Form 4 Biology

5. Cell Division
New cells are needed for these purpose:

2. The necessity for new cells to be genetically identical to parent cells:

3. New cells are produces from one cell, by a process known as _____________
4. This process involves of nuclear division called _____________
followed by a cytoplasmic division called _____________________.

Chromosomes and Chromosomal Number

_________________ are formed through mitosis while the reproductive cells (or
_____________) are formed through another variation of cell division called
________________.
Every cell has thread-like structures in its nucleus called ________________. The
number of chromosomes present in the cells of each species of an individual
organism is constant. This number is referred to as the ________________ of the
species.
‘Same species have same chromosomal number, different species different
chromosomal number.
Since chromosomes in the nucleus exist in pairs, the chromosomal number is said to
be _______________ and is designated as ________.
The gametes contain only half the number of chromosomes ( a single set). The
chromosomal number is said to be ___________ and is designated as _______.
All somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes; one set inherited from each parents.
Therefore, one set of the chromosomes is of ____________________ whereas
the other is of ________________________.
Two chromosomes in each pair have the same structural features and are referred to
as ________________________. Each member of the pair is called a
_____________________.

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 The cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the period that extends from the time a new cell is
________________ until the time the cell completes a ________________.

The Cell Cycle

2 major phases

2 major parts
Divided into 3 shorter stages

4 phases

1. 2. 3. 4.

The cell which enter this stage begins to acquire and synthesise the materials
required for cell division.
Proteins and new organelles are being synthesise.
The metabolic rate of cell is high.
Cell will decide whether or not to divide and complete the cycle to form new
cells.
At this stage, the chromosomes are known as _________________. Chromosomes
are extremely fine and cannot be seen under light microscope

Synthesis of DNA (genetic material) occurs.

The DNA undergoes ____________________.
A duplicated chromosome consists of two identical ___________________.
Both sister chromatids contain identical copies of chromosome’s DNA molecule.

The cell continues to grow and remain metabolically active.

The cell accumulates energy and completes its final preparations for division.

Interphase
S G2

G1

Cell cycle #
The process of Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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 Cytokinesis

In animal cell:
The cell membrane at midpoint of the parent cell constricts in to form a
______________________.
Constriction continues and finally the cell membrane on each side joins up,
separating the cytoplasm into two separate daughter cells.

In plant cell:
Vesicles containing carbohydrates gather at the equator of the parent cell.
The vesicles fuse together to form a _____________________.
Gradually, ________________ builds on each side of the cell plate forming the
______________________ of two daughter plants cells.

Controlled & Uncontrolled mitosis

Controlled mitosis
___________________ is the ability to restore lost or damaged tissues, as well as
organs or limbs.
Plants have the best capacity to regenerate - all the plant parts can regenerate from
precursor cells.
Examples of regeneration in animals are seen in starfish, house gecko, earthworm and so
on.
More ‘primitive’ animals have higher regeneration capacity than more complex
multicellular animals.
There are three types of cells based on their ability to regenerate:
(a) cells that divide continually,
(b) cells that do not often divide but retain the ability to do so.
(c) cells that never divide.

Uncontrolled mitosis
Sometimes mitosis in cells run out of control, causing cells to divide continuously,
producing a mass of cells, called _______________________.
Uncontrolled mitotic division causes ____________________________ and
__________________________ (cancers).
Some factors contributing to cancers are genetics, carcinogen, radiation, age and viruses.
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