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CRAIG
Table of Contents
Functions of Casing
Types of Casing Strings
Classification of Casing
Mechanical Properties of Casing
Casing Design Criteria
Corrosion Design Considerations
Functions of Casing
Isolate porous formations with different
fluid-pressure regimes and also allow
isolated communication with selectively
perforated formation(s) of interest.
Isolate troublesome zones (high-
pressured zones, weak and fractured
formations, unconsolidated formations,
and sloughing shales) and to allow
drilling to the total depth.
Prevent the hole from caving in
Serve as a high-strength flow conduit to
surface for both drilling and production fluids.
Prevent near-surface fresh water zones from
contamination with drilling mud.
Provide a connection and support of the
wellhead equipment and blowout preventers.
Provide exact dimensions for running testing,
completion, and production subsurface
equipment.
Types of Casing Strings
There are different types of casing for different
functions and drilling conditions.
They are run to different depths and one or
two of them may be omitted depending on the
drilling conditions. They are:
Cassion pipe
Conductor pipe
Surface casing
Intermediate casing
Production casing
Liners
Cassion pipe (26 to 42 in. OD)
For offshore drilling only.
Driven into the sea bed.
It is tied back to the conductor or surface
casing and usually does not carry any load.
Prevents washouts of near-surface unconsolidated
formations.
Ensures the stability of the ground surface upon
which the rig is seated.
Serves as a flow conduit for the drilling mud to the
surface
Conductor pipe (7 to 20 in. OD)
The outermost casing string.
It is 40 to 500 ft in length for onshore and up
to 1,000 ft for offshore.
Generally, for shallow wells OD is 16 in. and
20 in. for deep wells.
Isolates very weak formations.
Prevents erosion of ground below rig.
Provides a mud return path.
Supports the weight of subsequent casing
strings.
Surface casing (17-1/2 to 20 in. OD)
The setting depths vary from 300 to 5,000 ft
10-3/4 in. and 13-3/8 in. being the most
common sizes.
Setting depth is often determined by
government or company policy and not
selected due to technical reasoning.
Provides a means of nippling up BOP.
Provides a casing seat strong enough to safely
close in a well after a kick.
Provides protection of fresh water sands.
Provides wellbore stabilization.
Intermediate casing (17-1/2 to 9-5/8 in.
OD)
Also called a protective casing, it is purely a
technical casing.
The length varies from 7,000 to 15,000 ft.
Provides isolation of potentially troublesome zones
(abnormal pressure formations, unstable shales,
lost circulation zones and salt sections).
Provides integrity to withstand the high mud
weights necessary to reach TD or next casing seat
Production casing (9-5/8 to 5 in. OD)
It is set through the protective productive
zone(s).
It is designed to hold the maximal shut-in
pressure of the producing formations.
It is designed to withstand stimulating
pressures during completion and workover
operations.
A 7-in. OD production casing is often used
Provides zonal isolation (prevents migration of
water to producing zones, isolates different
production zones).
Confines production to wellbore.
Provides the environment to install subsurface
completion equipment.
Provides protection for the environment in the
event of tubing failure during production
operations and allows for the tubing to be
repaired and replaced.
Liners
They are casings that do not reach the surface.
They are mounted on liner hangers to the
previous casing string.
Usually, they are set to seal off troublesome
sections of the well or through the producing
zones for economic reasons (i.e. to save costs).
Drilling liner
Production liner
Tie-back liner
Scab liner
Scab tie-back liner
Drilling Liner – Same as intermediate/protective casing. It
overlaps the existing casing by 200 to 400 ft. It is used to
isolate troublesome zones and to permit drilling below these
zones without having well problems.
Production Liner – Same as production casing. It is run to
provide isolation across the production or injection zones.
Tie-back Liner – it is connected to the top of the liner with a
specially designed connector and extends to the surface, i.e.
converts liner to full string of casing.
Scab Liner – A section of casing used to repair existing
damaged casing. It may be cemented or sealed with packers
at the top and bottom.
Scab Tie-back Liner – A section of casing extending upwards
from the existing liner, but which does not reach the surface
and normally cemented in place. They are commonly used
with cemented heavy-wall casing to isolate salt sectons in
deeper portions of the well.
Classification of Casing
There are two types of casing standardization:
the API
non-API
Some particular engineering problems are
overcome by specialist solutions which are not
addressed by API specifications:
drilling extremely deep wells
using ‘premium’ connections in high pressure high
GOR conditions.
Nevertheless, we will stick to the API methods
Classifications to be considered are:
≥ 16 12 ID – 3/16
Length (range)
The lengths of pipe sections are specified in
three major ranges:
R1, R2 and R3.
π π
Fa = σ y As =
As ( d 2
o − di2 ) =Fa σ y ( d o2 − di2 )
4 4
Joint strength is the minimal tensile force
required to cause the joint to fail.
For API round threads, joint strength is defined
as the smaller of minimal joint fracture force and
minimal joint pullout force.
For fracture force, Faj = 0.95σ up Ajp
joint strength:
For pullout force, 0.74d o σ up −0.59
σy
= Faj 0.95 Ajp Let +
joint strength: 0.5 L + 0.14 d L + 0.14 d
et o et o
π
Ajp = ( d o − 0.1425 ) − di2
2
σup = ultimate strength, psi 4
Ajp = area under last perfect
thread, in.2
Let = length of engaged thread, in.
Bending force – Casing is subjected to bending
forces when run in a deviated wells. The lower
surface of the pipe stretches and is in tension.
The upper surface shortens and is in
compression.
=Fb 63d oWn Θ
2σ y t
Pbr = 0.875
do
Collapse pressure
Minimum expected external pressure at
which the pipe would collapse if the pipe
were subjected to no internal pressure or
axial loads.
There are different types of collapse
pressure rating depending on the do/t ratio:
Yield strength
Plastic
Transition
Elastic
Yield
Plastic Transition Elastic
Grade strength
Ranges collapse collapse collapse
collapse
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
of do/t H-40 16.40 27.01 42.64 2.950 0.0465 754 2.063 0.0325
when
J-, K-55 14.81 25.01 37.21 2.991 0.0541 1,206 1.989 0.0360
axial
C-75 13.60 22.91 32.05 3.054 0.0642 1,806 1.990 0.0418
stress is
L-, N-80 13.38 22.47 31.02 3.071 0.0667 1,955 1.998 0.0434
zero
C-90 13.01 21.69 29.18 3.106 0.0718 2,254 2.017 0.0466
P-110 12.44 20.41 26.22 3.181 0.0819 2,852 2.066 0.0532
Yield Strength Collapse Pressure
do
− 1
Pcr = 2σ y 2
t
do
t
F
Pcr σ y 1 − F2 − F3
=
do
t
Transition Collapse Pressure
F
=Pcr σ y 4 − F5
do
t
46.95 ×106
Pcr = 2
d o d o
− 1
t t
Combined stresses
The performance of casing is examined
in the presence of other forces.
axial load
σz =
As
2
σ y ,eff + Pi σz σz
=
1 − 0.75 − 0.5
σy
σy σy
σz
2
σz
σ y ,eff = 1 − 0.75 − 0.5 × σ y − Pi
σ
y σy
Example
Design
Required Design factor
Pressure
The primary effect of pressure is its effect on
dissolved gases.
More gas goes into solution as the pressure is
increased, this may in turn increase the corrosivity
of the solution.
Velocity of Fluids
Stagnant or low velocity fluids usually give low
corrosion rates, but pitting is more likely.
Corrosion rates usually increase with velocity as
the corrosion scale is removed from the casing
exposing fresh metal for further corrosion.
High velocities and/or the presnce of suspended
solids or gas bubbles can lead to erosion,
corrosion, impingement or cavitation.
Corrosion control measures
Corrosion control measures may involve
the use of one or more of the following:
Cathodic protection
Chemical inhibition
Chemical control
Oxygen scavengers
Chemical sulphide scavengers
pH adjustment
Deposit control
Determine the collapse strength for a 5 1/2” O.D.,
14.00 #/ft, J-55 casing under axial load of 100,000 lbf
73
Design a 9-5/8-in., 8,000-ft combination
casing string for a well where the mud weight
will be 12.5 ppg and the formation pore
pressure is expected to be 6,000 psi.
=
PB 6,000 ×1.1
Depth
PB = 6,600 psi
PC = 5,850 psi
Depth
Further up the hole the collapse
requirement are less severe. Pressure
Req’d: Burst: 6,600 psi Collapse: 5,850 psi
Note that two of the weights of N-80 casing
meet the burst requirements
But only the 53.5 #/ft pipe can handle the
collapse requirement at the bottom of the
hole (5,850 psi).
The 53.5 #/ft pipe could probably run all the
way to the surface (would still have to
check tension), but there may be a lower
cost alternative
To what depth might we be able to run N-80,
47 #/ft?
The maximum annular pressure that this
pipe may be exposed to, is:
Pc =0.052×12.5×h1
Pc 4,231
h1 = = = 6,509 ft
0.052×12.5 0.052×12.5
This is the depth to which the pipe
could be run if there were
no axial stress in the pipe…
6,509’
8,000’
But at 6,509’ we have (8,000 - 6,509) =
1,491’ of 53.5 #/ft pipe below us.
5,877 − 5, 000
Pc1 =4, 680 − × ( 4, 680 − 4, 600 ) =4, 666 psi
10, 000 − 5, 000
4, 666
=
Pc1 = 4,148 psi
1.125
This (4,148 psig) is the pressure at a depth:
4,148
=h 2 = 6,382 ft
0.052 ×12.5
W2 = 86,563 lbf
6,378 − 5, 000
Pc2 =4, 680 − × ( 4, 680 − 4, 600 ) =4, 658 psi
10, 000 − 5, 000
4, 658
=
Pc2 = 4,140 psi
1.125
4,140
=h 3 = 6,369 psi
0.052 ×12.5
This is within 13 ft of the assumed value. If
more accuracy is desired (generally not
needed), proceed with the:
Third Iteration
h 3 = 6,369 ft
W3= (8, 000 − 6,369) × 53.5= 87, 259 lbf
87, 259
=σ3 = 6, 429 psi
13.572
Interpolation again:
σ − σ1
Pc1 =
P1 − ( P1 − P2 )
σ 2 − σ1
6, 429 − 5, 000
Pc3 =4, 680 − × ( 4, 680 − 4, 600 ) =4, 658 psi
10, 000 − 5, 000
4, 658
=
Pc3 = 4,140 psi
1.125
Pc3 ≅ Pc2
This is the answer we are looking for:
Run 47 #/ft N-80 pipe to a depth of 6,369 ft
Run 53.5 #/ft N-80 pipe between 6,369 and
8,000 ft.
N-80
47.0 #/ft 6,369 ft
N-80 1,631 ft
53.5 #/ft
8,000 ft