ‘occur consecutively, they are given in paragraph-like blocks. The first element is given only once atthe beginning ofthe block and is thereafter represented by a swung dash (~). ‘A compound ina block is spelt with the same initial letter ~ capital or small ~ as the first element at the beginning of the block, unles the opposite is shown, Bxamples/athe Great grand : fiuindniisenauvuciniiy usiienumnushaiy (homo: graphs) sev nngquanithue shin érlaoihnnanintuegmih nienndushy (phrasal verbs) aefuduysmialiniludnuny \uriudmindn Tnsodsrdudaldeoneintertatudau usn Tncliiejowmns ~ unu uarusmsayedouithy ehynun Warrutwnioinite “plump plump, b) enmaae iw (compounds) Aaiefaewmana - seacharh etaaena shiudhbdnesmahitudwindauscinnduy eatery ehuewitiamumwuniuddwrndnnters deity tove affair seUmngiinguleh Wwonefiehnandelalldsianunn vvivfurdint 1 61 uu tove game sxUsinglugd ~ game amalérh tove sid uusnoosshaduiasdongiluseduineduie Tod auusnnasernauacunudredarnne (-) iu package: ~ deal wun ~ holiday 4} ~ tour. unsiiitshdauusnuarmiway senndaedadnusita Annhumudnwsdiatin (uavlumandutu) Sraeusaadhdows Sousnvaseilioho ws nleoe nj G~ Prix Bear ..; = coatGuide tothe use ofthe Dictionary / giana ©) Phrases Idioms, fixed phrases, proverbs, and quotations are usually entered tunder only one word, and cross references, starting with +, are given at other words under which the user might look. ‘Atask @, for example, there isthe cross reference + trouble 1 A, because the expressions you are asking for trouble and ‘that’s asking for trouble are entered under trouble. 2. Division of entries a) Numbered categories ‘When a word can be used as different parts of speech, these are numbered, xamples/fhatne blame In verb entries, transitive, intransitive, and reflexive uses are also numbered. omples/fvashe freeze... Ovi. oat aidseunnenay i dhinu gman edie veUsng andleieng ea madraBaiieshu (cross references) welt wwfoawany - + avidin 7 thu iu ft ask @ acinnadsds Bs trouble 1 A Uningaylugu = + trouble 1 A unnsdnnu you are asking for trouble Ua that's asking for trouble Usingodmeldndmindn wouble 2. msuussenIsA a) mautisatienash Tavkiidauaa Aunsilfl dowidashanansodaaglsmmedae speech) avila shlssmoonsnnfie wu en. mM (part of zajimiehusiaedseinm citounnunes (os. ainesurion n. nm) chufudinden selidvaelimhenienusiaedseuomdaa tdousarinty anssunten onssunton wantenaeriou nu uh ev behave... @v. rf b) Letter categories When @ word bas more than one sense (as @ particular part of speech) the different senses are distinguished by leters. Examples/saine 3. The headword a) Form of the headword ‘The headword appears in bold type atthe beginning of the entry Nouns are given in the singular, but those which occur only in the plural are indicated as such, Examples/dhate trousers ‘Verbs are given as infinitives (without co in English). b) The stress symbol used with headwords “The symbol" shouts stress on the following syllable (for more information see 4). 4. Pronunciation 4) International Phonetic Alphabet ‘The pronunciation of aheadwordis given between | immediately after it, in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is explained on page 24. English pronunciations are those commoa in ‘educated Southern British English, alien... © adi © (repugnant) ») mautisenamnnonasch Toeldihadows ‘unsdliddrmilsdademamnewnnnwisanumns a SihSoussa|Lwvhusacananane ousnussenavsne sha oansiniiu wd W catrange) (contrary) © (orcign) . (aigeren) 3. dwindn a) qUdwasdwrinan civinilurimrinin (neadwords) aeiinvianiamn (bold type) uaeieradmatrouowdaznadinl duduennaseleigd tonwarl unciudunwiiiusiguinynaniiriais ia mpl shutlusny eli infinitive Casluivauerh wo) ») diydiowalifurinrinan tedounne ' whuenasidudqdinuclilldusarhiiosas shininfuenadilu (qnuasdeonfiaiailuviatia 4) 4. ind a) dudinwsanna ‘@ndnwseina (International Phonetic Alphabet) flume dmaontdesuordwinanUsingadsewhansawne 7 7 nuaedualningodiimh 24 ehdnildmsaandasmn Sanquuvudenquilelaglumiiidorsannmaeauildsas useina18 A simple headword without a pronunciation given is pro: ‘nounced in the same way as the headword immediately before it Abbreviations without prounciations given are pronounced 5 their full forms, except for English ones consisting of two or ‘more capital letters, which are pronounced as individual lets, With the stress on the last, e.g, BBC is pronounced iis. In cases where only the stress marker is to be shown in brackets, each syllable is represented as -. e.g Beamples/fatns come to [No stress marker given means that the stress fall on the frst, part ofthe compound, Examples Fh ‘country: {In cases where the American pronunciation is significantly ifferent this is also shown, b) Thal letters for Transcribing English Words Inorderto asis those Thai users unfamiliar withthe Intemational Phonetic Alphabet, the dictionary team have devised a system of Phonetics transcrition based on the Thai script (for further information see p.25) 5. Grammatical information Grammatical information on a headword immediately follows the Iheadword orits pronunciation. The part of speech cones frst;ifthe ‘worden be more than one part of speech, each sisted ina separate ‘numbered section (see also a). The following grammatical information is given a) Nouns, "Nouns are labelled withthe abbreviation and proper nouns with rn lregular plurals are always given. Bxamples/#0d1 Boy no Gulde to the use of the Dictionary / flomax yn Awindnladbitimsliandnwsusmsshdaly mne emarhehdmviiudweandounsouturwtndniogdady rownhentnvidindra thiofhitimsbidndnwsuaeshd ald uaashdan aantdouniloutudiogluguund onclurhfusenoudan Snwadalugisearthily Seseduaandeauunmaadows usiacia Tauaniininilémwsdaqaria iu BRC dah peibi'siss E thélmauamuedornanwantniniiaadadensewin 4 eo wifoowana / / uslacwenaeacumudrenmtaanane — hi Ori ® thbitimsudauetossnsanhwiinlum waerheiasas shuntingleauusnaoesi id folk... = ‘gentleman ‘lunstifimsaondasuuuantiudniumsoandes uuudingy feeuamonseandeuuuensiudae ») sadouslnofludmamsaandeslunerdangy ofadiumsdradldnawnynsa daovaliquiastusuy Sndnwsanna CPA) maaaziferrmanynsaldadeseuy naaidesdwusandsnquildssnusina (usaqgne un wih 25) 5. Hayamslininsol Fayamslinnsaliieoiudwindnsedaingudwadiia wdsrieu Taudayausnfationiiaaasshy mndwrindn dandmenansedaagldnmenssinn (part of speech) veil duowseyimnhirnusiacr'seion (9 20 Ussnau) 2) sins ehfidhueanuninss (common nouns) wlséhda 2. dau Senanusir (proper nouns) aeleidatia pr. n, dheinnnaiuit qUnywaibituluaung foelfuwywariuoshunaniy View ‘Australia p.m bijou haddock The label n. pl. or pl. indicates that the noun exists only in the plural. Bxamples/fathe pants. police: plow pl mice ‘a plsame Shinnanfutustgdmywesiain sel np. Bh anphGuide to the use of the Dictionary ifansénonmynt b) Pronouns Only a timited number of pronouns exist in English whereas pronouns in Thai are mmerous. In English, ony and we are wsed 2s the first person, you asthe second person, he, she, I a the singular hind person and they as ther plural counterpart. In Ths, ¢ spetker would select, of all availble, the most appropriate pronoun to his/her satus andor emotional stein elation to the listener andthe person or thing mentioned. The first person (the speaker) u/c (famitian), mth) Kntphacatw/ (formal), 1pm (polite male speaker, @u/ Aichi (polite femate speaker) Wyn! (younger or lesser stats person female), (3Vraw/ (familiae), 2/Aa! (very familiar male friend), (ykuw/ (very familiar, angry) or his her name, et. ‘The second person (the listener): QaWehuw (polite) 162 ‘nhga/ amie), virwthan (polite), ska’ familar or angry), antv (very familiar male friend), We/naaj/ (familiar male fiend) or hissher name or the teem indicating his/her relation tothe speaker, ete The thied person (the person oF thing mentioned) : «tn Ihiw/, Unicel, Suiman’ or his her name, et. Several nouns ean also be used as personal pronouns as follows 1. proper name ofthe person. 2. nouns indicating intrclation between the fist person and the second thind person, knshipterms suchas Wa pho (thes) QWiduk (child), phir (elder sibling) ~ Tawndop/ (younger sibling), Qala (uncle, older brother of father) — HAMM! (viecelnephew). 3. nouns indicating the person's profession or position, eg. Wito/mSo/ (doctor) Agikhruw! (eacher) UsieVmaekha! (tradeswoman) vhuaBudthin 2athiboodii/ (Director-General) ‘Howshiiandal (ciel), ete ‘As Thai has a specific royal language, as well as partical ‘words relating to Buddhist monks, different so of pronouns exist. Examples of royal pronouns ae 1281 frm (I—used by commoners when talking to His/Her Serene Highness Prince! Princess), Shwsewno.sikhdaphriphiuhactaw/ (L~ used by ‘commoners when talking to the king), Véihavaoswaeurm ‘tadjfals?oagphes?baav) (You ~ used by commoners to call Crown Prince/Princess), ete. Monastic pronouns include ‘|IHANMW/PRattamaphiap! (I - used by monks), Tas oom! (you ~ used by monks to call their listener), waved phré?khuncéaw/ (you ~ used by commoners to call Buddhist prelates), te In this Dictionary, to avoid complexity, the following pro- nouns have been used: ‘he is ranslated as t,he" as “t58" and you! as ‘Aa’. ») hasan malfasamnalumndanquuaementnailennuans iin ann lummndinquilehasswnnaitisiusiie edu yell usigtris 1 fy we quit 2 dludivh you yguil 3 fdr he, she, it iduionwed they sthonynai! Iuonietmwlvet Ywasnnamaad Ligyaiianliouenaumnnscanas sue uavarsuctoondyn dily uasiindniawtadsiinda fy Wonmadurtudserhaite aia quid 1 Widundiya div du dinwdh sos ate wy i bh q aadnmasyyetl 1 107 eae ouundoww dt ayquil 2 Lacfungite eich qauioo vi un do we iste uadosoayquil 2 Woriiuansenduvudtuygel 1107 apquil 3 Tetdandiindath fier an un shu Foose gondnafs a1 ¢ ee vengind Iumwilnadsimstdinins ume assmnanis 3 dseunnildae wu 1. shunnilithdomosdhyantagils 2, dhflusnsenuduvtudsewhadtyauaceileluday oha9 anid andiatudithuatogna wa-gn iia a) any wemnaduiuderudu whi ag-Awid nari 2, ehiluanashumisuacordnaostyontodite hu ried Hawih wie wa 9g usidh tdasmamwiinaiimenamedniunseanndaas uaeehinedugs Gent dood nantaiimnild dhuFunsvadlaniawedie dedtehasimunwitue cndini uaedinseaselldGonmmowacdiaumndae dhocumndhennehassmnnil lumenal ehassmnstit thutimndin david nsevaiow drwsewymotdh ich avoawwscinn 494 dhassmnwilihumwnaaewseatl chy armanm Taw waeqauch hai dauned Tumsutaeh asamnummndinguidhuneilna Sufaaanmassmnnt daoronudaniudseriadyouaciilaAidunarsy wu ude he Twn she th wwa wae you tr Aot” ©) Verbs ‘Verbs are labelled as transitive, intransitive, or reflexive. Examples/faaths engrave creep behave ‘The entries for iregular verbs give their past tense, past participle, and any other forms necessary. Identical forms are given only wef Guide to the use of the Dictionary /¢iianvstawaunyers ©) fn donfeesuinoanithy 3 sie fa anssun'er Cransitve) ‘Witz v1. onasunfen Cintansitive) Wiihado vi. uaenen ‘Shlseomuacnasanthudateatn (reflexive) Witada v. rfl hu unser’ nuilu imegular verb whigunimn 8 dowouh nieniilieanh 3 gu uasdeebiguniendutidutulics wnnfiguntenihity veusaslInsuiten whe Examplos/fvodha le. Ni... hidelen die... dying make... made ‘The doubling ofa inal consonant before ed or-ing is also shown, Like English, Thaihas transitive and intransitive verbs but, in English, inflectional suffixes and vowel change can show the tense, eg. ‘want’ becomes ‘wanted” and ‘hide* becomes ‘hid’ to show past tense, whereas Thai verbs are tenseless and never change tir form to show grammatical relations. In Thai, tense is shown by time markers, which come before ‘oraftera verb phrase and indicate the ime when the action occurs, such as 1) time markers indicating an action that has not started / been started, e.g. Je! 2) time markers indicating an action that is about to star / 3) ime markers indicating an action that as parly started / been started, elena 4) time markers indicating an scion that has jus started / boon started, eg ia phdn/ 5) time markers indicating an action that is continuing, eg. ha aman, of jou! 6) time markers indicating an action thats sill unchanged, 4.84 agi, 9 Mehon/ 7) time markers indicating an action that is completely finished, e.g. ua Néesew! 4) Adjectives and adverbs Irregular comparative and superlative forms ate given. Examples/shodn ‘The abbreviation attrib. indicates that the adjective comes only before the noun. Exumples/satie lant bad... worse. mataasndiysusqerheriowdn -ed va -ing wuss Veta wih shnienlumantnauarmwndanguasiaisoon tuanssunien (nienidoamsnssy) uavanssunden (sienitlaifoamanasn) cndlow9 A usiehndenlumelne dlermuansnasinehnientumwndanquadannlugaraas qunien Tumwilna shnfenbidinsiidauudasgd dlawninmn Tnaithumwniflaiimausinama (enseles) Tannyaaumiae teGarhe (inflectional suffix) wlanrsulanuansaszlucy athahilumwndingy onaidaedi wu want Ulaieluadamagcnldeugutls wanted hide lavfioluadamaaeiddouguethe bid maudasmalumenlnaseléenisaeniaryiuanaaen fhfionSen usin tae ud sits eg ae uly 1a daar nity Tansininaorauiveonldituvseiondian mains uaashntenagludulelédi 1) usoshntendabildiia wu ae 2) usorhntenlndasid du viaw sau un 3) usaxhnt 4) uaorhniendulébhnw wu 0 5) ua@viiniensinduld iu sind ndidaiuaraud wu din 6) udorhnensrudulvlainldouules iu ds as 1) darter Seanysel wu ud 4) shqoutiniuacevicnued tlashqudwruassiiaweligduanemauliouiiay Suganch (comparative) uaeduguefa (superlative) Haley Wenaing Cer, -est) fiasdimrbiglqadniiuasdivieed fialtoulubiaoe wu Shwsda attrib. (atributive) Wifloudashehaudininwy Sanquilufioludumismbemomdniy rib adGuide tothe use ofthe Dictionary / glans tiivamynsa “The abbreviation pred. indicates that the adjective comes only after the verb Examplesdatna afraid Bothkindsofadjctvesare cll “¢hqaukham hunnasa! in Thai Two approaches are used in translating English adjectives into Thai, Te ists to give their Thai equivalent ee. “sup” is translated as “Tinay’ /ndokhliw!, The other is 10 give an explanation, In these cases words such as Whi (that), BWsin/ (which) or teniuniawkap! (concerning), ate added, Thos “schizoid is translated as “Ahbaatthulsnda w3a Alemania Toe (that is mentally il o seems fo have « ment lines) In English, adjectives come before the nouns oF noun phrases they modify but after in Thai, Occasionally the word #, a or tflunifu may be needed when translating noun phrases with an adjective in the font “The term “vA ham wise eefers to the Enis aciverb, Adverbs are usually translated by adding ath, Te (by means or 96 (wit) in combination wth the particular qulity deseribed, ¢) Compounds Compounds are always labelled with ther part of speech, but any further grammatical informations given a the entry forthe second element. Examples/fiodn hatte Me... 9 6. Labels Afterthe grazamatical information comes any necessary information onthe style, usage, regional restrictions, orsubject fields of aword, printed initalis within parentheses. Many labelsare abbreviations, which are explained on pp. 28-30 A label placed at the start of an entry of a numbered or letter category applies to the whole ofthat entry or category a) Style and usage labels Labels are used to mark all words and expressions which are not neutral in style, Both headwords and their translations ae labelled to help the user to understand the headwords and to use the translations correctly in context. ‘The following style and usage labels are used to describe English: (poet.) post (eg. beauteous, the doop), (literary) literary or elevated (e.g. bed of sickness, countenance, valorous ) 8 Snwatio pred. (predicative) 1ivlauaarhehqadinionn, Sanquatuiintusiwanveranndarnean (linking verbs) vinta pred, a sham fo adjective Lummndangw thnhituenuenna wioiadiudusiniondan (linking verb) nvaudarh qauvtiarnanndengeithumenina Wiisorandin 9 og 2 98 Fusnfowdslaumsbvehfiouitias eu beausiul wuld shor stupid wach Nisan thud 8fisasfioudalea meosine Tunsdiduid seitinh A, 4s, niu using agmindaGucadunentu wu schizoid uvarh faite Theta va itiiormauniiaulanin shumbsrqatiibumelnausemendengassuendins ‘flu fy lumwndangu shenudurecadmhdnnn lun anwnlnsacagndisnams aviurwol wsaiy adver lumundingy vhuthitaene danton Worhqaduy’ nauladMiawainnnnedangy cdumwilie sinosdududaaerh asi Tow woes che sagaciously ula adhwaarausaufies hud ) és movanstiavorsuanaclisnvsda dulsngeunds Swany wacehnaussiimsrmuaniiavasmeadn’ chit aniliehdntiithu foyamabomnnseiiindin, aya: a rr shulsomorehnen wii 6. mimiwnamdnl doyariindvduy awionidremuew (italic) aghnasu tiotheld dnanynsuternadladdwildadu uae aunsmhehdwillsldadomnsauiuutundsdy ¢ uenuamamned dududadobigiinh 28-30 ehuiiuauitogmhennd ensliudradhoihiowaie, 2) wnquarqluvumsldiayaiuanagluvumstiann aalnnghnady seilmslémnarndwthinady lomdwriny athunens shendiwviuacmauia Chiunsnsil) acbimnemiiladae ‘Wigliislanavviuacdulenlntunitgndion mauismnenieh@mfmagduvuuasmsldlunn Sanqu dionadialu (poet.) literary) «Flauune (sau beauteous, the deep) Wienfinsamued wamwrlusetugs (du bed ‘of sickness, countenance, valorous)19 (coll) (het) (formal) (child tang.) (st) (coarse) (dated) (arch) (Hist) ‘The followings cna) Gu) (a.8.) (am) used for deliberate impressive or persuasive effect (e.g, bounteous, plenteous). used only in formal speeches and writing (e.g, hhoreatter, partake). everyday, conversational language; not generally ‘writen, but would not cause offence or ridicule (c.g, Aussie, cropper 100) used only by orto small children (e.g. Bow-wow, ‘choo-choo). especially colloquial and expressive; often used only by particular groups (e.g. erud, gob, shoot ‘one's mouth off coarse and offensive (e.g. bollocks, fuck, piss). somewhat old-fashioned used particularly by older people (eg. by Jove, ripping, top-hole) found only in literature but stil used jocolary, ironically, or fora deliberately old-fashioned offect (eg. forsooth, peradventure, thou). current term for an obsolete thing (e.g. ducking stool, oubiite) syle end usage labels are wsed to describe Thai Jota word transitrsted in Thal (eg. ava, #19, wna word crated in Thai by the Royal Thai Academy (ee. nqndad, Yinotion, onze) course and offensive (og. 32th, a, Wn) everyday conversational language (eg. 7 seam, sie, dan) b) Regional labels ‘Words and expressions restricted o particular areas of the English speaking world are labelled accordingly. The most common labels are (Brit), (Amer.) (Austral. and (Scot). ‘The label (dial, indicates that a word is used in a number of regions or dialects, ¢) Subject-field labels ‘Terms used in specialist or technical ficlds ae labelled accordingly Examples/svate oollonade entracte 4) Further usage labels Figurative, derogatory, euphemistic, et. use i indicated with appropriate labels. Guide to the use ofthe Dictionary /gilamitinanynsa (rhet.) iu vitunnaal (shu bounteous, plenteous) (formil) ——_fithonamaiiilumunyouazmenden (du hereafter, partake) coll.) fdumunya Liadudmeuew (lu Aussie, eropper, 100) Ghild tang.) thitumnudin vtalsiiusdn (ain bow-wow, ‘choo-choo) Gu) menuatas sinlsinanendas (iu erud, gob, shoot one’s mouth off) (coarse) ithurwenu Vélumacima (hy bollocks, fuck, piss) (dated) gnats (Lat by Jove, ripping, top-hole) (arch) fihumenlunantodsletiitedauga (au forsooth, peradventure, thou) ist.) Adsundeiviuaits (du ducking stool, ‘oubliette) mratinaglunuuacmslisudle siéuiald (n.s.) lucite Cod ener, dis, wrhuy Gu) fidludravorinaiin (du naadiat, Viaotinw, toned) (nw) Authuehmeny (vin seth, si, Lavi) can) fuihunenye (ahs mudaeerm, v9, dn) b) wanatiugyumoad awiuasdwauie (Brit) British amendenquavudengy Amer.) American minSanquuvvarsiiu Austral.) Avstralian wn dsnquuvuaodesiéau (Scot.) Scottish MendinguuuuanAR Gaal.) usavtutumeniastufiundnane ©) mnawamareuamema amiflgiamemsecdangoglinady (Archit) aenilaanana (Theatre) arse 4) maneiianian wononnilésimnamiavdg wu figurative Coumnnarl) derogatory (AuaHAMIQgN) euphemistic (Hudernrainaaw sh) 04 a Example/foths —assall.. i) intimate. expen)Guide tothe use ofthe Dictionary ¢itamsliwennynss 7. Indicators Indicators, printed in italics in parentheses before translations, distinguish between the various senses of a headword and, together with subject field labels tell the user which senseis! translate. Examples/#oaths flapjack below 8. Translations and collocators a) Translations Normally, one general translation is given for each word or sense of a word. If two or more are given, separated by commas, they fare synonymous and interchangeable. Examples/ote sabre (oatate) (postion) 2» 7. uananamans ‘Tumsusnenamneuartuvindn aedimabidausdena wane (sense indicator) tiuehwforainendang dads aauaaaiarnmnedie sovtmindnlshoadum shulamwiine abi liferuihtou omamneldiaoutvin nansousnues (pancake) (direction). (tern the ts) 8. Anuvauasdnusingias 3) ula Toottaludh crudavehiinastimsliiriudals 1 eh anniins ‘Wighualaannnriiudssetthurinaannsinins (synonymous) fieedushmfagmane , sad... th, cit, tmati Unless qualified by labels, indicators, or collocators, a translation ‘can be regarded as adequate in peactically all contexts. Where novessary, a translations labelled for style, region, etc. ina similar way to headwords Bxamples/dhatha sassy ‘Specialist terms are sometimes given two translations: a general or popular one and a specialist one, which is labelled (3.U.) Examples/fatha comedy. ‘Words which are untranslatable because they bave no equivalentin the other language are given a short explanation (gloss) in italic ype, Examples/fhats sabbath A gloss is occasionally added to a translation to aid understanding of the headword, Bxamples/shoths — samovar ‘The symbol = indicates thatthe translation given is to be taken only as an approximate equivalent. Examples/dhodhs A cross reference of the form = indicates theta translation can ‘be found under the entry referred to (see also 10). Bramples/fotine shud ily Tandndiudaeweansalilstiumoutun du tdaudieeiimsldmnnaditmifiamesinees distans WNW (indicator) Srlzingiaw (collocator) sitefays ean a weed ana ne efindudua dndhy hu sedummniuilimemnntednay dana (Amer col (ohecky) neds (ants) ua shatwithiudwimatinnrsastinulaildiuedmall ua: Ahulafduawiiqe@loonntosiavamulicae Toeveil dria (o.u,) boudumhuagihed rsh, pings (541) unends wane indulauda vedimsbiieres ured 9 au dati F saduvieiuldath Wabioansouhlemnamnesehdmieniuldaau Tao ehatinesebiaaaw levish) Fuad Funinslounnnsen éhaimiftbioansaudala vlarnnbiidnfoutestunnn In aelaidudaladlimedvnedu doiisnisaaduoy mbriouttuinde sroquogit tslonnne ~ udarhdudanbiiithuiieshulatasain 4 eer idownnbiieaiioudiavlumelne Alevel...= soudasouinmgnuitochuwyinandesowlseena Sena madndsteddulanldietosmana =» uaariihigeuda Rar ear ran aasdnatwridaity asanhitdnadats satiate /serfienafion/ = sate