SAFETY-2 Dupont

NOTE — DISCHARGE OF GASES ‘SAFETY ENGINEERING STANDARD TO ATMOSPHERE rae SEPT 88 S17G mena DEC 1977 EWieiee JULY 4 paweduaks 1. SCOPE 444 This sandard applies to both the continuout and ‘emergency discharge of vapors or gases to the atmosphere from presure-relief devices or other vents, and which ‘may be toxic or form explosive mixtures in ambient 1.2. This standard applies primarily to plant safety. It doet not apply to community sir pollution, or to local, state, or Federal air pollution regulations, for which other factors must be considered. 2. GENERAL 24 Vapors discharged from pressure-relief devices and ‘other vents may be toxic of flammable. The vapors often are heavier than air and can descend to grade and to clevated platforms, Entrained liquid can be discharged slong with vapors and substantial condensation of vapors ‘may occur in vent piping, The safety hazards of releate should be examined for each case. No specific procedure can be prescribed to cover all cases. In some caves flaring (burning) may be necessary. Information in the following sections will be useful in achieving minimum essential design, compatible with safety 22 All vents should be piped to « safe location outside of buildings and discharged vertically up. See F2G for additional requirements for aboveground flammable storage ‘tank vents. The vent location and height should be chosen, 10 thet adequate dispersion of hazardous gases will be achieved at ground level and/or nearby buildings and ‘operating platforms. If prior experience is inadequate, dispersion calculations should be made, preferably after ‘consultation with appropriate specialisu. Information needed is described in a, b, and e, below. ‘©. Quantity to be released and rate of release 1b, Proximity of release relative to occupied areas and to sir intakes ©. Toxicity, flammability, and density of the vapor 5. Stack gas mixtures that are heavier than air can 2H,0 + 250, Such contaminants must be dispersed adequately. ©. Thermal radi ion, See Ref (2), (4). 42 A continuous purge must be used to keep air out of vents, even if a flame arrester is installed. Purge rates are given on Figure 1. The we of molecular seals or Flui Seals* should be considered to reduce the quantity of purge gas required to exclude air from the stack. Consult ‘manufacturers for details, 4.3 While inert gas generally is used, natural gas has been used as a purge gas to some flares. It has the disad- vantage that inadvertent air entry, when repairing lines to * National Ari Bumer Co, 500 4:1 DISCHARGE OF GASES TO ATMOSPHERE ‘This Page Rev July 1986 the flare, may produce dangerous concentrations and potentially damaging explosions due to ignition by the ‘continuous pilot at the flare tip. Purge gas rate must be sufficient to compensate for pump-out rate when knockout drums are pumped out. Also, it may be necessary to increase the purge rate if hot gases are discharged, to compensate for cooling of the flare gates when the flammable vapor or explosive gas flow ceases. 44 Steam may be used as an inert, but ie not preferred 1 condensation may take place thereby providing less purge than anticipated. Special preceutions must be taken for vented gates containing significant amounts of steam because during periods of decreasing flow, condensation may draw air into the system. Use of # flare to control flammable gas emissions from storage tank breather vents requires controlled inert purging to prevent inbreathing of sir. 4.6 Buming, falling drops may occur if condensation or entrainment occurs (see 2.3). 4.7. Steam may have to be supplied through specially designed tips to reduce smoking, particularly for un- saturated hydrocarbons. 5. REFERENCES Gates.” Eng Dept Accession No. 7599 (1960). 2. Wiesinger, C. R., “Survey of Industry Design Prec- tices, Flares ~ Stacks ~ Radiation Effects,” Eng Dept Accession No. 13199 (1968). 3. Hoss, H. W., “How to Compute Safe Purge Rates,” Hydrocarbon Process and Petrol Ref, 43, 179 ~ 182 (1964). 4. Bodurtha, F. T., Jr, “Flare Suck Design,” ESD ~ EW ~ 261, Eng Dept Accession No, 4881 1956), 5 Whiteraft, W. K., “Thermal Radiation from Hydrocarbon Flares,” Eng Dept Accession No. 14638 as77). 6. Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, Vol on Atmospheric Emissions, Chapter 15, “Flares,” American Petroleum Inst, Washington, DC (Jane 1977), aq 62DISCHARGE OF GASES sie ‘TO ATMOSPHERE 4,000 2,000 1,000 800 600 400 200 100 Minimum Purge, (197 “0! 20 24% 81716202478 10 20 5 30 Diometer, Ine FIGURE 1 — RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PURGE RATE FOR STACKS (SEE 3.1 AND 4.2) 1 should not be less than 10 cubic f stocks. 1 per hour even for the smaller diameng SAFETY ENGINEERING STANDARD OFFICE TRAILERS coe MARCH 1972 $18G mi ocr 1988 Rae OCT 1988 peteiene 1. SCOPE ‘This standard discusses safety considerations in the use of trailers for human occupancy and the importance ‘of locating and anchoring these units to prevent wind damage. 2. GENERAL 2.1 All trailers shall be constructed and installed to ANSI 4225.1 and NFPA SOIA specifications and so certified by supplier. 2.2. Trailers may be subject to local zoning and build ing codes whose restrictions must be followed. 2.3. Trailers shall not be located closer to flammable liquid storage tanks than distances permitted by F6G. areas unless the trailer meets the electrical classification. Trailers ‘should not be located adjacent to or under essential pipe bridges or power lines. Other hazards may constitute ‘exposure which will require evaluat aration requirements. 2.4 When trailers are grouped together as an office complex, exit distances must comply with the requirements of NFPA No. 101. “Life Safety Code.” 3, USER CONSIDERATIONS 3.4 Rental or purchase price should be examined against the need for correcting design or construction deficiencies. Company experience indicates that trailers ‘seldom are acceptable. as supplied, without correcting. ‘one or more of the following. 3.1.1 Steps supplied with trailers may not be acceptable requiring site fabrication of suitable steps. 3.1.2. Door knobs may be placed too close to the ‘edge of the door causing finger pinching. 3.1.3 Cabinets and trim may require sanding and refinishing to correct rough surfaces. 3.1.4 Canopy or rain gutters may be required over entrances to prevent wet floors at doorways. 3.1.5 Supplemental heating or skirts around the base of the trailer may be required to ensure adequate heat for comfort. 3.1.6 Air conditioner design and placement may require unusual effort to effect even minor repairs if insufficient clearance is provided. 4. ANCHORING 4.1 Trailers shall be anchored to prevent sliding or overturning when exposed to high winds. See Figure 1. Exceptions may be justified if trailers are placed in pro tected areas such as between large buildings in areas not subject to high winds. Calculations indicate that un- guyed trailers will not overturn at wind pressures up to. but not exceeding, 7.5 to 10 Ib per square foot (psf) (aries depending upon length of trailer). Cribbing placed under trailers to improve stability should be located according to manufacturers’ specifications. Cribbing does not relieve the need for anchoring. 4.2. The anchoring required depends upon the maximum anticipated wind pressure. The Hurricane Zone is as shown on Figure 2. Provision for tions on the trailer is required of the manufacturer. Un- less specifically designed. the following tie downs shall be provided by the user. 4.2.1 Hurricane Zone. Provide tie downs on not ‘more than 12-foot centers beginning at the front wall. 4.2.2. Nonhurrleane Zone. Provide tie downs on ‘not more than 24-foot centers beginning atthe front wall. |. Anchor recommendations are given on Figure 1. 4.4 Diagonal ties shall be considered between anchors and trailer to prevent sliding. 5. FIRE PROTECTION 41 Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed using selection guidelines in FSF, Portable Fire Extinguishers. 5.2 Special consideration should be given to protecting trailers containing high value equipment such as com- puters, models, tracings, or instrumentation. The Safety and Occupational Health Division can assist in evaluating situations where automatic detection or extinguish: ing systems may be desirable. 5.3 All trailers shall be grounded for electrical fault and lightning protection. app Nove ~sue OFFICE TRAILERS Guy wire (er strap) senor Suitable supports ‘Section — Typles teh te down fo be designed for 3180 1b loxd. For locaton wee 42. Guy wites or straps to be galvanized stot ‘Serow anchors are recommended fot normal use, see E1C. Figures 8G and 104 For anchor-holding strengths in various clase toll, ge DES 4G, Tables 1G and 1H Expanding anchors we recommended for ute In rock. 8a E1C, Figures 80 and 10G. For twit holding strengths, se DES 4G ‘Where guy wires oF straps consute a tipping hazard, they should be guarded in accordance with E1C. Select ubuckles, imbles, clamps, and ether hecware trom wite rope manucture'scetelog to sui PIQURE 1 — TRAILER ANCHORAGE,ww This Page Rev Oct 1988 OFFICE TRAILERS Wen Load durations: 4 day ‘Winimam Design Uve Loads Vertical Verticat ‘Zone Mortzontal Upward Downward Norn ws tom= 9 m= 30 Ione Micdie 18 tbm= Hu ° 2 mricane 25 thm? 18 tbm> 30 thm op menths tT care {Long Zones overap, design for most cial load guration LOAD ZONE MAP OF USA SG Page 3LASER SAFETY SAFETY ENGINEERING STANDARD SEPT 1975, $206 TES. JUNE 1992 EENEME. JUNE 1992 pases Fri eaa yoierroenrnmr fe pam aa degen om ms peel tpt per OSHA information s soreened. 1. SCOPE 4.1 This standard pr tise of lasers and systems conta guides listed are well within safe should be made to further the wherever idles a uniform guide for the safe yelasers. Although the mits. every effort ssposure to laser ‘This standard doce not cover manufacture af lasers and laser systems and laser use in the filler optics and semiconductor indust . Laser manufactur [CDRH}. which isa regulatory bureau within the Federal 0 [FDA). The Interna: ssion (IEC) Standard Pur nv the ass of regulations 2. GENERAL 2.4 Laser Beam Hazard. The characteris beam that results in a potential hazard is the monochro- matic and collimated nature of laser radiation. Because of these s. the energy of the radiation can impinge on oF he focused to an extremely small area ‘causing thermal damage. This is particularly true for the eye in which the lens ean focus the energy to a amall area oon the retina causing permanent damage. including reduced ¥ of a laser sharacteris 2.4.1. The most likely damage from lasers emitting in the near ultraviolet (0.3 10 0.4 yam®). sisible (08 to 0.7 um). and near infrared region (0.7 to 1.4 um) isto the retinal area of the eyes. 2.4.2. Forinfrared (IR) (1410.13 ym) and ultra Jet (CV) (0.2 to 04 pm) laser radiation. the most likely hazard is to the cornea. In the far UV ( < 0.3 um range). there is evidence that repeated exposure m: the cornea. Prolonged exposure cumulative effects should be avoided. 2.1.3 For high-powe continuous wave (CW) pale lasers (>0.1 em). alse. 2.2 Laser Classification. The conditions of use of system containing a ed asa Clase I laser system during wrmal use’ and then reclassified to Class IIIb when idl for serviciny on controlled area needs to he In those cases. a temporary laser tablished (ser 5.6). 2.3. Safety Precautions. All laser safety precautions applying to the eye are designed to prevent the heart entering the eye either directly or by reflection ore surfaces. 2.4 Radiometric Measurements. Laser power and energy are measured using radiometric instruments oF calorimetric methods. Procedures are technically sophisticated and should be performed only by persons technology trained oF experienced in radiometry. This st measurements by: Is laser and turer's information as to maximum power level. 2.5 Long-Term Exposure. Long-term exposure cffects have been discovered in medical studies. Thi Y y a ow levels of diffusely reflected blue-green (argon-ion) laser radiation. In operations that require viewing of scattered oF diffusely reflected laser Hight. personnel should not sew the laser light continuously for more than two hours at a time. © Other Hazards. In ad ard. which is unique to laser systems. a wide range of hazards may be found in auxiliary equipment. This standard will not deal with them except to note the following examples: on to the laser Iream haz 2.6.1 Electrical Shock Hazard. Generally. high voltage is present in lasers and constitutes an electrical shock hazard to personnel working with an open laser tube oF power supply. This work should be conducted ‘only by qualified people in accordance with site proce dures for working on or near expored energized parts i Nore ~‘S206 LASER SAFETY Page 2. 2.6.2. Flash Lamps. Many pulsed lasers are opti cally pumped with « high-intensity fash lamp, Since these lampe emit strongly in the ultraviolet spectrum. personnel working with these system should ensure tha Proper light shields are installed around the lamps. 2.6.3 Continuous Pumping Lamps. Some solid- state lasers are op - personnel working with these lasers need elded. ally pumped with bright continuous 6.4 Vapor Hazards. such as drilling. welding. cutting. and slitting. i vaporized by a focused laser beam. Also. chen reactions ean occur that produce vapors. Personnel in- possibility of & appropriate such vapors being hazardous and provi ventilation, cryogenic liquids to eval the laser. (e4 and hydrogen). These liquid nitrogen. 1ay cause frosthite 6 Explosion Hazards. Lamps. especially |. could implode and should he shielded. The potential for explosions at the capacitor banks oF o jumps «ystems exists during the operation of some high- power lasers or laser systems. The possibility particles from target areas in laser cutting. drill welding operations may exist. Explosive reactis chemical laser reactants or other gases used within the laser laboratory is of concern, 2.6.7 X-Rays. There is the potential for generating X rays from high power voltage power supply tubes when the high voltage exceeds 15.00 V (15 kV). 2.6.8 Flammability of Laser Beam Enclosures. Enclosure of Class IV lasers beams and termination of some focused Class IIT lasers can result in potential fire hazards if the enclosure materials are exposed to irradi- ances exceeding 10 IYem? . Plastic materials are not precluded as an encloved material but their use and potential for Nammability and toxic fume release following direct exposure should be considered. Flame re tant materials and commercially available products specifically designed for Inser enclosure should also be considered. 3. LASER SAFETY OFFICER (LSO) 3.1. Each plant or site using Class IIIa or higher lasers shall designate a Laser Safety Officer (LSO). LSO duties shall consist of the following: 8. Provide consulting services on laser classifica tions hazard evaluation and contr 1b. Establish suitable procedures for control of laser hazards. The LSO wil authority have a This Page Rev June 1992 vols are laser operations if the laser hazard inadequat €. Maintain records related f medical exan We training are maintained. Maintai y of Class HL IIL and EV lasers on: equipment safety nations and up-to date invent d. Be knowledgeable about ins andl initiate action for eo ernment regula iment and review plan sure adequate control measures, Inspect new installations to ensure that the in= stallations comply with requirements. Accompany regu latory agency inspectors of laser equipment (esc. in the USA. federal or state agencies). document any diserepan: cies noted. and ensure corrective action is taken where Make certain that adequate warning systems and signs are installed in appropriate locations and that signs are appropriately worded. 1. Make sure that adequate tra perons working with or near laser eq effect Wt programs for Recommend or approve equipment, e.g. eye- ‘wear. ete..as may be required to assure personnel safe (see 7.4.2). Assure that protective equipment such as la eyewear is audited periodically fat least seme annually). Protective eyewear should be checked 10 ssure the attenuating characteristics of the eyewear lens wavelength. optical density) address the laser hazard. 1. Assure that equipment interlocks are periodically checked for operability. and all protective equipment ix kept in good working order. 4, RESOURCES 4.1. Laser safety officers and personnel responsible for the installation or operation of laser-containing equip- iment may consult the following: Safety and Occupational Health Division. Nemours Building. Wilmington. for schedule of Periodic laser safe courses p>LASER SAFETY ‘This Page Rev June 1992 b. Section 17 of this standard for re materials 5. DEFINITIONS 5.1. Classification of Lasers. For defining class of any laser or laser system. refer to ANSI Z136.1 ~ 1986 “Safe Use of Lasers te Laver Safety Officer. Definitions of class tarized Leto. Examyiles are of continuous wave (CW) lasers in which the pulse duration is > ve. Fe refer to ANSI standard 2136.1 ~ 19 ‘examples of pulsed lasers, Class 1 = Very low-power lasers. No control meas sures or medical surveillance needed (for HeNe laser power S04 x 10-4 wat). Class I= Low-power visible lasers. Needs some cone trol measures, (For HeNe laser power above Class Fbut <1. x 1073 watt) Class Ha = a subset of Class I lasers designed (ea. bar code reade fand has an output level that does not es: ceed that of Class [and exposure duration 5 10° seconds. Some cont Clas = Class Hla ~ Medium-powe above Class HI but 5 x 10° watt. Needs control mi Medium-power laser that emite an average radiant power in excess Class I hut 0.5 watt for CW visible as Both control and medical surveillance needed. High-power lasers, Power levels in excess of Class HL (for CW lasers. power > 0. seat), Both control measures and medical surveillance required. ) a specific ws Clase Ib ~ Class WV - where routine production oF t and nontechnical personnel are expected to rout ‘operate equipment containing lasers. A laser of any classification. when used in 9 plant environment. shall be contained such that reflected or diffused Tight does not exceed Class HI. Where the laser light can exceed Clase II levels. then the following is required depending ‘upon the class: Class Hla and greater — only trained people may operate (see section 13). Class TI and IV — access to the area must be restricted and the area ‘shielded so that the laser light in excess of Class TI does not endanger personnel outside the area. and Class TV = must be operated ina totally isolated “ro Refer to section 10 for more detai 5.3 Laboratory Environment. Laboratory environ- iment isan area where technically trained peo have the beam contai ing controls and safety 4 Maintenance, in this standard. is the performance fof those minor adjustments or procedures specified in use ded by the manufacturer of the laser system, Maintenance da not require de interlocks or access to the le Class Hand thus can be peetor ‘only basic laser safety train 5.5 Service, in this standard. is the performance of those adjustments oF procedures described in the manu- tions. including troubleshoot yy affect any aspect af the system, It is to be performed facturer’ service instr i and repair. which ve Sf the I only by persannel trained in laser safety who have the specific knowledge necessary for the system they are servicing, Area. When a laser and the .6 Temporary Laser Controll system is opened for service or srnal laser has a higher classification. at Iaser controlled area shall be established that meets the requirements of the higher laser classification and is osted with a “notice” sign (see Figure 1) only when the is in progress. Such an area may not have all the built-in protective features that are normally required for a laser controlled area for that class of laser (c access door with lo pros and outside the temporary laser controlled area. le xafety requirements for personne! both, LOW-POWER LASERS A Lasers that have power levels of Class are not considered hazardous from a radi point. However. jingement of the beam of lase light on the eye should he avoided with any laser no atter how low the power, since medical research has suggested that long-term exposure to laser light may result in degraded visual acuity. 2 Low-power lasers are heing increasingly used in hand-held devices such as bar code readers. Precautions should be taken to prevent their laser radiation from centering eyes of the operator and his or her coworkers. 7. ROUTINE OPERATING SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. 7.1 Only qualified and trained employees shall be assigned to install, adjust. and operate laser equipment. See section 13 for training procedures/requirements. fuPage 4 LASER SAFETY This 7.2. Entrance to parts of the equipment should be lim ited to that necessary to accomplis 5 7.3 No attempt should he made to place any sh that fo ect into the laser beam other thas ically designed. lossy: ol devices that are designed far pro: jon against radiation from a specific laser system hall be used when engineering and inate the probability of injury duc im excess of Class Ha, (This ey tly are inadequate to eli to potential expostr protection rv con sutpat while iuht potentially reach an 1) Eye protection is strongly recom mended whenever working with Class IV lasers even if lass Ha i the accessible radiation is within ear shall be cles hy the manufacturer) with optical density values Jengths for which protection ix afforded. 74.2. Caution. Not all laser protective eyewear affords impact protection as described in SHH. The laser er should assure selection of rye protecti ely addresses eye hazards to he encounte 7.4.3 There may be situations where th of the b laser. Protection may he abt n. such as when aligning a ed that reduces the lave g level so that users can perf ms. Each uniq necessary opera evaluated. lation must Ie 7.8 Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are required for operation. maintenance. and service Class Ty and IV las with the laser equi and maintenance oF sersice personnel. In x0 (eg. service performed by tive oF maintenance). th manual should be adequal 8. CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENT ‘SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 8.1. Thic section applies only to the use of lasers in instruction and does not apply to plant or laboratory situations. This seetion includes items in the OSHA construction standard and is mandatory in the USA. Non- USA sites should follow this section unless specified that em applies only to the USA. tion of the ene ‘and In posession of the operator at allt eaelihte, Pontos sereuned ae trom OSHA regulations, Gecton 1826.54 ‘8.1.2 During operation of « laser, oxily mechani: cal or electronic means shall be used an a detector for | auiding the fntcrnal alignment ofthe laser, : 813 The Inert shall not be directed at people ; B14 Tic heen leer tio he be poe Iihited where practicable when lasers are operated out- doors and there is rain. snow, dast, er fog in the sir. Le _any event, people shall be kept out of range of the source and target during such weather conditions. 8.1.8 Laser anite in operation should be set up above the heads of people, when pons, 1.4.8) Enmployecs working i areas in whlch a potential exposure to direct or reflected Inser fight greater ‘than 0.003 watt (5 nilliwatt) existe shall he provided with antilaser eyc-protection devices that protect for the specie wavelength of the eer acehall bean optical | density adequate for the energy involved. _ 8.4.7 Beam shutters shall he utilized, or the lecer turned off, when laser transoriesion ie not actually re ‘quired. When the laser is eft waaitended for a-substantial period of time, such as during luach bour, overnight. ‘or at chance of shifts, the laser shall be turned off. a18 Laer caipment shall bet abel ‘cate maximum output, ponte with standard Iver 9, LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: » Class HI. will so seessary that the laser beam not he contained However. they should be Laser protective eyewear inditions may re sult in a poten should be taken when noncontained lasers are used: 9.1.4 During the time the laser is operating. the area shall be under direct supervision of an indisidual knowledge ve sign should be posted al the entrance to the area and access limited. Bimit dull Ihlack (highly absorbing) surface and for UV and IR lasers. tolal absorbers (heam traps. ete.) should hw used. 1.3 The laboratory shall be free from specu larly rete the bea path. 1.4 The arva shall be well lighted to const the pupils unless the nature of the test or expe precludes the use of area lighting ciLASER SAFETY This Page Rev June 1! 9.4.5. The laser shall he positioned and the beam contained such that the eam does not exit the immediate area of use. 1.6 Remove watches, rings. and other shi jects, Take no action that would result in the exiting the enclosure and entering the general area, 9.2 High-Power Lasers, Class IV. The use of power lasers in laboratory emsironments should be subjected toall of the safeguards utilized for medias Tasers (see 9.1) in these emironments with the ex of beam termination, which has stronger requirements in 9.2.5.1. In addition, the following safeguards should apply: designated sp such an area should require authorization of a person control of the area. ally for laser operations. Access to responsible f 2.2 Under conditions where the entire beam path is not enclosed. the following apply 9.2.2.1 Access to the isolated area shall stricted by'a closed door when the laser is in operation. Doors (and windows) shall prevent transmission of the Iaser beam, 9.2.2.2 The access door shall he equipped with either of th Moin: lock. which is activated when the laser system is energized. o 1b. Ared blinking light that is activated i ‘or room when the laser system is medi emergency conditions. A control-disconnect witch oF valent device should be available near the exit for deactivating the laser. Provision should be made to per- rit the responsible individual to allow access to other authorized personnel if there is no optical radiation hi ard at the point of entry. 9.2.2.3 The red blinking light shall mean: ‘& Unauthorized personnel shall not enter the laser area unless permission is obtained from the responsible individual by direct communication or by telephone or intercom system. b. The laser power is on inside the designated area whether oF not authorized personnel are present. 9.2.2.4 A notice outside the area shall indicate the meaning of the blinking light. Note by name the authorized personnel and provide information. such as Phone numbers. room locations. ete.. of authorized personnel and the phone number of phone inside restricted area. of information on equivalent intercom systems. 9.2.3 Lockout capabi laser oF laser device. oF the ty must he provided for th stem must have equivalent op S206 Pages | joring the device from the power 9.2.4 Care should be taken to ensure that the hands, arms. or other parts of the body do not intersect the beam unless it is necessary in the operation of the nent, In that ease. it should only be done by au- Xd personnel who have knowledge of the power levels and the potential for damage. 5 Since infrared radiation is invisible. part ular care must be taken when using an infrared laser system. Therefore. in addition to the control procedures listed. the following also apply to high lasers: 9.2.5.1 The beam shall be te highly absorbent beam trap of fire-resistant material 9.2.8.2 Areas that are exposed to reflections of the beam shall be protected by fully enclosing the beam and target area. 9.2.6 Ultraviolet laser beam invisible and shall require a beam shield that attenuates the radiation to acceptable levels. 9.2.7 Acountdown procedure shall he used t nify the firing of a low repetition rate pulsed or Q-switeh laser to ensure all present are aware of the time of firing. 9.2.8 Laser protective eyewear shall be worn whenever operational conditions may: result in a potential eye hazard. Protective eyewear with selective absorp- tion glass should not be used in lieu of other safely precautions outlined. 9.2.9 The possible skin hazard should be mi mized by proper design of the experiment and by wear ing protective clothing (e.g.. gloves. long sleeves). 10. PLANT ENVIRONMENTS, GENERAL PRECAUTIONS. 10.1. Area Requirements, Low-Power Lasers Class | and Class 1I, and Medium-Power Lasers Class Ilt It shall not be possible through any nor- imal system malfunction for the laser beam to be directed out of its protective enclosure 2 An instrument or device containing a laser ‘that qualifies as a Class I need not have external warning, signs or special delineated areas for traffic. However. a warning sign should be conspicuous to those entering the laser compartment. An instrument that may change from a Class I to a higher class. |-3 The instrument or the device containing the laser should he clearly marked on ‘with a laser warning sign indicating a laser is contained within. 40.1.4 The general area of the roam ca the instrument or device that qualifies as a Clase II orLASER SAFETY = III should be delineated. if practical. by appropriate floor marking or other means such that normal flow of traffic not directly associated with the use of the equipment is routed around the immediate area containing the equipment. 10.2 Area Requirements, High-Power Lasers Class IV. The safety requirements are the same as for Class I. Tl, and ITT lasers. In addition. the Class 1V system must he isolated s0 no ane except trained personnel will exer have access to light levels greater than Class IL. This does not necessarily mean an isolated room. but that the area where light levels are greater than Clase IT be defined (exg.. by a barricade} to prevent unauthorized entry 11. PLANT ENVIRONMENTS, PRECAUTIONS. DURING MAINTENANCE (SEE 5.4) ‘AND SERVICING (SEE 5.5) 14.1, Maintenance that does not require entry into the ‘compartments containing the laser beam or that the interlock be disconnected requires precautions pointed out under “Routine Operating Safety Precautions. 11.2. Only designated trained personnel are permitted to perform servicing procedures on laser systems. If Iwcomes necessary to defeat interlocks for sen laser alignment of medium-power systen precautions should be taken to avoid laser light entering the eye cither directly or from a reflective surface. 11.2.4 Do not insert glosty or shiny 0 the laser beam unless specifically required for ‘maintenans 14.2.2 Work in a well illuminated area to reduce the aperture of the pupil unless low light level is 11.2.3 Remove watches. rings. and other shiny objects. Take no action that would result in the beam ‘exiting the enclosure and entering the general area, 11.2.4 Limit the number of personnel working in the laser compartment to those necessary to accomplish the service procedure or alignment. 11.3 If it becomes necessary to perform service on high-power systems in which the interlocks are disconnected and the laser remains on while the device is open with the beam not enclosed. a fire-resistant barrier that yrevents the possibility of laser light being reflected into the general area shall be positioned surrounding the in the device. Under such cireumstances. the fied as a laboratory environment and shall meet those requirements. If this is not possible. the device shall be removed to a work area that can meet these eriteri 14.4 For service that requires removal of the laser from ite protects remove it to a laboratory emironment. ‘This Page Rev June 1992 14.5. Site lockout procedures must be followed. USA must note that Insers are considered energy sources and the OSHA lock and tag standard (1910.147 Control of Hazardous Energy Sources) must be followed. 12. PLANT ENVIRONMENTS, LASER FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS 12.1 General. Instruments oF process di ing lasers. which at intended for use in plant environ ordingly to indicat Du Pont for use in man- the USA must comply sith the Federal Laser Performance Standard (Ref 17.0). Devices manufactured for use in other countries must comply with the requirements of that country. ments, must be labeled class, 12.2 Devices Containing Medium-Power Lasers Class Ht 12.2.1 Beam Enclosures. The heam shall be en- ‘closed such that it will jing mode for the bes outside the enclosure. Therefore. if practi should occupy its own enclosed compartment will independent of the remainder of the equipment and keep the laser light within Class I external to the ‘compartment. X be possible in any normal n tobe deflected into the area the beam and 12.2.2 Interlocks. If entry into any portion of the equipment through hinged doors would otherwise cause the equipment to no longer satisfy the requirements of Class Ila system. an interlock must be used that will cither turn the laser off or cause the beam to be blocked. 12.2.3 Master Key Switch. The master key ‘switch. supplied with the Class IIIb laser power supply. ‘normally is adequate to lock out the laser system. When the laser is turned off. the key should be removed by the laser operator. 12.2.4 Warning Signs. Laser warning signs shall be displayed in conspicuous locations on the outside of Class II and above systems. Ifa Class I or Class II system, becomes a higher class system upon entry into any por- 1n of the equipment, one oF more warning signs shall be placed such that it is conspicuous to those entering the equipment. If routine removal of a panel or some other barricade not equipped with interlocks results in the system no longer being Class II. a laser warning ign all be displayed on the panel and exhibit a message indicating that such removal presents a hazard. 12.2.5 Procedural Safeguards. Entry into the strument that requires the laser heam be exposed to possible to have the laser beam impinge on the eye must he covered by procedures designed t fit the specific circumstances. service personnel in whi fliLASER SAFETY This Ps Rev June 1992 12.3 Devices Containing High-Power Lasers Class WV. The probability of inju ine laser output power. High-power lasers are more likely to cause injury from hazardous diffuse reflections than medium-power lasers. Devices containing high-power lasers shall meet all of the requirements of medium: power lasers and. in addition, shall also mect the follow ing requirements: increases with incres 12.3.4 Interfocks. The normal entries into the {instrument shall have interlocks. In addition, the beam shall be enclosed and the enclosure shall also have an interlock that will deactivate the laser should the beans enclosure be removed. Interlocks should be of a fai type to ensure that a single interlock failure shall not permit access to the beam. safe 12.3.2. Master Lockout. A lockout system must bbe provided that will permit lockout of the laser. This provides protection from the high voltage used to power Class IV laser systems as well as protection from the laser hazard. 13, TRAINING 13.1. Those persons involved in service, maintenance, and routine operation of the instrument or device containing the laser and those working in the general area should be made aware of laser hazards and procedures through a training program. Personnel assigned to perform service on laser systems shall receive additional training to ensure their thorough knowledge of proper, safe procedures for performing these service functions. 13.2 An important aspect of laser safety is proper training of persons who might come in contact with laser ‘equipment. The training program should be designed appropriate tothe class of laser radiation accessible during the required task(s) of personnel. In the ease of low- and medium-power Insers, the knowledge that a hazard exists when looking into the direct or reflected beam is ‘sufficient to eliminate most accidental exposures. Sim- ple safety precautions such as not placing shiny objects in the beam should be adhered to. Equipment protective devices and procedures for low- and medium-power lasers are injury; however, adequate training to ensure compliance with rales and an understanding of the hazards involved virtually eliminate the probability of injury. 13.3. A training program that familiarizes. personnel working in the area of laser equipment with hazards and procedures shall be conducted for users of Class III and IV lasers. The training program should consist of the following: &. Description of the hazard b. Safety devices €. Procedures relating to the laser equipment 4. Warning signs @. Description of medical surveillan requirements General good safety practices 13.4 Records shall be maintained ofall persons attend: ig the training program. A training period shall be pro- ided for new personnel not previously oriented. The program should be repeated as the need dictat sonnel trained and designated to perform laser systems shall be identified. Per. 14. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROCEDURES. FOR PERSONNEL WORKING WITH LASERS 14.1. All personnel working directly with Class IIIb or IV lasers or laser systems are designated as laser workers ‘and shall be under the medical surveillance program. Visitors or other personnel who occasionally view ex: hibits involving laser systems are incidental workers and need not be placed under medical surveillance. How- ever, they need to be protected from direct or accidental ‘exposure to laser radiation in excess of Class TI. 14.2. Medical surveillance is not required for personnel working with Class 1, Il, or Illa lasers or laser sys- sure to lasers should be carried out by the site or plant physician who should refer suspected cases to a quall- fied ophthalmologist. 14.4 Medical Surveillance Program Requirements (Class itp and IV). 14.4.1 Pre-Placement Medical Exam. An initial eye exam shall be made before beginning to work with lasers to document and detect any existing eye problems. ‘This initial exam shall be conducted in accordance with ANSI Z136.1-1986 for the Eye Examination Protocol and the Du Pont Medical Guidelines. 14.4.2 Medical Referral Following @ Sus- ected or Known Laser Exposure/Injury. No routine ‘examinations of laser workers are necessary. However, in the event of a suspected or known accidental exposure (oF injury, the employee should be evaluated by Du Pont medical personnel (contract physicians included) and then referred to an ophthalmologist, as necessary. Follow-up exams should also be conducted. ep‘S206 LASER SAFETY 1443. Termination of Laser Work. Upon termination of laser work, the employee should be interviewed by the local medical personnel and referred to an ophthalmologist, as necessary. 1444 Survelliance for Possible Skin Damage from Exposure to Laser. Not required for preplacementexami nations of laser workers; however, such examinations are sug- ‘gested for employees with histories of photo sensitivity or who ‘work with ultraviolet lasers. (See ANSI Z136.1 — 1986 for the ‘Skin Examination Protocol.) 148. liwillbe theresponsibiity of ite management to end the site Laser Safety Officer (LSO) alist of personnel who will be cor are curently working with Class [band IV laser systems. The Medical Office shall assume responsibility for scheduling both inital eye exams end follow-up exams as needed. The LSO shall ‘periodically review the list to ensure that all personnel working with laser systems are under proper surveillance. The LSO will work with the Safety Office and the technical staff to help deer- ‘mine the level of surveillance needed foreach individual. 15. WARNING SIGNS AND LABELS. 15.1 Symbol. The laser hazard symbol shall be represented bby a sunbumt pater consisting of two sets of radial spokes of different lengths, with one longer spoke radiating from a common, ‘center. For USA sites the color, dimensions, and locaton of the symbol within the sign shall be as specified in American National ‘Standard Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs, Z35.1. [Non-USA sites must follow the regulations oftheir country. IEC publication 825 specifies certain signs; see Figures 2 and 3. 15.2 Signal Words. The signal word CAUTION shall be ‘used with all sgns and labels associated with Class and Ia lasers and laser systems, The signal word DANGER shall be used with allsigns and label asociated with Class1ITb andTV lasers andlaser systems; se Figures 4 and 5, 153 Inclusion of Pertinent Information. The sppropri- sue signal word CAUTION or DANGER shall be wrinen in the ‘upper panel. Appropriate space shall be lefton all signs and labels to allow the inclusion of pertinent information. Such information ‘may be included during the printing ofthe sign or label or may be handwritten in a legible manner to include the following information: ‘Below the tail on the sunburet: type of later (Pulsed Ruby, CW Helium-Neon, et.). b. Above thetailon the sunburst: special precaution sy instructions or protective actions required by the reader. © Inlowerrightcomer: the class ofthe laser or laser sytem. 4d. Theword “light” may be used toreplace the word, “adition” for visible lasers. @. For lasers operating outside the visible range (4 jim 100.7 um), the word “invisible” shall be placed prior tothe word “radiation.” 154 Equipment Labels. (All classes except Class I) ‘Class TI and higher lasers or laser systems shall have appropriate ‘warning labels. These labels shall include the symbol, signal words, and other pertinent information as described above. 185 Area Posting @.—_Anareathat contains «Class HorTlalser or laser system should be posted with the appropriate caution sign 35 described above, b. An ares that contains a Class IM or IV laser or laser system shall be posted with the appropriate danger sign as described above. 156 Examples of Signs, Figure 1 is a notice sign 10 be posted outside a temporary laser-controlied area (see 5.6). Figures 2and3 are examples that meet IEC specifications. Figures 4 and 5 are examples of waming signs that meet ANSI Standards, Labels to be placed on equipment shouldbe sized appropriately othe size of the equipment. 16. SUMMARY 164 Table 1. ‘A summary of the laser safety requirements is in 17, REFERENCES. ‘ANSI Standard 2136.1 — 1986, American National Stan- dard forthe Safe Use of Lasers. 1b. DuPont Medical Guidelines, Section 5 — Lasers. ©. Intemational Electrotechnical Commission IEC) Standard ‘Publication 825. "Radiation Sefery of Laser Products, Equip- ‘ment Classification, Requirements, and User's Guide," Geneva, Switzerland: 1984 d. ACGIH, A Guide for Control of Laser Hazards, Fourth Edition, 1990. © OSHA Publication 8-1.7, Guidelines for Laser Safety and ‘Hazard Assessment. {. US. FederalLaser ProductPerformance Standard (FLPPS), Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR), Chapter 1, Subchapter J, Part 1010 and Par 1040 (applies to manufac ‘ure of lasers and laser systems). 9 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, OSHA Regulations Section 1926.54 (applies to construction, ‘environment).S206 LASER SAFETY ‘This Page Rev June 1992 Page 9 ‘TABLE 1 - SUMMARY OF LASER REQUIREMENTS T oo lots) case > &femse Teng = Se) ve | ves | ve Warning tabel on laser | No Yes Yes | ves | Yes | (ia = tbe no yb | [fea Posing no | Sena __| Reconmendea | ves | ves Wor anagmaber | NA | Caxton Gauten | Barge | Banger Medical surveitance | No | No ‘No Yes | vee verry Ne ver ve | ve | ve | Wien SOPs No Ne wo | ves | vee (3) Minima eming ecommendes, but label on equipment may sutce (2) Recommended, tut laos on eeupment may stce. we “4 NOTICE LASER REPAIR IN PROGRESS FIGURE 1 - NOTICE SIGNS206 Page 10 LASER SAFETY “This Page Rev June 1992 SYMBOL AND BORDER: BLACK BACKGROUND: YELLOW FIGURE 2 - IEC 825 (1985) WARNING LABEL - HAZARD SYMBOL. SPACE FOR LEGEND LEGEND AND BORDER: BLACK BACKGROUND YELLOW Figure a {C825 (1985) WARNING LABEL - LABEL FOR EXPLANATORY WORDING aThis Page Rev June 1992 LASER SAFETY S206 Page 14,oT Corporate Standard SHE Standard: S21G Wandatory and advcoy language ‘conforms with Corporate SHE Pobcy 'S1Z, the DuPont SHE Protocol $21G Radio Frequency and Microwave Radiation Safety Table of Contents 1. Scope and field of application .... 2 1.4 Scope ...... 2 1.2. Field of application BE 2. References..........+ 3, Management responsibilities 4. Definitions .........6eceses 5. Standards/guidelines . 51 52 5.24 5.22 5.23 5.3 5.31 5.32 5.33 wow Exposure limits ....... 5 Microwave equipment ...... we Microwave ovens for food preparation Laboratory microwave equipment Process sources of microwaves . Radio frequency equipment .. Monitoring . Warning signs and labels Personnel notification and training. BOO BLENNNN 5.4 Pacemakers ...... 4 5.4.1 Nature of hazards .. 4 5.4.2 Required precautions. 4 5.5 Monitoring equipment . . 4 6. Management systems ........... 4 6.1 Support resources ........ 4 6.2 Management records a4 6.3 Audit requirements .. 4 6.4 Standard renewal process .. 4 65 Deviation process a4 6.6 Training and communication requirements 6.7 Guardian or contact. = = List of Figures Radio trequency raciaton hazard warning symbOl «2.2.0... Figure 1 ‘Vendors and merchandise designations are given to describe materials and may not include all acceptable products. Substitutions by ‘supplies are to be made only on approval ofthe local authority initiating the use of this standard, Document reatfirmed June 1994 / Document revised October 1997 Contact ENGG::STANDARDS on E-mail for more Information. PR 2422188 / This document may be used and reproduced for DuPont busines only. Page 1 0f 5 Copyright © 1997 €. . du Pont de Nemours and Company. All Rights Reserved. (Unpubished) (SHE)S21G Radio Frequency and Microwave Radiation Safety 1. Scope and field of application 1.1 Scope This standard provides assistance in evaluating and controlling employee exposure from equipment producing radio frequency (RF) and microwave energy in the frequency range 0.03 MHz~300 GHz. This includes microwave ovens (which operate at 2,450 MHz), diathermy machines (27.1 ot 2,450 MHZ), dielectric heating and drying units (0.5-300 MHz), and other RF and microwave equipment used in plants and laboratories. Mandatory requirements in this standard are noted in italics. 1.2 Field of application See Sections | and 4 of the DuPont SHE Protocol, Corporate Policy, S1Z. 2. References DuPont Corporate Policy siz DuPont SHE Protocol S2z DuPont SHE Commitment S3Z Responsible Care® and STEP Other References American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), “Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Bio- logical Exposure Indices,” latest version. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), “Documentation of Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.” “Nonionizing Radiation Guide Series,” American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): Radio-Fre- ‘quency and Microwave Radiation 9/88. 3. Management responsibilities Business and line management have the responsibility to implement this standard. '* Mandatory requirements are ualicized. 4. Definitions ‘Ha—hertz = | cycle per second ‘MHz—megahertz = 105 Hz GHz—gigahertz = 10° Hz 5, Standards/guidelines 5.1 Exposure limits The ACGIH threshold limit value (TLV®) for radio frequeney/microwave radiation shall be followed unless there is a more restrictive government standard applicable to the site.* There is no longer a DuPont acceptable exposure limit (AEL); this was dropped in 1994 in favor of the ACGIH TLV. 5.2 Microwave equipment (300 MHz— 300GHz) 5.2.1 Microwave ovens for food preparation Ovens should be installed so personnel are not located within four feet of the oven for prolonged periods (i¢., while eating lunch). ‘Ovens shall be operated strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Food buildup in seal areas can increase radiation leakage. The ovens shall be cleaned often enough to prevent food buildup (e.g. weekly) with a damp cloth or according to manufacturer's instructions. Cleanliness should be monitored by area personnel—one way is to include the ovens in area safety and health audits. ‘Annually, the microwave oven shall be given a visual inspection to look for obvious problems, such as food buildup or signs of arcing. The interlocks should be tested at this time by opening the door while the oven is running and verifying that the power shuts off. If, there are any problems, the microwave shall be taken out of service and repaired. A record of this annual inspection shall be maintained for three years, either by having a list of ovens on the site or by posting a list on the microwave. Document revised October 1997S21G PM, Radio Frequency and Microwave Radiation Safety Figure 1. Radio frequency radiation hazard warning symbol (54D) Red background ‘Aluminum INSERT WARNING DATA OR INSTRUCTIONS IN THIS AREA 1. Place handling and mounting instructions on reverse side. 2. D= Scaling unit. 3. Lettering: Ratio of letter height to thickness of letter lines. Upper triangle: 5to1 Large 8 to 1 Medium Lower triangle: 410 1 Small 6 to 1 Medium 4. Symbol is square, triangles are right angle isosceles. This figure meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.97. Document revised October 199737 EXIT MARKING SAFETY ENGINEERING STANDARD BE FEB 1962 $22G So Page 1 of 2 1, SCOPE indard covers requirements for marking of 1.2 For illumination of means of egress and ex lighting refer to: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code No. 101, “Life Safety Code’ Engineering Standards DEISF, Safety Exit Marking and Ilumination, and DESF, Emergency Lighting Systems 4.3. This standard and the OSHA regulations (Sections 1910.35 through 1910.40) are derived largely feom NEPA 101. While this standard meets or exceeds OSHA requirements, reference to the source of certain specific requirements is also included. 2. GENERAL 2.1 All places of assembly (buildings or portions of buildings used for gathering together of 30 or more persons) are required to have exit lighting and signs (NFPA 101). Refer to DESF for description of emergency lighting systems. 2.2 Im any office building with 25 or more persons, ‘emergency exit illumination shall be provided in accordance with DESF. 2.3. Industrial occupancies and storage occupancies shall have exit lighting in accordance with DEBE and DEISF and exit signs in accordance with this standard. 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Means of Egress. A means of egress is a continu ‘ous and unobstructed way of exit travel from any 4 building or structure to a public way and con three separate and distinct parts: the exit access, the exit, and the exit discharge. A means of egress comprises the vertical and horizontal ways of travel and shall include intervening room spaces, doorways, hallways, corridors, passageways, balconies, ramps, stairs, enclosures, lobbies, escalators, horizontal exits, courts, and yards. 3.2 Exit Access. Exit access is that portion of means of, egress which lea that portion of. is separated from all othe structure by construction or equipment as required to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge. spaces of the building o 3.4 Exit Discharge. Exit discharge is that portion of a means of egress between the termination of an exit and a public was 4, EXIT LIGHTING provided for all exit faci and DEISF. 4.2 Emergency lighting facilities, to provide exit illumination in the event of failure of normal lighting, should also be provided as required by DE&F and DEL. 5. EXIT SIGNS 5.1 All required exits, and the ways of access thereto, shall be identified by readily visible signs where the exit, oF way to reach it, is not immediately obvi ‘occupant 5.2. There are many situations where the actual need for signs may be debatable. Where a main entrance also sn exit, it usually is sufficiently obvious to occupant so that no exit sign is needed. However, in cases of doubt, signs should be provided. 5.3. Exits shall be marked by an approved sign readily visible from any direction of exit access. 5.4 Access to exit hall be marked by approved, readily visible signs in all eases where the exit oF way to reach it is not readily apparent to the occupants. Sign place- ‘ment shall be such that no point in the exit access is more than 100 feet from the nearest vi 5.8 Every exit sign shall have the word EXIT in plainly legible letters not less than 6 inches high, with the prin- ple stroke of such letters not less than 3/4 inch side. cnEXIT MARKING Externally and internally illuminated signs shall be visible in both the normal and emergeney lighting mode. 5.7. Exit signs shall be illuminated to not less than 5 foot candles (54 L,) and shall havea contrast ratio of not Tess than 0.5. Colors providing good contrast are red or areen letlers on a matte white background. 5.8 A sign reading EXIT or TO EXIT, STAIRWAY or ‘TO STAIRWAY, or similar designations with an arrow or arrows indicating the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit, shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. 5.9 If doors, passages or stairways which are not exits ‘oF ways to exits are so located or arranged that they could This Page Rev Oct 19 they shall be identified by ‘or similar designation or by ‘sign indicating the actual character of the door, .e.. To Basement, Storeroom, ete. 5.10 While internally illuminated signs are permitted. in any type of occupancy, they are required in most situations where reducti i permitted. Refer to DE8F and DEI3F for speci requirements, 6. SIGNS AND LIGHTING FIRE-ESCAPE STAIRS Mlumination and exit signs shall be provided for the egress to fire escapes in accordance with sections 4 and 5, except that the signs shall have, in addition to the words specified in section 5, the words “Fire Escape” in letters not less than 21/2 inches high. For specific illumi nation requirements, refer to DEBF and DEISF.8236, p14 INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING SAFETY ENGINEERING STANDARD NOV 1981 aaa TE sury ross So, JULY 1988 Page 1 of 15 “This standard inclodes requirements ofthe Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) as published inthe Federal Register. OSHA information ls screened. 1. SCOPE 4.4. This standard provides precautions and guidelines for imerconnection of process and service piping. 4.2 The term “service” includes breathing, instrument, and general-purpose air; nitrogen or other inert ‘ens; potable, filtered, and untreated water; and steam. 41.3 Service-to-service interconnections are not covered by thie standard, however, the same general philosophy can be used in establishing safety requirements, 2. GENERAL “2.1 Construction of nonpotable water 2.2 No interconnections of breathing air systems to Processes oF nonair systems are allowed. See SIH for breathing air requirements 2.3 Connection to process systems and other uses of ‘water of gaseous services should be constructed so that the probability of backflow is essentially eliminated. ‘The degree of protection needed should be determined bby an evaluation of the hazards of crose-contamination or backflow of contaminants. 24 The precautions and guidelines presented are minimum requirements. Additional safeguards may be required in special situations. 2.5. State and local requirements including plumbing codes should be examined as they may be more restrictive. 3. DEFINITIONS. 3.1, Backflow. A reversal of the normal direction of flow in supply lines as a result of excessive pressure in the using system or reduced supply pressure. 3.1.1, Back-Pressure Backflow. A flow reversal caused by « condition in which the pressure in the system being supplied becomes greater than the mini- ‘mum normal pressure in the supply piping. areoned stom OSA pone Beco S84 3.1.2 Backsiphonage Backflow. A flow reversal caused by a negative pressure (vacuum) in the Line sup- plying « system, with the backflow source subject 10 ‘atmospheric pressure. 3.2. Mechanical Device Fallure. The operation of « device in an improper manner, or absence of operation, where such failure could lead to backflow of a contaminant to a fluid service. 3.3. Filtered Water (Process Water). Supplies of ‘water from which solid materials are removed, frequently followed by pH adjustment, for uses such as ‘Process, fire protection, and steam generation. 3.4 Hazardous Contaminant. A toxic material which ‘could cause illness or death if introduced into drinking. water or breathing air supplies; or a material which if mixed or reacted with other process materials could ‘cause injury or property loss. 3.5 Human Failure. An act, or a failure to act, which ‘could lead to backflow of a contaminant to « fluid 3.6 Loaded Check Valve (Force-Loaded Check Valve). A check valve which is foree loaded with springs or counterweights to provide positive shutoff. 3.6.1 Swing-type check valves installed vertically with upfiow, so that the foree of gravity closes the valve, may be considered as loaded check valves. Swing-type check valves installed in any other configuration are not loaded check valves. 3.7 Mechanical Device. As used in this standard, a ‘mechanical device is a valve, check valve, automatic valve, regulator, air gap, vacuum breaker, removable Glexible hove or spoolpiece, or combinations of these devices, or items of process equipment, euch as heat ‘exchangers, which are designed to provide positive sepa ration of process streams and heat-transfer media. 3.7.1 These devices are placed in passive/ automatic or manual eategories for purposes of system analysis. See Table 2. 3.8 Potable Water (Drinking Water). Supplies of water which are treated (filtered, neutralized, chlori- nated, etc) and periodically tested to assure absence of Vendors and merchandise designations are given to describe materials and may ‘ot include all acceptable products. Substtutons by suppliers are to be made ‘only on approval of the local authority initiating the use of this standard «a Tas DOCUMENT 16 THE PROPERTY OF | DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY. WE TECHACAL 12 USED NOR REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF DU PONTPago 2 hazardous contaminants and thus may be used for ‘human consumption. PROCESS AND 3.9 Supply Fallure, An unexpected reduction in the pressure — below the normal minimum pressure ~ in the supply piping which increases the probability of backflow. 3.10 Undesirable Contaminant. A material which ‘may cause objectionable or unusual appearance (color, turbidity, ete), odor, or taste in water or sir supplies Provided for human consumption but which would not ‘cause illness or death if consumed in reasonable quantities. Filtered river water or canal water which is not polluted, or water solutions containing low concentra- ons of ingredients approved by the U.S. Food and Drug ‘Administration (but mot sea water or brackish water) would be considered to contain undesirable contarninants. 3.11. Untreated Water (River Water or Rain Water). Supplies of water which are used essentially as recei from lake, river, or bay for use in cooling, cleaning, ete. 4. PHILOSOPHY 4.1 Potable Water — Hazardous Contaminants, ‘Adequate isolation of materials ingested by humans (potable water) from hazardous contaminants shall be Provided by mechanical devices such that 2 total combination of at least four device and independent human failures (at least two must be passive/automatic device failures) would be required in order for backflow to ‘occur from (1) either excessive pressure in the system being supplied or (2) supply pressure failure. 1 Inadouble-block-and-bleed system, failure to close the second block valve and open the bleed valve would be considered as one human failure. 4.1.2 In ahose-disconnect system, fallure to close the second block valve, open the bleed valve, and discon- rect the hove may be considered as two independent human failures. 4.1.3 Air gaps and vacuum-breaker systems must bbe designed so that the air gaps are rigidly maintained by ‘structure which is unlikely to fail from corrosion oF impact. Under such conditions a decrease in air gxp can ‘occur only by breakage of the inlet piping (thus creating ‘an additional vacuum or pressure break). See Figure 17. 4.2 Potable Water — Undesirable Contaminants. Adequate isolation of materiale ingested by humans (Potable water) from undesirable contaminants shall be Provided by mechanical devices such that a total combi nation of at least three device and independent human failures (at least two must be passive/automatic device failures) would be required in order for backflow 10 ‘occur from (1) either excessive pressure in the system being supplied or (2) supply pressure failure. ap INTERCONNECTION OF SERVICE PIPING ‘This Page Rev July 1988 4.3 Process Water, Process Alr, Process Steam, Nitrogen, Inert Gas — Hazardous Contaminants. Adequate isolation of process water, process air, process steam, nitrogen or inert gas supplies from hazardous contaminants shall be provided by mechanical devices- ‘such that a total combination of at least three device and independent human failures (at least one must be a passive/automatic device failure) would be required for hbackflow to occur from excessive pressure in the system being supplied; or a total combination of at least two device and independent human failures (at least one must be a passive/automatic device failure) would be required for supply pressure failure. 4.3.1 Although steam supplies are very reliable, steam is frequently used for humidification of conditioned air in inhabited areas and condensation of steam following shutoff can produce a powerful negative pres ‘sure (vacuum). Where steam from « header is used for humidification, isolation of process from both the steam header and associated condensate piping shall be provided by mechanical devices such that at least two pas: sive/automatic device failures would be required for backflow to occur. 4.4 Process Water, Process Air, Process Steam, Nitrogen inert Gas - Undesirable Contaminants. ‘Adequate isolation of process water and process steam from undesirable contaminants and process sir, nitrogen for inert gas supplies from undesirable contaminants which are nonflammable, nontoxic and nonreactive, shall be provided by mechanical devices auch that a total of at least three device failures (either passive/automatic devices or independent human failures or a combination thereof) would be required for backflow to occur from excessive pressure in the system being eupplied; or at least two device failures (cither passive/automatic devices or independent human failures or a combination thereof) would be required for supply pressure failure. 4.8 River Water — Hazardous Contaminants. Adequate isolation of river water from hazardous con- ‘taminants shall be provided by mechanical devices such ‘that at least two device failures (either passive/automatic devices or independent human failures or « combination thereof) would be required for backflow to occur from () either excessive pressure in the aystem being supplied ‘or (2) supply pressure failure. 4.6 River Water ~ Undesirable Contaminants. Adequate isolation of river water from undesirable contaminants shall be provided by mechanical devices ‘such that at least one device failure (either paseive/automatic device or independent human failure) would be ‘required for backflow to occur from (1) either excessive ‘Presaure nthe system being supplied or) supply pres 4.7 Breathing Alr. See section 8 for breathing air Philosophy. —____| New INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING ‘This Page Rev July 1 $236 | Page 3 4.8 instrument Ale. See section 9 for instrument air Philosophy. 4.9. Table 1. See Table 1 for a summary of the above philosophy. 4.10. Recommended Interconnections. Recom- ‘mended interconnections of service and process piping ystems are presented in Table 3, showing the number of human and passive/automatic device failures which must coincide to enable backflow to occur. The systems may exceed the minimum requirements of the above philosophy and Table 1. They sre presented in an appro: ‘mate order of reliability (i.e, the Figure 16 system is more reliable than Figure 1) and are shown disgrammat- ically on Figures 1 through 16. Table 3 and Figures 1 through 16 should be used in conjunction with section 15, Analyzing Existing Service ~ Process Interconnec- tions and section 16, Design of New Service ~ Process Interconnections. 4.11 Bloods and Prossure-Reliet Device. Bleeds and pressure-relief device discharges can contain process materials and shall be routed to safe and environmen- tally acceptable discharge points. 4.12 Mechanical Device Count Value. Some mechanical devices are inherently more reliable due to their design or arrangement. Euch of the mechanical devices in this standard is assigned a count value for system analysis purposes. See Table 2 4.3. Sections § through 12. Sections 5 through 12 provide more detailed information and a discussion of mechanical device systems recommended for each of the services covered by this standard. 5. POTABLE WATER 5.1. Free Fall or Alr Gap. Free-fall or airgap isolation is the preferred method for assuring absence of backflow to potable water supplies from systems in which toxic solids, liquids, or gases are used. This method should be used wherever possible. S.A The potable water inlet must he fixed in position at a height equal to two times the diameter of the inlet pipe (one inch minimum) above the flooding level of the tank, vessel, or ai-gap receptacle. See Figure 14. 5.1.2 Where the potable water inlet must be extended into the tank, an overflow is provided to maintain an air gap. The air gap shall be at least three times the diameter of the inlet pipe above the top of the overflow pipe, and an air gap shall be provided in the overflow piping as close as possible to the tank. The overflow ine shall be sized for the maximum possible inlet flows. See Figure 18. 5.1.3 For intermittent uses or where potable water at significant pressures is required, a separate potable water supply consisting of a tank with an auto- ‘matic shut-off valve in the water inlet line and an air gap should be used. 1.3.1. Elevating the potable water supply tank ‘above the point of use, oF use of a pump drawing from the potable water eupply tank, can provide a source of pressurized potable water. 5.2 Vacuum Breakers. Where (1) the inlet for potable water must be below the flooding level of a user device, and (2)it cannot be assured that the overflow system will always remain open, and (8) the user device cannot be subjected to pressure greater than atmospheric, an anticsiphon vacuum breaker (containing a check valve) may be used to prevent backflow into potable water supply piping. See Figure 15 and Ref @a). 2.1 Atmospheric-type, vacuum breaker, anti- siphon devices must be installed at least 6 inches above the flood level of the user device and must be installed on the downstream side of any control and block valves. See Ref (2a). 5.2.2 A pressurestype, vacuum breaker, anti- siphon device (containing a check valve) may be installed between control or block valves provided that the supply pressure does not exceed 150 psig. See Ref (2b). 3. Double Check Valve Assembly. Two independently acting force-loaded check valves designed and constructed to operate under intermittent or continuous pressure conditions, may be used to isolate potable water supplies from processes or other water supplies containing undesirable but nonhazardous contaminants. See Figure 10 and Ref 2b). 1. Single force-loaded check valves, or multi- ples of ordinary nonforee-londed check valves, shall not be used to isolate potable water supplies from other con taminated fluids whether or not they would be used with manually operated devices such as disconnects or block valves. See Figures 2 and 8 for examples of unaccept- ‘able arrangements for potable water. 4 Pressure Regulators. Pressure regulators or pressure control systems alone are not acceptable for potable water connections since decrease of the supply pressure below the pressure control set point generally ‘will cause the control device (valve) to open fully, allowing backflow. 5.4.1 A.system consisting of a pressure regulator, 1 foree-loaded check valve, and a backpressure regul: tor may be used for potable water connections where the probable contaminants would be undesirable but nonhazardous. See Figure 11. 5.4.1.1 The setting of the pressure regulator should be significantly below the pressure which could be attained by “runaway” condition in the using proces ‘The setting of the back-pressure regulator should he marginally less than the normal supply pressure. aINTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING ‘This Page Rev July 1 5.4.2 A system consisting of a pressure regulator 4.1.1) and a downstream force-loaded check relief valve installed between them (set a few pei above the normal operating pressure of the system being supplied) may be used for potable water connec: tions where the probable contaminants would be undesirable but nonhazardous. See Figure 9. 5.5 Backflow Preventers. Backflow preventers, Figure 16, consisting of a pair of force-loaded check valves and a pressure-tensing system which provide a reduced pressure zone between the check valves (lower than either the supply or outlet pressure) if the down- ‘stream (user) pressure exceeds the upstream (supply) pressure, Ref 2d), may be used to provide potable water to processes, with the following provision. 1 The process equipment must be protected with relief devices of adequate capacity to assure that the backflow preventer is not subjected to more than its rated pressure. 5.6 Automatic Double Block and Bleed with Ditfer- ential Pressure Control. Potable water may be directly connected to a process ifan automatic double-block-and- bleed system and a check valve are provided, designed as, follows (refer to Figure 12). 5.6.1 PT provides a signal proportional to the pressure drop across the double block valves. A typical calibration might be 100 percent output (15 peig signal) at 1 psig differential, 0 percent (3 prig for 0.1 pig differen- dal. The actual caltbration used depends upon the fluids involved and operating conditions. 5.6.2 PV, PV1 are the block valves, closed at 3 psig (or 4 mA de for electronic systems) signal, open at 15 psig (20 mA de). 5.6.3 PV2 is the bleed valve open at 3 psig and closed at 15 psig signal. 5.6.4 PR is a gain-plus-bias relay controlling the block valves. These valves close as the pressure differen- tal decreases. 5.6.8 PR1isagain-plus-bias relay controlling the bleed valve. The bleed valve starts to open after the block valves have closed. 8.6.6 Conventional instruments are used to provide simplicity in spare parts and convenient maintenance. Standard control valves allow flexibility in materials of construction and design details suitable for the ‘service. Specially calibrated positioners could be used with the control valves to reduce the parts involved, but the scheme shown is the preferred one, with standard calibration to make maintenance easier and more reliable. 5.6.7 The automatic block valves must return to a closed position if the control medium (instrument air or clectricity) fails, and the bleed valve must fail in an open. position. 5.6.8 The bleed valve must discharge to a safe location. It must have pressure or flow sensors and alarms if the capacity of the receiver for bleed valve discharge is limited. The discharge should be visible. 6. FILTERED WATER 6.1 The systems of pressure regulators, check valves, relief valves, double check valves, and backflow preventers or automatic double-block-and-bleed systems which are acceptable for protection of potable water supplies from undesirable contaminants are also acceptable for protection of filtered water supplies from undesirable or hazardous contaminants. 6.2 Manual Disconnect. A manual disconnect, con- ing ofa removable flexible hose connection or removable section of pipe, may be used for isolation of filtered water supplies provided that there is also an internally force-loaded cheek valve installed downstream of the removable connecting device. See Figure 8. 6.3 Manual Double Block and Bleed. A manual double-block-and-bleed system may be used for isols- tion of filtered water supplies provided there is also an internally force-loaded check valve installed upstream of the bleed valve connection. See Figure 7. 7. UNTREATED WATER, 7-1 The systems provided for protection of potable or filtered water supplies are also acceptable for protection of river water supplies. 7.2 Double Protection Is Adequate. Manual discon- neets, manual-block-and-bleed systems, pressure regu: Intors, and force-loaded single check valves - together with shut-off or block valves ~ may be used for isolation of untreated water supplies from processes which other- ‘wise could introduce hazardous materials into untreated ‘water supply systems unless the untreated water is also ‘used as filtered water or potable water. 7.2.1 The probability of untreated water supply failure, which could cause backsiphonage, typically is much lower than that of filtered water or potable water ‘supplies. This occurs because there are fewer intervening process steps such as treatment, settling, filtration, ‘and pressure-control, between the source and the user; the sources are less likely to be depleted suddenly; or because special pumping facilities have been provided to ‘avoid the consequences of power failure where such fail- ture could cause plant shutdowns. 7.2.2 Requirements for environmental protection, should be followed where they are more comprehensive or restrictive than indicated in 7.2. ai 2“o INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING ‘This Page Rev April 1990 8. BREATHING AIR 8.1 There shall be no interconnection of breathing air systems to process, tool or plant air, process systems, oF any other nonair system. 8.1.1, Now breathing air system shall be com- pletely separated from all other plant systems. 8.1.2 Existing combination breathing air/ instrument air systems may continue to be used provided all the following are met: @,_ The instrument air quality meets the requirements of SIH. b. There are no connections of the instrument air to process alr or process systems. ©. Separation of instrument and breathing air in combination systems is as close to the receiver as practical with backflow prevention installed in each instru- ‘ment air header (no backtlow prevention In breathing alt) as described 4. Any backup instrument air eupply meets SIH requirements. Nitrogen shall not be used. Instrument air is sampled for contamination ‘on the same frequency as breathing air. See SIH, 2.2.1. 8.2. The following systems may be used to prevent backflow from the instrument air system into the com- ‘mon instrument air and breathing air supply. 8.2.1. Check Valves. Assemblies which consist of two independently acting check valves, internally force- loaded to move the valves to normally closed position, and designed and constructed to operate under intermi tent or continuous pressure conditions. See Figure 10. (ouch as those operated by gravity) are not acceptable, whether or not they would be used with manually operated devices such as disconnects or block valves. 2.2.2 Pressure Regulators. Pressure regulators or pressure control systems alone are not acceptable ince decrease of the supply pressure below the pressure control set point generally will cause the control device (valve) to open fully — allowing backflow. 8.2.2.1 A.ystem consisting of « pressure regulator and a back-pressure regulator may be used for breathing-air connections. See Figure 11. relief valve installed between them (set a few psi above the normal operating pressure of the system being supplied) may be used. See Figure 9. 9. INSTRUMENT AIR, 9.1 Interconnection of instrument sir systems with process systems (except for instrument purges) shall not bbe made because unregulated use of instrument air could result in significant drops in instrument air pressure and cause serious operating problems. 9.1.1 Interconnection of the instrument sir sys tems with process systems through instrument purges is covered by RIOON. 9.1.2 Interconnection of instrument air systems with other air systems (except as described in 8.1.1) is prohibited by R1OON. 9.2 Where instrument air is used for breathing air, the breathing air connection requirements of section 8 should be followed. 9.3 Instrument air may be used for air-operated tools provided that an excess flow valve is permanently installed in each tool-air outlet and a check valve is installed in each tool-air outlet in process aress. 1.1 Operating-area procedures should specify ‘that instrument air supplied for tools is not to be used for Processes or for clearing process lines. 9.3.2 Excess flow valves should limit flow such that wide-open toolair valve will not cause proces upsets. 10. PROCESS AIR 10.1. The systems described in 8.2.1, 8.2.2.1, 8.2.2.2, and 10.1.1 are acceptable for protection of process air supplies from undesirable or hazardous contaminants, other than flammable or water-reactive materials (refer to 10.3 and 10.4). 10.1.1, Automatic Double Block and Bleed. Process air may he directly connected to process if a force-loaded check valve and an automatic double-block- and-bleed system are provided, designed as follows, See Figure 12. 10.1.1.1| The automatic block valves m turn to a closed position if the control medium (inetru- ‘meat air or electricity) fails and the bleed valve must fail in an open position. 10.2 Manual Isolation Systems. A force-loaded check valve and manual double-block-and-bleed system, Figure 7, or a manual disconnect with a force-losded check valve, Figure 8, provides adequate separation of ‘Process air supplies from the systems being supplied ‘unless the possible contaminants are materials which are self-reactive (thermally unstable), or react with water, are heated above their flash points or otherwise hazardous to other process air users (refer to 10.3 and 10.4). «apPage 6 INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING ‘This Page Rev April 1990 10.3. Combustlon-Hazard Processes. If itis neces sary to supply air to a process (reactor, still, mixer, ete) which utilizes reactive materials, or flammable liquids, or combustible materials heated above their flash point an air supply dedicated to that process service alone should be considered. 10.4 Water-Reaction-Hazard Processes. If it is necessary to supply air to a process utilizing materials which react vigorously with water, designs incorporating for- ward and reverse traps, separators, or driers are required to assure isolation of water condensed after compression. 11. STEAM, 14.1, For connections of steam to processes, the combinations of mechanical devices provided for safe- ‘guarding interconnection of filtered (process) water and the process systems being supplied should be provided. See 4.3.1 for requirements when steam is used for humidification. 11.2 When steam is used indirectly, as in a heat ex- ‘changer, and where the process pressure can exceed the steam header pressure, this should be treated as an inter ‘connection. The physical barrier providing separation between the steam and process streams may be consid: ered a “component” for purposes of the safeguarding evaluation. 11.2.1. If the heat exchanger leaks and a toxic or flammable material could be discharged from a steam trap, a suitable sensor and alarm should be considered. 11.2.2 If the heat exchanger leaks and’ toxic or {flammable material could be recycled with the steam or condensate to the steam drum or boiler, and the pressure of the heated material at the steam temperature exceeds the steam relief pressure, a suitable sensor and alarm should be considered to prevent discharge of the hazardous material from the steam system relief device. 12, NITROGEN AND OTHER INERT GASES 12.1 Unless definitive tests have been conducted on process materials to assure absence of reactivity among ‘them, systems similar to those recommended for process sir shall be provided for separating inert-gas supplies from process aystems (refer to 10.3 and 10.4). 12.4.1 If it in necessary to enpply a process or portions of a process with nitrogen or other inert gue where the process materials can violently react with each ‘ther without an ignition source and in the absence of air (hypergolic) «nitrogen or inert gas supply dedicated to that process service alone should be considered. 43. COOLING MEDIA 13.1. Where a cooling medium is used indirectly, as in 1 heat exchanger or vessel jacket, the physical barrier providing separation hetween the process and the cooling water may be considered a “device” for purposes of the system evaluation. 13.1.1 If the process containment fails, and a toxic or flammable material could be discharged from an ‘open system (as from a cooling-water basin or cooling tower) a suitable sensor and alarm should be considered. 13.4.2. If the process containment fails and the cooling medium is recycled to an external cooling sys tem, and the pressure of the process material exceeds the setting of relief devices in the secondary loop, a suitable sensor and alarm should be considered to prevent discharge of the hazardous material from relief devices. 14, OVERPRESSURE AND CORROSION PROTECTION 14.1. If the service pressure can attain or exceed the rating of the connected process piping, a preseure-relief device set at the process piping design pressure and having a capacity equal to the maximum service Dow must be provided, either on the service piping or om the pro- coms piping or vessel. 14.2 If the process pressure can attain or exceed the service piping design pressure, a pressure-relief device set at the service piping design pressure (or lower) and shaving a capacity equal to the maximum process backflow should be provided, except as specified in 14.2.1. 14.2.1 If backflow would require fallure of two oF more passive/automatic devices and one or more human failures, overpressure protection of the service piping ray not be required (as on Figures 9 through 13, and 16). 14.2.2 Process backflow can be limited by in- stalling a check valve between the pressure relief device land the processes. For backflow calculations, the check valve is assumed to fail open. 14.2.3 The pressurerelief device requirement ‘uy be satisfied by a relief device provided eleewhere for ‘other purposes, such as fire. The design must be reviewed for assurance that the alternate device provides fall protection against overpressure at the boundary under all conditions, i.e., adequate capacity, protection ‘agninat isolation by block valves, etc. 14.3. The pressure ratings of service connections ‘should be determined by the highest of (1) the process relief pressure, (2) the service pressure, or (3) the setting Of the relief device in the service connection. 14.4 The materials of construction of the mechanical devices in the service connection should be equivalent to those of the process being serviced, upstream to (toward the service) and including the first antomatic backflow- preventing device (check valve, pressure regulator, or automatic valve). a 180we ‘This Page Rev July 1988 ANALYZING EXISTING SERVICE-PROCESS INTERCONNECTIONS 15.1. The following procedure can be used to deter mine if an existing service-process interconnection ‘meets the intent of this standard for the services listed below. See sections 8 and 9, respectively, for breath- Ing alr and instrument alr requirements. 15.1.1 Identify the interconnection. 15.1.2. Determine the type of service: © Potable Water Process Water © Process Air © Steam © Nitrogen ~ Inert Gas © River Water 15.1.3 Determine the classification of contaminant ~ Hazardous or Undesirable. 15.1.4 Refer to Table 1 to determine the mi ‘mum number and type (human action and/or pas automatic) of devices required. ef 15.1.5 Analyze the existing imerconnection and determine the device count for human action and pas- jve/automatic devices. See Table 2 for device count value. 15.1.6 Compare 15.1.5 to 15.1.4. If the device count for the existing imterconnection does not meet or exceed the requirements of 15.1.4 for each type of device (human action and/or passive/automatic), additional devices are necessary to meet this standard. If so, follow Section 16 to identify an acceptable installation. 15.1.7 Determine if overpressure or corrosion protection is required. See section 14. 15.1.8 Ensure requirements of 4.11 are met if applicable. 1 DESIGN OF NEW SERVICE-PROCESS INTERCONNECTIONS 16.1 The following procedure can be used for the design of new service-process interconnections to meet the intent of this standard for the services listed below. See sections 8 and 9, respectively, for breathing alr and instrument air requirements. |. Identify the interconnection. 16.1.2 Determine the type of service: © Potable Water © Process Water INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING saG Page 7 © Steam © Nitrogen ~ Inert Gas © River Water 16.1.3 Determine the classification of contaminant ~ Hazardous or Undesirable. 16.1.4 Refer to Table 1 to determine the mi mum number and type (human action and/or passive/ automatic) of devices required. 16.1.5 Aninterconnection installation to meet the requirements of 16.1.4 can be selected from Table 3. The installations are presented in approximate order of in creasing reliability and complexity (L.e., the Figure 16 installation is more reliable and complex than Figure 1). ‘The type (human action and/or passive/automatic) and device count for each figure is indicated and may exceed the requirements of 16.1.4. Generally, the user should select the lowest figure number recommended for the subject service interconnection which meets the requ ‘ments of 16.1.4 unless increased reliability is required. ‘The user should review the applicable section 5 through 12, Equipment components shown on the figures which ray be less familiar to the user are listed in Table 4 together with representative suppliers. 16.1.6 Determine if overpressure or corrosion protection is required. See section 14. 16.1.7 Ensure requirements of 4.11 are met, if applicable. 17. INSPECTIONS AND TESTS 17.1 If a service connection includes mechanical devices, such as valves and instrumentation. for backflow prevention, the devices and system should be tested periodically to assure proper operation. ‘quencies for functional tests are as follow: Suggested fre 17.4.1 Quarterly, where toxic or flammable materials could backflow into potable water supplies or where flammable or reactive materials could backflow into pro- ‘cesses where they might cause fire or explosion hazards, 17.4.2 Annually, where toxic, flammable, oF reactive materials could backflow into instrument air or general-purpose air supplies or into inert gas or nonpotable water supplies. 17.4.3. Biennially, for undesirable contaminants or where there is known to be no fire or explosive hazard. 17.2 A functional test simulating supply-pressure failure (which, for some 6 so is equivalent to exces- tem being supplied) can beS236 Pages conducted on backflow prevention devices by temporar- fy replacing the system being supplied, with a test 17.2.4 The test reservoir must be designed and retested for use as a pneumatic test instrument. The reservoir should be hydrostatically tested to 1!/2 times the supply pressure immediately prior to the backflow preventer test. Personnel exposure should be limited and other pertinent precautions should be taken per SPIB. 17.2.2 The test is conducted as follows (refer to Figure I ‘8. For tests involving water or other liquids, the reservoir should be charged with 100 15 psig air or other compatible gas to provide s pneumatic “cushion.” b. Connect the test reservoir to the service: connection outlet of the backflow-prevention device. ©. Open the shut-off and block valves to charge the reserv to the supply pressure. 4. Close the supply shut-off valve. ©. Bleed off the pressure upstream of the backflow-prevention system. Only an insignificant amount of fluid should vent from the upstream bleed valve; however, the pressure in the reservoir may decrease because of discharge from the backflow- prevention system. 17.2.3 Facilities for safely collecting or venting the service fluid bled from the upstream end of the back-flow-prevention system must be provided prior to the test. The design of the service isolation devices INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING ‘This Page Rev July 1 must incorporate provisions for safe discharges from pressure-relief devices or bleed chambers. 17-3. Overpressure relief devices and regulators shall be incorporated into a formal program for inspections and tests and tested initially at an annual frequency. The frequency may be increased or decreased (loa maximum of five years between test), depending upon the results of prior tests. See SG6T. 17.4 A permanent numbered sign should be attached ‘each permanently installed service-to-process connec: tion, to aid in performing inspections and tests, and to avoid misuse of such connections. 1 REFERENCES 4-American Society of Mechanical Engineers, in Plumbing Systems,” ANST A112.1.2. Gaps 2, American Society of Sanitary Engineering: “Performance Requirements for Pipe-Ap) ‘Atmospheric Type Vacuum Breakers,” 4.S.S.E. Stan- dard No. 1001. rerformance Standards for Vacuum Break- ers, Anti-Siphon, Pressure Type,” A.S.S.E. Standard Na. 1020, Preventers,” ASS, Standard No. 1013. weWw INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING TABLE 1 ~ PHILOSOPHY SUMMARY - MECHANICAL DEVICES ‘Number of Mechaniosl Devices Required Hazardous Contaminant Undesirable Contaminant Tine overreceure "Tare overpreceure 3 3 5 12./ 28 pga Hela ell pide ATTRA TRAPATT PURFIES| © [RF IE PRUE SRS wee Re = TERE ESE * Total devices may be eer human action or sevelaitomatic or @ combination tere. ‘= See 4.31 lr steam used or umatieaton oF condoned a 9° See secon 8. + Foruncesable contaminants which ae sontammabl,rontoi, and nonreactive e86 103, 104, or 12.1.1). 11 See secon 0$236 Page 10 INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING ‘TABLE 2 ~ MECHANICAL DEVICE COUNT ‘Table 2A — Passive/Automatie Devices Defintion: A device which requires no human action to prevent backtiow. ‘This Page Rev July 1! Device Passive/Automatic Device (Human Action Not Required) ‘Count Backtiow preventer 3 Vacuum breaker 2 Air gap 3 ‘Automatic double block and bleed 2 Loaded check valves 1 Pressure regulator and back-pressure regulator 1 Physical barrier (Example ~ Heat exchanger tube sheet) 1 ‘Table 2B ~ Manual Devices Definition: A device which requires human action to prevent backllow Device ‘Manual Device (Human Action Required) Count Manual double block and bleed 2 Manual disconnect (nose or spool piece) 1 ‘Shut off (or Block) valve 1 mm$236 Page 11 21.0 704 C01 0191) qutuAseW0> egesEapuN z meielx])x{[efeleltealtzte ' . ° 4 alelx/x/elx/el[efe[e . ele z8 wef ee fe * eto ey seat eats ena - =H a8 >tetx{x[e[x{el=l+l=elel=]. = . ey > Lx co ei. ° 2 xfelxt[xfx}x|xfe[+]+fe[i [fe 7 . a? z|7 i 232] 2 lee legjeziee| 2 | gles] = \gz/FE) 2) 2] FEE) g] 2 EVE ETE) APES ERE 7 2 * glez| 2/22] 2 | 3 \s eo) e] 2] 8| 8 jeez | fae WET eg "EDIE 3| é 5) a) 8) aisle] g Ft a 3] ad = ae i wheat he i ara i = = i trong | feomoy c i hack t hs PL idiot i ali 2 ;INTERCONNECTION OF \OCESS AND SERVICE PIPING TABLE 4 — REPRESENTATIVE SUPPLIERS OF BACKFLOW PREVENTION EQUIPMENT Thi ‘Suppiters ‘Watts Regulator Co, P.O. Box 626, Lawrence, MA 01682, (617) 688-1611 ‘Sioan Valve Co, 10800 Seymour, Franklin Park, IL 60131, (912) 671 ~ 4300 ‘See P1V. Examples ~ C37AL of C87E. Others can be selected Hersey Products Inc, 250 Elm St, Dedham, MA 02026, (617) 326-9400 Febeo, P. 0. Box 8070, Fresno, CA 93747, (208) 252-0791 Equipment Types Offered 11. Backliow Preventers 2. Double Check Valve Assembly 13. Check Valves (Loaded) 1 Vacuum Breakers Backliow Test Kit EXAMPLES OF SERVICE CONNECTIONS TO PROCESS specification '~ PRESSURE REGULATOR Process pipe specitication FIGURE 2 - LOADED CHECK VALVE LF sem specitication FIGURE 3 ~ MANUAL DOUBLE BLOCK AND BLE! > ie = soa FIGURE 4 - MANUAL DISCONNECT aA “H ut Process pipe ‘specification FIGURE 5 ~ REGULATOR AND BLOCK AND BLEED A [ “te uv ‘specification FRGURE 6 - REGULATOR AND DISCONNECT pine * oniypotenta! overpressure protections shown forthe service pling Se section 14 to determine pressure foiling ?0wa INTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING Lo = ran as FRGURE 11 ~ LOADED CHECK AND TWO REGULATORS. FRGURE 12 — AUTOMATIC DOUBLE ‘BLOCK AND BLEED FIGURE 13 - TWO LOADED CHECKS ‘AND DISCONNECT — oe 4 oe 7 TEs Flood level Bm FIGURE 44 — AR GAP (8:1) ‘Vacuum breaker FOURE 15 - VACUUM BREAKER (62) [Pree 0 eoncntion FIGURE 18 — BACKFLOW PREVENTER 1 Baa RTE PTSCUOAW DoW Te BOTT PT ng 7 a a eterna prereset The soNice OF POCESSINTERCONNECTION OF PROCESS AND SERVICE PIPING ‘This Page tssued Jul 122 ~ A= V min or 2 E min FIGURE 17 — EXAMPLE OF AIR GAP AND EFFECTIVE OPENING B= 2% F(1'min) © = 3x F (1%2" min) oo ‘age marking, must maintain documentation containing the results of the teste (unually performed by the manu: facturer) on the material or source, to demonstrate it meets the epeclal form requirements 49 CFR 178.476(a). 3. QHNERAL 3.4 Alpha (a). A stream of fast-moving particles, exch physically Identleal to the hellum nucleus - two neutrons and two protons; « strongly lonising and ‘weakly penetrating radiation. Ordinarily, a few sheets of paper will stop these particles, Alpha radioactivity te therefore primarily an internal radiation hazard and the routes of entry are ingestion o inhalation, 2.2. Bete (4). Charged particles from the atom nucleus, with mace and charge equal to an electron. They are ‘more penetrating, but less lonising than alphe radistion, Effective beta radiation shlelds can be made from Yeeineh (64 mm) plaatie oF '/etnch (3.2 mm) aluminum, 2.3 Gamma (7), Electromagnetic waves (similar to rays) originating in the atom nucleus. Gamma radie- tion is diffieult to shield due to its high penetrating abil- fy, Often thick lead, metal or concrete shields are required to reduce gamma radiation exposure rules to safe levels, 3.4 Neutron (N). An uncharged elementary particle Wwith a mass nearly equal to 4 proton; present in all ‘known atomte nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus, 2.8 X-Ray. Electromagnetic radiation of short wa length emitted from the electron orbits of the atom, See Garin (8.8) for shielding needs, * nce alcanae hes been cbisned exe quatien ot by-product mara are raquate by te loos conchions unlee apctaly etiam the Weare. «PS246 IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 Page 3 Radiation Hazards Physiological Effects. Ra: mn exposure causes tissue damage. Damage depends the type and intensity of the radiatio posed and the physical con: the exposed individual. Damage can result from radiation inside (inhaled or swallowed) or outside the body 3.7. Units of Radiation Dose 3.7.4 Dose is the quantity of ra per unit of mass. by the hody or any portion of the body Several units of dose are in current use. Definitions of units are: 3.7.4.1 Rad (Radiation Absorbed Dose) measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to the hody ‘expressed in terms of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue. One Rad is the dose corresponding to the absorp- tion of 100 ergs per gram of tissue. 3.7.4.2 REM (Roentgen Equivalent in Man) is a ‘special unit of dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in REMBs is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in Rads ‘multiplied by a quality factor, the distribution factor, and any other necessary modifying factors. One REM is, equal to the dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same biological effeet as: upo exposure. organ © One roetgen of X- or gamma radiation, or beta radiation or © A dose of 0.1 Rad due to neutrons oF high ‘energy protons. 3.7.2 Gray (Gy) is the measured dose of any jonizing radiation to the body expressed in terms of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue. One Gray is the dose corresponding to one joule of absorbed energy per logram of matter. yy factor, the distribution factor. and any other necessary modifying factors. 3.7.4 Conversion Factors 1Gray = 100 red 1 Gentagray = Trad 1Sievert = 100 Rem 1 Gentasiever = 1 Rem rem = rad x Quality Factor Sy = Gray x Quality Factor 3.7.5 Units of Radieactivity. Radioactivity is ‘measured in terms of disintegrations per unit time. Some ‘common units are: Leurie = 3.7 x 10° disintegration per second (dps) = 2.22 x 10" disintegration per minute (dpm) = 0.001 curies = 3.7 x 1 dps or 2.22 x 10° dpm A microcurie = 0.000001 cures = 3.7 x 104 dps or 2.22 x 108 dpm = Tdps 1 millicurie 1 Beequerel (Bq) 4. RADIATION EXPOSURE GUIDES 4.1. The NRC radiation exposure limit to indisiduals in unrestricted areas (non-radiation workers. members of the public) is 0.5 Rem per year (any consecutive 12 month period). 4.1.1 In conjunction with this limit, except authorized by the NRC. radiation levels in unrestricted areas must not exceed 2 mRem/hr or 100mRem/week 4.2 The NRC radiation exposure limits for a radi worker are: Critical Organ Whole body. head and 1.250 of eyes, or gonads Hands and forearms, 18,750 feet and ankles Skin of whole body 7.500 4.3. A calendar quarter is any consecutive 13-week period. Prorated, the allowable radiation exposure i approximately 100 mRems per week or 2.5 mRems per hour assuming 10 days vacation per year. 4.4. The 1250 mRem limit on exposure to the whole body during any consecutive 18 week period may be ‘exceeded. Consult 10 CFR 20.101 ~ 102 prior to authoriz- ing any such excursion over the 1250 mRem permi limit (never exceed 3 Rem). 4.5. Pregnancy. The National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) recommends a total dose equivalent imit (excluding medical exposure) of 5 mSv (500 mrem) for the embryo-fetus shall be no greater than 0.5 mSv (60 mRem) in any month (excluding medical exposure) during the period of gestation and once the pregnancy is declared. Once a pregnancy is known, the RSO should be promptly notified so that any further radiation exposure ean be kept toa minimum. The RSO should consult with the prospective mother concerning the risks of exposing the fetus to ionizing radiation (both from external sources and from internal sources due to intake of radioactive materials) and concerning what steps (if any) need be taken to minimize further exposure during gestation. All pregnancy concerns must be discussed with the employee's personal and plant physician and the results documented in her medical file, aD| IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 4.6.1 No regulations are interpreted as intentional exposure of pore of medical diagnosis, medical X-ray. or medical therapy. However. sures where possible. is prudent to minimize such expo- 4.6.2 Since a dosimeter worn by the employee ‘may not distinguish between the medically administered radioisotope and possible occupational exposure, the RSO should restrict radiation work of employees undergoing medical treatment, until the employee has biologically eliminated a medically administered ra- divisotope. 4.7. Planned or Emergency Excursions Over Ri latory Dose Limits. In order to allow certain es tasks to be performed. it may be necessary, on rare ocea- sions, to permit a few employees to receive an annual effective dose equivalent in excess of 50 mSy (5 rem). The NCRP recommends that if exposure under these conditions is essential, these guidelines are to be followed. 4.7.4 No employee should receive an effective dose equivatent of more than 100 mSv (10 rem) in a single planned event. These events should be cleared with the NRC or other appropriate regulatory agency prior to the event, 7.2 Nor should the effective dose equivalent received in such specially planned exposures exceed 100 mSv (10 rem) over the working lifetime. 4.7.3. Such planned special exposures should be authorized in writing by senior management prior to the ‘exposure. Employees with low lifetime effective dose ‘equivalents should be selected whenever possible. Expo- ing from planned special exposures must be the lifetime record of exposure for each employee but separately identified. Only actions involving lifesaving, justify acute ‘exposures in excess of 100 mSv (10 rem). The use of volunteers with low cumulative dose equivalents should be chosen for lifesaving actions. When the exposure may approach or exceed 1 Gy (100 rem) of radiation toa large portion of the body, ina short time, the employee needs to understand not only the potential for acute effects but should also have an appre- ciation of the potential increase in their lifetime (chronic) risk of cancer. 4.7.4 These exposure guides correspond to U.S. Federal Standards (CFR Title 10, Part 20). See 4.3. 5. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS AND TRAINING 5.1. While requirements for specific licensing of radioactive materials or radiation emitting devices vary. material yn emitting device must be qualified by training and experience to use the material for the purpose requested in such manner as to protect health and minimize danger to life or property. This applies to operations at a Du Pont site or performed by Du Pont personnel. 5.2 In keeping with this requirement, a qualified and bly experienced individual will implement a radia tion safety program. The program will ensure that radiation safety act re being performed in accordance with approved procedures and regulatory requirements, 5.3. This individual should be designated as the Radia- tion Safety Officer (RSO), and shall have his/her authority, duties, responsibilities, and radiation safety ies designated in writing by site management, ‘The Radiation Safety Officer, in conjunction with management, shall act to supervise authorized users of radioactive materials or radiation emitting devices, and shall be responsible for the following. 5.4.1 The instruction of authorized users in the principles of radiation safety appropriate to that individ- tual’s use of the material or devices. 5.4.2 Insuring that authorized users follow the procedures established by the RSO and appropriate regulatory agency. 5.4.3 Periodic documented review of authorized ‘users activities in using radioactive materials or radin- tion emitting devices to assure their level of training and experience is sufficient for the type and quantity of materials or devices they are handling. A This authority may extend to responsibility for vendor or contractor services involving use of radioactive materials or radiation emitting d 5.5. An alternate RSO should be appointed by Site ‘Management and assume the duties and the responsi ities of the RSO in his/her abeence, 5.6 Site management may additionally be required by regulation, in extending this control authority, to extab- lish a Radiation Safety Committee charged with responsibility 10 oversee use of radioactive materials oF radiation emitting devices. 5.7 Specific requirements for training and experience which would qualify an individual to assume the position of RSO are not generally quantified by regulation and rust be individually approved by the NRC (or Agree~ tment state when applicable) for the position. Training and experience qualifications will be dependent upon the mature, quantity. and use ofthe materials and may be subject to objective review by regulators having over- 139S246 IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 Page 5 qualifications resides with site management and should 6.2.3 Scintillation detectors can accurately reflect the following eriteri ure small quantities of alpha. h 12. 0F \-Fay 5.7.1 He/She hac sufficient knowledge of ‘mathematics. physics. chemistry. and biology sufficient to understand health protection standards. principles. tices, and princi iment necessary to support a program for measuring rad ation and radioacti trumentation and equip 5.7.2 He/She has sufficient knowledge of current standards. guides. reports. and regulations governing the safe handling and control of radioactive materials and/or radiation emitting devices to understand, interpret, and effectively a which the general public. 5.7. He/She has the ab clearly, both verbally and in writing (© communical 5.7.4 He/She has adequate resourees of time, equipment, staffing, and managerial support 10 adequately implement a radiation safety program which meets all regulatory and Du Pont health protection guides. iment’s Safety and Occupational Health Divi Department SHEA Coordinator regarding appropriate Radiation Safety Officer Qualification Guidelines or training programs available for developing a site Program. 6. MONITORING 6.1 Inventory. Most specific and general licenses require an inventory of all radioactive sources and instruments at least semiannually. For broad scope licenses, refer to the license and license application. 6.2 Survey instruments 6.2.1 Geiger-Mueller (GM) tube i ‘used to detect beta, gamma, and xray radi tion produced by radiation penetrating the gas-filled tube is typically registered as counts per minute (epm) or millirad per hour (mrad/hr) by the instrument. (Caution: Response is energy dependent. Therefore, these instruments can not normally be used for low energy beta emitters such as Tritium or Nickel-63 and ‘should not normally be used for low energy gamma or xray emitters such as Iodine-125.) 6.2.2 onization chambers can measure alpha, beta, gamma, and x-ray radiation. However, they are normally used only to establish beta, gamma or x-ray radiation exposure dose rates (mRem or mrads/hr) and to detect (not quantify) alpha radiation, 6.2.4 Proportional counters are gas filled detectors capable of detecting or wr design. The detection method is similar to that of the GM tube. However. the pr for higher rates and for radiation energies. properly calibrated on an acceptable periodic the range of use against a known source of imilar energy. The intervals of calibration are specified hy Regulatory Agencies. Generally. calibration is required every 6 months. Records of calibration must be retained, If a site uses radioisotopes with strong and weak energy, e.g., cesium-137 (662 Ke¥) and americium ~241 (60 Ke\). separate calibration sources are recommended due to the energy dependence of the measuring equipment. Such sources can be obtained {from instrument manufacturers. Instruments should be tested with a known source prior to and after each use to ensure operability. Persons calibrating instruments used for personal protection must be Hicensed to certify the instrument. 6.3.4. All locations where radioactive materials are handled or stored should be monitored periodically. ‘The frequency of monitoring depends on the radiation or radioactive material quantities of levels in use or storage. A site's license may specify frequency. Gui provided in NRC Regulatory Guide 8.21. At minimum, ‘monitoring should be conducted semiannually or whenever changes oceur which could affect radiation levels (e.g., for sources: whenever a source is moved, taken down, or reinstalled). .2_ Radiation hazards from sources vary; moni: toring methods must vary accordingly. For example, x-ray units are hazards only when operated. On the other hand, radioactive isotopes are potentially hazardous until natural decay reduces the activity to safe levels of they are shielded. 6.3.3 Locations should be monitored where the appropriate radiation dose guide may be exceeded. Records of individual radiation exposure, radiation status of a work ares, and the radiation protection Program should be maintained, as described in ANSI 1N13.6~ 1966 (R1972), Practice for Occupational Radia- tion Exposure Records System, 6.3.4 The most potentially hazardous radiation are x-ray, radiography units, or Ce Co~60 level gauges. These units can scatter radiation apTONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 through windows or walls toa manual control booths. vent areas and to a radiation survey shall be made inside and outside the facility for stray radiation whenever a new source is installed or an existing source ‘moved or worked on. Pay special attention to areas above and below the source, if these areas can be ‘occupied. b. Based upon the data generated, post the appropriate signs as defined in section 8. ©. At the start and end of each monitoring period, review records of exposure shown by personal dosimeters, such as listed in 7.1, of employees working in the area, 7. PERSONAL DOSIMETRY TA Dosimeters 7.1.4 Film badges are widely used personal radi- jon dosimeters. They contain light-protected photo graphic film which, when developed and interpreted, can accurately measure employer beta and gamma ra mn exposure. Neutron radiation can also be measured with special badges. Badges are worn on the chest, wrist, and/or finger, if appropriate. (The minimum radiation ‘must be taken to assure that film badges are not x-rayed. i packages for security reasons. This will be recorded as exposure, Other factors which affect photograhic film, such as heat and mois- ture, will affect the film badges. Care must be taken to ‘avoid these conditions. Film badges may not be used if badges are not replaced at least monthly. Thermo- Juminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are specified for these conditions. 7.1.2 Direct-reading dosimeters are used for 1d gamma radiation monitoring. These pocket- size ionization chambers inform personnel of their accu- ‘mulated radiation exposure as displayed on a visible scale which can be seen when light passes through the dosimeter. Direct-reading dosimeters must be calibrated ts specified by licensing or regulatory agency. Some reg ulatory agencies require calibration of 6-month intervals. (These dosimeters can be used to supplement film badges or Thermoluminescent dosimeters but should not replace them.) 7.4.3 Thermoluminescent dosimeters, (TLD) unlike film badges, can be reused after the tiny crystals ‘are heated and interpreted for radiation exposure. (Emit- ted light during erystal heating is directly proportional to expoture.) Thermoluminescent dosimeters are currently used by several Du Pont plants. They are more 7.2.4 Persons operating x-ray equipment or ‘working with any form of radioactive material shall wear film or TLD badges. if they are likely to receive a dose in any calendar quarter exceeding 25 percent of that — SUEDE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE specified in 4.2. Badges are worn on the chest, head. wrist, finger or other areas of the body which are likely to receive the highest exposure. if appropriate 7.2.2 Alldosimeter results should be recorded on ‘ suitable form such as NRC~5 in the US. Include the ‘employee's name and an identifying number (in U.S. the Social Security Number). Records should be coordinated by the RSO. 7.2.3. The RSO should review all personnel exposure records each monitoring period to determine there are any exposure trends which may require investi zation and/or corrective measures. 8. Radiation exposure data for an individual, ‘and the results of any measurements, analyses, and calculations of radioactive material deposited or retained the body of an individual, should be reported to the vidual in writing. B. Each not writing; include appropriat name of the licensee, the name of the individual. the individual's social security number; include the indi wual’s exposure information; and contain the following, statement This report is furnished to you under the provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulation 10 CFR Part 19. You should preserve this report for further reference. 7.2.4 A plan should be on hand for investigating any dorimeter results above or below normal levels promptly and thoroughly. Ifthe result exceeds per ble limits, the RSO shall issue a written incident report horities and the Safety and Occups- tional Health Division. 7.2.5 I collected badge data indicates a low probability of exceeding 25 percent of allowable exposure guidelines (see section 4.2 through 4.4) dosimetry use may be determined to be unnecessary. This determina: tion may not be appropriate where dosimetry data will remain of value to the monitored employee in further reducing or maintaining low exposure rates. Data mur be retained to document the basis for the decision. Before any personnel monitoring for potential radiation sxposure is terminated, agreement in writing from the jcensing agency may be necessary. All employees working in or frequenting a all be advised of the hazards of radi- tion, proper safety precautions, and the status of their individual exposure, at least annually. 8. RADIATION HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION 8.1 Radiation hazards other than electronic devices ‘should be marked wi jon Purple on a background of High Visibility Yellow (Engineering Standards S19G and $36). Electronic sources should be marked “Caution - High Voltage Equipment” or "Xeray,” ete (Engineering Standard S15). an 132133 S26 IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 2 Radioactive Materials: Access to arvas where radioactive materials arv stored or used in quantities exceeding 101i CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 3 Containers of radioactive materials stored or used ‘quantities exceeding 1 times exempt quantities (10 times for natural uranium or thorium) shall be labeled with the conventional radiation symbol and shown below: CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ‘This labeling shall provide sufficient inform provide for the safe handling of such contains radiation levels, radionuclide(s), quantities, ‘measurement dates (for short lived radionuclides), 4 Radiation areas as defined below shall be posted with the conventional radiation symbol (see 519G for dimensions) and wording shown below: CAUTION RADIATION AREA A radiation area is one where a major portion of the body could receive a dose in excess of 0.05 mSv (5 mRem) in any one hour or a dose in excess of I mSv (100 mRem) in any 5 consecutive day All employees working in or frequenting # radiation area shall be advised of the hazards of radiation, proper safety precautions, and the status of his individual exposure, at least annually. 8.5 High radiation areas as defined below shall be posted with the conventional radiation symbol and wording shown belo CAUTION HIGH RADIATION AREA A high radiation area is one where a major portion of the body could receive a dose in excess of | mSv (100 mRem) in any one hour. PROTECTIVE MEASURES ‘Three ways to reduce total expostire are: 1. Reduced time of exposure 2. Increased distance from the radiation source 3. Shielding 9.2. Written safety procedures should he prepared. 2.1 No food, beverage, smoking, use of cosmet- es or tobacco products shall be permitted where radioactive materials are present unless. specifically allowed by Regulatory Agency license, 9.2.2 Care is needed to avoid ingestion of radioxe- tive materials. After working with radioactive materials, Page 7 wath hands thoroughly and monitor with appropriate instruments before eating or smoking 9.2.3 If loose radioactive material is handled. protective clothing such as a cap. coveralls. gloves, and shoe covers may be necessary. If airborne contamination is possible with radioactive dusts. gases. or volatiles, fume hoods or other ventilation should be used 10 control exposures. Appropriate exhaust filtration may be necessary to control facility emissions. Where necessary, aan approved respirator may be worn to prevent intake of airborne radioactive materials. See section 12 for waste i ined” radioactive laboratories, the work trays. The use of plastic backed josable coverings in the tray may aid in cleanup. When using trays, care must be taken not (0 create additional hazards such as blocking/disrupting Air flow in a laboratory hood (see Engineering Standard HU). salts oF solutions 9.2.5 Safety interlocks on laboratory and medical scray devices should be checked at least quarterly, Area radiation detection devices, if used, should be response {ested at least monthly and adjusted to the most sensitive practical alarm setting. Interlock and area monitor test results should be documented. A radiological survey of laboratory x-ray devices should be made semiannually by the RSO. Medical x-ray units should be surveyed annually (see 11.43). 9.2.6 When not in use, radiation sources should bbe stored within shielding containers or cases designed for that source and placed in an area that prevents access by unauthorized personnel. .7 Sealed source leak tests of radioactive sources should be conducted every three years or more ofien if required by applicable (usually state) regulations oF the site's specific license. (See 11.3.) Purchasing/Shipping Many countries have regulations which specify packaging requirements and permissible radiation levels for safe shipment of radioactive materials by truck or rail. In the U.S. this is specified in the Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation (DOT) Bureau of Explosives’ Tariff ‘BOE ~ 6000 (current issue). The site's RSO should ensure that Inbeling requirements are met and shipments ‘comply with guidelines concerning exterior radiation/ ‘contamination levels. Purchasing should not honor purchase requests for radiation devices without authorization from RSO. The RSO can then determine ifa request for radioactive material violates Hicense restrictions or is ‘outside the scope of approved uses. He can then initiate © request for registration (if needed) or license amendment, is ers, gamma cameras, static eliminators, etc, shall be aDsac IONIZING RADIATION Page 8 performed only by a qualified vendor. Radiation/contamination monitoring is recommended during and following such work. 10. FIRE PROTECTION 10.1. Radiation sources are normally housed in steel jacketed, lead or depleted uranium filled containers to control employee exposure and for physical protection against breech of containment. Since there may be a severe potential hazard of radiation exposure and spread of contamination if a fire breake the outer jacketing, ‘melts the shielding material and exposes the radioactive isotope to fire, storage areas should be carefully selected, designed, and constructed. Some regulat agencies require, and it is recommended practice, radioisotopes not in service be stored in a separate “Cire” area such as a fire-resistant or noncombustible vault. Such areas may be protected with automatic sprinkler systems (where nuclear calculations demonstrate that water in the form of sprinker discharge and/or water build-up is not a eritical concern), of with equivalent fixed automatic fire detection and suppression in locations having combustible construction or content. Note that a fire which grows beyond the incipient stage may very likely require control and extinguishment utilizing high flow rate (125-250 GPM) fire department water hose streams in the absence of a reliable fixed fire suppression system. Floor drainage should be designed to provide proper containment and disposal of potentially contaminated water accumulation from fire extinguish- ‘ment and other sources. 10.2 The desire to minimize the amount of water in ‘contact with the storage ares is another reason for elimi- nating/controlling combustible materials and contents, isolating source materials from flammables and com: bbustibles, and for utilizing fire-resistant construction for protection aguinst ouside fire expowure propagating inside. 10.3 Building construction features, fire walls or barriers, and automatic fire detection and suppression systems should satisfy Du Pont Engineering Standards and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Codes and Standards requirements and recommended practice. 10.4 Portable extinguishers for incipient stage firefighting should be provided commensurate with the clase of fire expected in containers and surrounding ‘materials. Special dry powder extinguishers or G~1 or “MET - L-X" powder may be necessary for small-scale extinguishment of certain Class D combustible metal fires. 10.5. Written procedures should be prepared detailing the following activities: Entering 2 potentially contaminated area before, during and after a fire. Compliance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart A — Hazardous Materials and Subpart L ~ Fire Protection Requirements. NOVEMBER 1990 Acceptable firefighting and emergency response techniques and practices. Step-by-step execution during firefighting and emergency response procedures. Proper handling of radioactive material sources during and after a fire or other emergency. Under particular circumstances, unplanned or insufficiently prepared or poorly executed firefighting ‘OF emergency response procedures could potentially spread contamination and/or retult in development of a critical mass. Extensive monitoring for detectable levels ion and evaluation of radiological condi may be necessary following a fire in areas where a radioisotope has been subjected to heat or containment has been breeched. Afier a fire in areas where a radioac- ive isotope has been subjected to heat, the RSO should retrieve the devices or materials under procedures as discussed above. 10.6 Locations with radioactive materials used under a general or specific license need written procedures concerning firefighting and unusual incidents involving radioactive material. Only personnel authorized by procedure should enter potentially contaminated areas Until the radiological conditions are defined. 11. SPECIAL CONDITIONS 14.1 Beta Ray Sources. Additional precautions are suggested when using sealed sources of beta radiation for sheet thickne t gages. The radiae tion intensity in the inspection sone of such devices is often high. These sources should be equipped with « remotely operated shutter, or window, to close the souree without excessive radiation exposure to personnel. Any such shutter should be “fail-safe.” Before work around source devices, surveys are needed to verify shutter closure. 14.2: Statle Eliminators, Radioactive source materials ‘used in static eliminators include polonium -210 and americium ~241. The material is contained by encapsu- lating the particles and bonding them to a base or by enclosing the material in s “sandwich.” The units are normally distributed under a vendo which eliminates the need for a user 11.2.4 Most static eliminators contain polonium 210. Wipe tests and survey meter checks for these units are not required provided: (I) they are returned to the vendor after 12 months; (2) the vendor supplies, with each source shipment, a copy of an up-to- date exemption from wipe tests from the governing agency. 11.2.2 Static elimination devices containing americium ~241 are used less frequently on plant sites, ‘The vendor's general licente normally requires americium devices to be wipe tested semiannually. They do not have to be returned to the vendor (except for disposal) due to the long half-life, an 134las IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 14.2.3. Static elimi normal conditions but loss of radivactive material ean be caused by exposure to high heat, solvents. sbuse. Sites should have written procedures including plans for handling damaged units. If sensit radiation monitoring equipment is not available on the site, prearrangements should be made with an appropri ately equipped outside contractor, which ean report to the site as soon as possible if loss of source integrity oF contamination spread is suspected. The vendor, a local hospital, or university may be able to provide this service; ESD or another Du Pont site might also be ‘contacted, 14.2.4 No special controls are required for static eliminators containing 500 microcuries of polonium ~210 or less (c.g., laboratory units). However. these should be returned to the vendor for disposal when the source material is depleted or of no further use. All ‘employees who use static eliminators should be trained concerning handling hazards and operating procedures 11.3 Wipe (Leak) Testing of Sealed Sources 11.3.1. Periodic wipe tests should be performed ‘on al sealed sources (except those with gaseous tritium, 85 Kr., etc) to detect loose radioactive material. Informa: tion concerning the frequency and conduct of tests may bbe obtained from the governing agency (NRC or state licensing agency in the U.S.). NRC regulations require leak testing every six months waless specifically authorized for three year intervals. Wipe test frequency may be specified in the particular license. 11.3.2 Wipe testing should also be performed on sealed sources when damage is suspected from harsh or improper use, transit, dropping, etc. Not all sealed sources have to be wipe tested by the site, however. Some are exempt, such as 3M static eliminators, tritium exit signs, smoke detectors, ete. 11.3.3 Follow the manufacturer's instructions for ‘wipe testing the sealed source. Do not remove shielding or housing when conducting « wipe test. 11.3.4 Results shall not exceed 5 nCi (0.006 (185 Bq) of loose radioactivity per 100 em? of surface as in 2.7. Persons analyzing wipe test samples must be licensed to meet regulatory requirements under a ‘general license. 11.4 Special Conditions 11.4.1 Radiography ‘& Industrial Radiography is the use of penetrating radiation such as xrays, gamma rays, oF neutrons, to make pictures of the insides of objects to inspect metal castings or welds for internal flaws. b. Radiography conducted by a contractor 1, It is recommended that the RSO be contacted prior to allowing radiographers on site. Assure the radiographer completes the following prior to start of project 2. When contracting for a radiographer ensure that the contractor possesses either a NRC or an Agree- 1 State License. 3. If the contract radiographer is licensed and ‘working in the agreement state or is licensed and working in a nonwzreement state, the licensing agency requirements prevail. 4. Ifa contractor radiographer is licensed in an agreement state and wants to work in @ nonagreement state under a NRC license. the contractor must first notify the NRC of the dates that the work will be done by sending three copies of Form NRC ~241 and three copies of its state license at least three days in advance. 5. If a NRC licensed radiographer works in an agreement state, the state regulations prevail 6. All radiographers are subject to inspection by local licensing authorities and are expected to comply with local regulations. 7. Ensure the prior to jographer has the following ‘8. A survey meter calibrated within the previ- ‘ous three months (six months if specified in your state license) and must be capable of reading from 2:mRem/hr to 1 R/hr. b. A properly calibrated pocket dosimeter in ‘addition to either a film badge or « TLD badge. ¢. The appropriate radiation signs and barricade materials 8. The radiographer should “log-in” with the SO when the source is brought on site and “log out” when the source leaves the site. ). Ensure the radiographer completes the following prior to the start of radiography: ‘&. Barricades all entries to the area, ey ‘consider Indders and stairwells. Reviews barricades for adequacy, particularly noting: 1, Radiation transmitted in all directions 2. Upper/lower floors must not be neglected ©. Considers the effect of radiation on process instruments. 4. Notifies all personnel in the area of the work to be done. 10. Emergency Conditions If a radiation souree becomes lodged or disconnected outside the holder, immediately widen barricade requirements and evacuate all personnel. apIONIZING RADIATION Page 10 b. The radiographer is responsible for retrieval and replacement of the source (do not rush In and assist), ©. Contact the Radiation Safety Officer for further directions such as providing barriers, instrumentation and notification of regulatory agencies. 11.4.2 Special Conditions - Medical X-Rays ‘8. The registration and use of x-ray generating, ‘equipment is governed by state and local governments. b. Patient exposure to radiation is « doctor/patient relationship; however, the desired objective should be achieved with a minimum dose. The amount and type of radiation exposure a patient receives for medical treat- ‘ment should be documented. €. Exposure of persons other than the patient: 1. General Public. The radiation level pe ent to the protection of individuals not classified a: radiation workers (general public) is one-tenth the limi for radiation workers, i.e., 0.5 Rems whole body per year. 2. Radiation Workers. See 4.1. 3. Pregnancy. See 4.3. d. Before x-ray generating equipment is put into routine use, a complete radiation safety survey shall hhe carried out to ensure the facility complies with appli cable safety regulations. X-ray technologists and others working in and around x-ray rooms should be readily identified as radiation workers and should be monitored by film or TLD badge. See 7.1. 1. Only persons required for radiographic ‘examination should be in the x-ray room during the exposure. 1. The technologist shall be inside a shielded booth or behind an adequate protective screen. 2. Low kilovolt radiation, as mammography, requires similar precautions. If the technologist must be in the room, « protective apron shall be worn to reduce exposure to the gonads and blood-forming organs. Mobile x-ray machines offer more opportu- nity for inadvertent exposure than the fixed machine. ‘The operator shall wear a protective apron, and shall ccheck that mo one except the patient is in the first oF ‘useful beam, 1, The exposure switch should be located at least six feet from the patient 2. Anyone assisting shall also wear a protective apron and stand as far as possible from the patient. NOVEMBER 1990 fh. All x-ray machines should be secured st unauthorized use. agai 1. A-survey of each area in which 2 medical x-ray is used shall be made at least annually by the RSO or other qualified representative to ensure that no dangerous levels of radiation exist from shield leakage or equip- ‘ment malfunction. Surveys shall alto be conducted after initial installation, after repairs, and whenever changes fare made that could advertely affect radiation protec tion. Surveys shall include a check of the protective apron for integrity and verification that only the target area is Xerayed and that the exposure time is accurate. (Gee section 6.3.4.) 11.4.3 Tritlum Exit Signs. In recent years tritium signs have been used in areas where electrical power is either not available or creates an additional hazard. Tritium exit signs have several advantages including low maintenance costs; however, there are some negatives including the cost of inventorying the ‘signs and atmospheric release of radioactive material if the tritium tubes break (tritium is « gas and, in exit sign applications, does not pose a contamination hazard). ‘There are now available low cost Light Emitting Diode (LED) exit signs which compete favorably with the tri- ‘ium signs in cost and performance. Since LED signs do not have to be inventoried and will not release radioactive material to the atmosphere if damaged, they are preferred for most applications. LED exits are available from Gilbert Emergency Lighting, Jonesboro, Arkansas, (601) 932-5622. 11.4.4 Radiation Safety Requirements for ticle Accelerators/Electron Beam Processing In the early 1970s the first commercially available electron beam processors became available. For the first time reliable, compact electron generators of high en- ‘ergy density had been engineered for industrial use at operating voltages which did not require vault shielding, yet with sufficient penetration capability to satisfy a large spectrum of process needs. These electron initiated Processes included: the ability to cure buried layers of chemicals at high speed; high speed transfer costing; drum finishing of coatings directly applied to the drum surface; controlled depth of treatment of materials 10 effect selective crosslinking; and curing on thermolabile materials. Like xray generating equipment (see Engi- neering Standard S156), in the United States particle accelerators/electron beam processors are licensed/ registered by the state. Check the applicable state radiation protection authority for registration and operating. requirements. Shielding and Safety Design Requirements: 1. A qualified expert shall be consulted in the design and installation of the electron beam processor. ‘This person shall perform a radiation eurvey when the electron beam processor is first capable of producing. radiat arp 13617 S246 IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 2. Each installation shall provide such primary and secondary barriers as necessary to comply with the pertinent local standard. b. Electron Beam Controts and interlocks. 1. Instrumentation, readouts, and controls on the electron beam console shall he clearly identified and easily discernible, 2. All entrances into the target area or other high radiation areas shall be provided with interlocks that shut down the machine under conditions of barrier penetration. 3. When an interlock system has been tripped, it shall only be possible to resume operation of the elec: tron beam processor by manually resetting controls at the position where the interlock has been tripped, and lastly at the main control console. 4, Each safety interlock shall be on a circuit which allows its operation independently of all other safety interlocks. 5. All safety interlocks shall be fail-safe, i designed so that any defect or component failure in the lock system prevents operation of the electron beam Processor. 6. An emergency power cutoff switch shall be located and easily identifiable in all high radiation areas. Such a cutoff switch shall include a manual reset 6o that the electron beam processor cannot be restarted from the ‘main control console without resetting the eutoff switch. |. Warning Devices 1, All locations designated as high radiati areas, and entrances to auch locations shall be equipped with easily observable warning lights that operate when, and only when, radiation is produced. 2. Each high radiation area shall have an audi- ble warning device which shall be activated for fifteen seconds prior to the possible creation of such « high radiation area. Such a warning device shall be clearly discernible in all high radiation areas and all radiation ways leading to high radiation areas shall be identified. (Gee section 8.5.) 4. Operating Procedures Electron Beam Processors, when not in ‘operation, shall be secured to prevent unauthorized use, Page 14 3. All safety and warning devices. including imerlocks, shall be checked for proper operability: at intervals not to exceed three months. Results of such tests shall be maintained at the facility for inspection. 4, Electrical cireuit diagrams of the electron beam processor and associated interlock system shall be kept current and maintained for inspection and shall be lable to the operator at the facility. 5. If, forany reason. itis necessary to intention: ally bypass a safety interlock or interlocks, such action shall be: ‘8. Authorized by the radiation safety committee or radiation safety officer: b. Recorded in a permanent log and a notice posted at the control console; and Terminated as s00n as possible. 6. A copy of the current operating and the ‘emergency procedures shall be maintained at the control console, ©. Radiation Monitoring Requirements, 1. They shall be available at each facility appro- Priate portable monitoring equipment which and has been calibrated for the appropriate radiations being produced at the facility. Such equipment ehall be tested for proper operation daily and calibrated at intervals not to exceed one year and after each servicing and repai ‘operable 2. A radiation protection survey shall be performed and documented by a qualified expert when ‘changes have been made in shielding, operation, equipment, or occupancy of adjacent areas. 3. Radiation levels in all high radiation areas shall be continuously monitored. The monitoring devices shall be electrically independent of the electron beam control and interlock systems and capable of providing a remote and local readout with viewal or audi- ble alarms at both the control panel and at the entrance to high radiation areas and other appropriate locations, 10 that people entering or present become aware of the existing hazard. 4. All area monitors shall be calibrated st intervals not to exceed one year and after servicing and repair. 5S. Whenever applicable, periodic surveys shall bbe made to determine the amount of airborne particulate radioactivity present in areas of airborne hazards. Whenever applicable periodic wipe tests shall be made to determine the degree of contamination in target and other pertinent areas. asue FONIZING RADIATION 12 7. All area surveys shall be made in accordance ‘with written procedures established by a qualified expert ‘or the radiation safety officer of the facility. 8 Records of all radiation protection surveys, calibration results, instrumentation teste, and wipe test results shall be kept current and on file at the facility. 1. Ventilation Systems 1, Means shall be provided to ensure that personnel entering any area where airborne radioactivity may be produced will not be exposed to airborne radioactive material in excess of those limits specified in 10 CFR 20 Appendix B Table 1. 2. Radioactive material shall not be vented, released or otherwise discharged into an uncontrolled area in excess of the limite specified in 10 CFR 20 Appendix B Table 1. 3. Every reasonable effort should be made to maintain releases of radioactive materials to uncontrolled arcas as far below these levels as practical. 9. According to state inspectors, the most common program deficiencies in electron beam processing areas include: 1, Lack of required documentation of checks, surveys, calibrations, etc. 2. Inadequate training of RSOs and operators. 3. Inadequate procedures. ‘operating and emergency 12, WASTE DISPOSAL, Disposal of waste radioactive materials, in conformance with local, state and federal regulations is best handled through the vendor or one of the agencies specializing in this work, as described in Appendix B. 13. POSTED INFORMATION 4.31. The following are required in the U.S. but not cliewhere except where specified by local regulations. 43.4.1 Each site handling radioactive materials under a specific license from the NRC shall post current copies of (1) the applicable state or federal regulatio for handling the radioactive materials, (2) the license, license conditions, or documents incorporated into a Hicense by reference, and amendments, (3) applicable ‘operating procedures and (4) any notice of violation involving radiological working conditions, proposed penalty for the violation(s) and the site’s response to the alleged violation(s)- Where posting these document impracticable, the site may post a notice which describes the document(s) referenced in (I) ~ (4) and states where they may be examined. NOVEMBER 1990 13.1.2. Form NRC-3, “Notice to Employees” or equivalent state required notice, shall be posted by each site handling radioactive materials under a specific license, wherever individuals work in or frequent any portion of a “restricted area.” (A “restricted area” i area, access to which is controlled by the li protect individuals from’ exposure to radiation and radioactive materials 13.1.3 Documents, notices, or forms posted shall appear in sufficient places ao involved employees may ‘observe them on the way to or from site activities where radioactive materials are used. (Many sites find it conve- rilent to post such documents at the front gate where ‘employees pass each working day.) 13.1.3.1_ Copies of 10 CFR, Parts 19 and 20 and a copy of the NRC license must be posted in the area. If this is impractical, a note may be attached to the NRC -3 form stating where on site a copy of this information is available (e.g., Safety Officer or RSO (RPO). 14, EMERGENCY RESPONSE 14.1. The purpore of emergency response is to respond ‘2 radiological emergency io a way that minimizes personnel exposures, prevents the spread of contamination, maintains control of the situation, and keeps our employees and the public informed. 14.2 Planning prior to an emergency is crucial, falling 1 plan Is planning to fall. The following items should be considered when planning for an emergency. 14.2.1 Information Gathering, Who, What, ‘When, Where, Why (repeat the information back to aseure itis correct). 14.2.2 Secure the area to minimize exposures, spread of contamination, unauthorized reentry and to prevent bystanders from geting involved. 14.2.3 Make necessary notifications within your organization. 14.2.4 To respond, you will need: ‘8. Monitoring equipment Protective equipment €. Containment and disposal equipment 14.2.5 Set up omsite command post 10 coordinate: Communications Establish control of the location. Evaluate the situation Monitoring and clean up Initial radiation survey Care of injured personnel Clean up Initial contamination survey Final radiation and contamination survey Recording of data a Ne439 JONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 Off-Site Notification Local emergency response organizations (injured personnel may be contaminated) 14.2.7 Additional guidance is av the Du Pont Boston area sites or federal agencies Wilmington management including: Departmental representative Public affairs Legal lable by calling emergency number 1-508 - 667-9531. 15.1 Reports of National Council on Radi 18. REFERENCES tion (NCRP): Title Control and Removal of Radioactive Contami- nation in Laboratories (1951) Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occu- ional Exposures (1959) Physical and Biological Applications (1960) Measurement of Absorbed Dose of Neutrons and Mixtures of Neutrons and Gamma Rays 961) Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials (1964) Medical X-Ray and Gamma Ray Protection for Energies up to 10 MeV ~ Equipment Design and Use (1968) Radiation Protection in Veterinary Medicine (4970) Protection Against Neutron Radiation (1971) Alpha-Emitting Particles in Lungs (1975) Tritium Measurement Techniques (1976) Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel (1976) Structural Shield Design and Evaluation of Medical Use of X-Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up to 10 MeV (1976) Environmental Radiation Measurements 976) Cesium ~ 137 from the Environment to Ms Metabolism and Dose (1977) 33 39 a Resiew of NCRP Radiation Dose Limit for Embry and Fetus ia Occupativnally Es Women (1977) Medical Ra Potentially Pregnant Women (19% jon Exposure of Pregnant and ) Protection of the Thyroid Gland in the E of Releases of Radioiodine (1977) Radiation Exposure from Consumer Products ‘and Miscellaneous Sources (1977) Instrumentation and Monitoring Methods for Radiation Protection (1978) A Handbook of Radioactivity: Measurements Procedures (1978) Operational Radiation Safety Program (1978) 60 Physical. Chemical. and Biological Properties of Radiocerium Rele- vant to Radiation Protection Guidelines (197 Radiation Safety Training Criteria for Indus- trial Radiography (1978) Tritium and Other Radionucl Organic Compounds Incorporated Material (1979) Influence of Dose and its Distribution in Time fon Dose-Response Relationships for Low- LET Radiations (1980) Labeled Genetic Management of Persons Accidentally Contam- inated with Radionuclides (1980) Mammography (1980) Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields — Properties, Quantities and Units, Biophysical Interaction, and Measurements (1981) ‘Nuclear Medicine ~ Factors Influencing the Choice and Use of Radionuclides in Diagnosis and Therapy (1982) Operational Radiation Safety — Training (1983) Radiation Protection and Measurement for Low Voltage Neutron Generators (1983) Exposures from the Uranium Series with Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters (1984) Evaluation of Occupational and Environmen- tal Exposures 1o Radon and Radon Daughters in the United States (1984) Induction of Thyroid Cancer by Ionizing Radiation (1985) Carbon ~14 in the Environment (1985)—_ saa JONIZING RADIATION Page 14 NOVEMBER 1990 8 SI Unite in Radiation Protection and 15.2 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 20, Measurements (1985) Calculations in) RADIONUCLIDES (1985) ‘8% General Concepts for the Dosimetry of Internally Deposited Radionuclides (1985) 85 Mammography ~ A User's Guide (1986) % Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (1986) 87 Use of Bioassay Procedures for Assessment of Internal Radionuclide Deposition (1987) 88 Radiation Alarms and Access - Control Systems (1987) 8 Genetic Effects of Internally Deposited Radionuclides (1987) 91 Recommendations on Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation (1987) 93 Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Popula- tion of the United States (1987) Energy. 18.3 “Radiological Health Handbook” - US. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. 15.4 Engineering Standard S3G, Identification of Piping and Equipment. 15.5 Engineering Standard DR176X, Radiation Instru- mentation, Design Guide. 15.6 Engineering Standard SRIT6X, Inspection. Procedure for Radioactive Material (Material and By-Product), 15.7 Engineering Standard S1SG, X-Ray Installations 15.8 Maintenance and Construction Procedure PZ. 4, Gamma and X-Ray Inspection. 18.9 OSHA Field Operation Manual, “Standardized Method for Weighing Filters (June 1976). 15.10 Safety and Fire Protection Division Bulletin, “Static Eliminators” (June 6, 1980), amended (Novem: ber 7, 1980). 140ay JONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 APPENDIX A Monitoring instruments Jeamm: | ana Type Alpha X-Ray | Neutron Geiger-Muller x lonization Chamber x | x x Scintilation Detectors x | x x Proportional x x x Dosimeters Film Badge x x x | Thermoluminescent x x x Direct-reading I x APPENDIX B. TO: ALL RADIATION SAFETY OFFICERS PROCEDURE FOR DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE Your site may occasionally require disposal of waste radioactive items, such as struments and devices. As a Radiation Safety Officer (RSO), your responsibil ties include assuring that such items are removed from service, packaged, labeled, and shipped in conformance with provisions of your site's radioa materials license, shipping regulations and where applicable, disposal site restrictions. M&L, Legal and Engineering Departments jointly developed this procedure for your use to enable prompt disposal and to ensure that Du Pont's interests are protected. No variance from this procedure should be undertaken without prior discussion with M&L and Legal. Step 1 ~ Establish License Restrictions When 2 disposal need develops, review your site’s license to possess the waste item to determine who can/must 1) Remove the item from service 2) Package the item and label its container for shipment in accordance with Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulations, and 3) Make arrangements 928) ship the container to a party licensed to receive it, (Gee At sites where the RSO has had the necessary training, the license will normally allow all or part of the activities to be performed by or under the direction of that RSO. At other sites, performance by or under the direction of the manufacturer of the item or another licensed agent may be required. In many cases, the license I not be explicit. For example, the disposal provision may simply read “return without specifying who can perform removal, packaging, and labeling or whether the RSO must ship the item to the manufacturer or have the latter pick it up. Also, where the RSO is not licensed to “remove” the deviee, the ‘question arises as to whether removal includes disconnecting and relocating pipe sections of equipment to which the item is connected. To resolve such apS20G age 16 JONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 ambiguities. contact the licensing agency, obtain an interpretation, and confirm it by letter either from you (the RSO) to the agency or viee versa. If any confusion remains. contact Legal Department, Wilmington. In the event that you are in possession of & radioactive waste which is not covered by your site's license, contact M&L for guidance. ‘Step Il — Contact the Manutacturer Contact the manufacturer of the waste item and determine whether you can return If so, make the necessary arrangements yourself in conformance with restrictions of site's license. Use local or regional purchasing if charges are involved, However, (1) A copy of the manufacturer's license to receive the item prior to transfer, and (2) A receipt upon transfer. Retain the manufacturer's license in plant files for five (S) years, unless your plant's license to possess the item specifies a longer period. Ifyou are unable to return the waste item to the manufacturer, proceed to Step II1, otherwise proceed to Step IV. IM - Requisition M&L, Request that local or regional purchasing submit a requisition to Wilmington, M&L, Contracting Section, to arrange for pickup and disposal ofthe item. The following must show on or accompany the requisition: © Proper DOT shipping name, © The type of isotope. © The number of millicuries © Physical state of the radioactive materials (e.g, liquid, granular, ete). (© Radiation level in millirems at the surface of the radiosctive item and at three feet. © For radioactive gases, the pressure of the container. © Approximate dimensions of the source including its holder or carriage. © Whether or not the radioactive material i special form.” © Shipping container (if the plant provides). (© Who can/must perform removal, packaging, labeling, and arrange for shipment er your site's license (see Step 1). © Acopy of any letter to or from the licensing agency confirming the agency’ pretation of license ambiguities (see Step 1). After receiving the requisition package, ML will select a disposal contractor (with ‘your participation if you request), and issue an order for the contractor's signature. The contractor's signature represents certification that the contractor possesses a license 10 receive the item. therefore a copy of the signed order can be retained in plant files for five () years in lieu of a copy of the contractor's license. However, either the license or the order copy must be so retained. Allow at least six weeks to receive the plant copy of the order, at which time a pickup or delivery can be scheduled. aD143 IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 Step IV ~ Delivery/Pickup If you or other site personnel under your direction are to remove. package. oF label the waste, or prepare any shipping papers, be sure you have current instructions for regulations. Also, when a contractor other than the manu facturer is to receive the item, you should be familiar with any dispoal site restrictions, ‘When in doubt, request such procedures and other information from the manufacturer oF contractor and direct any remaining questions to Engineering Department, Engi- neering Service Division (ESD). Direct any problem obtaining procedures from a contractor to M&L Wilmington, Contracting Section. ‘The contractor or manufacturer should not require your signature on any documents except for the certification statement on shipping documents that the item is properly described, packaged, and labeled, and then only when the plant performs the packaging. Should a contractor ask for other signatures, refuse to provide them and conta Wilmington, M&L, Contracting Section for resolution ‘The RSO should notify the person(s) receiving the shipment when the item has been shipped. For some licences or site requirements, this is required. APPENDIX C FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN 1. General Considerations. Planning and designing radiation facilities extends over several fields of science and engincering. Optimum design for keeping radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) requires a joint effort between ‘management, radiation workers, architects, engineers, and health physicists (radiation protection professionals). Health physics input should be sought for the design of areas where radioactive materials or radiation-producing devices are handled, stored, repaired, or trans-shipped. The potential for radiation exposure to workers and the general public will determine the necessity and extent of this health physics involvement. : 2. Space Layout. Important space layout considerations include: 1, The need for access to radiation or radioactive materials areas by employees, visitors, and others, while at the same time providing optimum separation between workers’ “sit down” 2, Ventilation requirements. ‘3. Floor loading in the case of heavily shielded sources. 4. Receipt and shipment of radioactive materials, including radiation and ‘contamination surveys, In cases where the potential for inhalation or ingestion of radioactive materials is significant or where radioactive gases are used, the placement of facilities will be influenced by the availability of ventilation ductwork that can lead from the facilities without carrying radioactive materials to other areas where they might contribute to internal exposure to unsuspecting person 3. Shielding. Permanent shielding may be needed in some eases for walls, floors, and ceilings to providing protection against radiation from radioactive materials currently ‘housed in the facility, as well as radioactive materials that might be introduced into the ‘area by future requirement. Occupancy and use factors should be taken into account «aS24G HONIZING RADIATION Page 18 NOVEMBER 1990 | 4) ‘as recommended in NCRP handbooks, but such factors should be chosen with the principle of ALARA in mind. 4. Caution Signs and interlocks. In accordance with good radiation safety prac and in compliance with applicable regulations, access to certain areas should be controlled or restricted by the use of prescribed caution signs, signals, and interlocks. The requirements for and the proper location of such caution signs, signals, and interlocks should be carefully considered to ensure that employees and others do not spend more time than necessary in certain areas, do not in any ease exceed regulatory limite of exposure, and do not enter specified high radiation or radioactive mat except under prescribed circumstances. 5. Ventitation BA Ve tion requirements should be considered for areas where radioactive aerosols, and powders are stored of used or where other unsealed radioactive materials may enter the work environment in volatile or aerosol forms. The levele of such materials may necessitate special hoods or gloveboxes. The recommendations of health physicists and engineers should be sought in this regard. Design of any necessary local ‘exhaust hoods or fume hoods and their flow rates should be coordinated with the overall design of the general office sir requirements. Exhaust or fume hoods designed for radioactive materials should not exhaust to « common plenum, 5.2. In designing ventilation to guard against inhalation or ingestion of radioactive ‘materials (gases, aerosols, and powders) in work areas, the facility should also consider the need to prevent exhaust air or effluents from exposing persons in unrestricted areas. The exhaust vent should be located to provide meteorological diffusion and dilution adequate to meet the regulatory requirements for effluents to unrestricted well as ALARA exposure considerations for the public. In some eases, it may also be advisable to include specific types of filters (e.g., HEPA filters) or air cleaners for the exhaust air. In general, the release point of exhaust air from ventilation systems should be at least 110 meters from any window, air intake system, or point of occupancy bby members of the public in order to provide meteorological dilution by a factor of 10-* ‘or more. The release point should also be selected to avoid recirculating contaminated ‘exhaust air back into the building. Monitoring of release point concentrations of radioactive materials may be necessary to demonstrate compliance with regulatory limit 5.3. In any work area where radioactive gases or aerosols are used outside of a glove- box or fume hood, adequate ventilation should be provided to meet regulatory require- ‘ments for exposure to individuals to concentrations of radioactive material in restricted areas. Such areas should be under negative pressure as required to ensure that contaminated air is not carried to unrestricted areas. ‘SPECIAL LABORATORY DESIGN FEATURES: 6.1. Consideration should be given to providing laboratory surfaces that may be easily cleaned and decontaminated daily to maintain minimal contamination levels and radi- tion exposures. In laboratories where radioactive contamination may frequently reach lab surfaces and be picked up and inhaled by employees, a fixed radiation monitor should be provided for employees to monitor their hands, feet, or clothing routinely before leaving the laboratory. This monitor should be in a very low-background area in or near the laboratory. Another monitor may be used to maintain a general awareness, of the ambient radiation levels in the work area. Additional portable Geiger counters oF ‘other radiation monitoring equipment may also be desirable. Sewer discharge concen: a trations of radioactivity may require monitoring to demonstrate compliance with applicable regulatory limitlas IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 6.2 Other Considerations be needed for rinsing and dispusal to sewage ive material from laboratory equipment. 6.2.2 Design of plumbing and sewage systems should take into account the need to avoid buildup of radioactive contamination in areas where persons may be exposed to external radiation from these materials and to avoid the possibility of th finding their way to intakes of drinking water or water supply sources. 6.2.3 Temporary storage in appropriate containers placed in remote or shielded ‘areas may be needed for the bulk of radioactive wastes of short half- decay of the radioactive materi to allow for 6.2.4 Equipment or apparatus should be provided for storing long-lived liquid radioactive wastes that may be sent to a commercial disposal firm. 7. STORAGE, SOURCE CONTROL, AND INVENTORY es that order a number and variety of sources of radioactive material may ind more secure to provide a centralized storage room for Hess costly, 7.2 A central storage facility is helpful in keeping exposures ALARA. since it may result in a decrease in the amount of radioactive material stored in laboratories ‘occupied by personnel. It can also minimize the loss or inadvertent misplacement of 7.3. Additional shielding may be needed in the walls of the central storage area to protect persons in unrestricted areas. Design considerations include the following. 7.3.1 Vault and shield design that will protect employees entering the arca as well as those in adjacent unrestricted areas 7.3.2 Provision for some ventilation of the area if volatile or gaseous radioactive ‘materials escape into the room air. 7.3.3 Provision for monitoring the room air and effluents to unrestricted areas. 7.3.4 The possible need for a fixed alarm or signal 10 warn employees levels at places where employees frequenting the area could receive appreciable radiation exposures. of ra 7 5 Surface or strippable costings that can be decontaminated easily. 7.3.6 Adequate floor loading requirements to support the required shielding materials. 7.3.7 An adequate lock-and-key system for controlling the area. 8. SHIPPING AND RECEIVING ‘The RSO should notify the receiving area when aradioactive shipment is expected. In some facilities, unnecessary exposure of personnel has resulted from the need to ‘transport packages of radioactive material long distances from the receiving area to the ‘user. Facilities should therefore: 8.1 Plan specific radioactive material storage areas for day, night, and weekend deliv- ‘eries 50 that such deliveries may be received at any time and placed in a secure locstion where they will not cause unnecessary exposure to personnel while awaiting survey by the Radiation Safety Officer or the user. aD 3246 Page 19IONIZING RADIATION NOVEMBER 1990 8.2 When packages may expose couriers to measurable radiation, make available a cart or carrier that will maintain an adequate distance from the person transporting the material and the package to keep exposures ALARA. 8.3 Set aside some space in the receiving area for an initial survey and wipe test of ‘each package unless other means are used to avoid transporting « contaminated package through unrestricied areas of the facility. 8.4 Locate shipping and receiving areas and the access to them away from aress where radioactive materials are used £0 as to: ‘8. Minimize the time required for transporting radioactive material to areas where itis to be used and, B. Avoid the need to transport radioactive material through crowded areas oF areas occupied by personnel, patients, or visitors. EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS 9.1 General features that should be considered for equipment that will be used for handling, containing, or contacting radioactive materials are: 1, Surfaces should be easily cleaned and decontaminated in case unsealed radioactive material is released. 2. Equipment should be designed to optimize the ease of carrying out procedures where personnel are exposed to radiation, thereby minimizing working times, ‘and to maximize distances of personnel from the radioactive material with which they are working to an extent consistent with the purposes of the procedure, 3. Equipment should operate in such a fashion that it does not damage radiation, sources and release radioactive materials if it fails. 4, Adequate shielding should be provided a part of the equipment where feasi- ble. Appropriate caution signs, symbols, signals, and alarms should be provided as part of the equipment to meet regulatory requirements,‘SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH GUIDE AIR TRAVEL SAFETY aa mavases [mg MAY 1989 | S25G Rae MAY 1993 TER, way tess] Page tof 2 1. SCOPE ‘This guideline provides information needed to select safe air transportation for company business travel. Subjects ‘covered include regularly scheduled commercial air carriers, charter air carriers, and the use of private aircraft. 2. INTRODUCTION ‘Air travel is by far the safest mode of transportation. However, with the deregulation of the airline industry, the ccatry of new, smaller airlines into the marketplace, and the increased use of charter air transportation by company Personnel, itis necessary to establish some minimum standards to ensure that the safest aircraft and air carriers are used by DuPont. 3. APPLICATION ‘This guideline applies to transportation of all company and subsidiary personnel. It is management's responsibility to ensure that persons arranging for air transportation for company business conform to this guideline. Any ‘exceptions to this guideline shall be approved in writing in advance of travel by the travelet’s immediate supervisor. Refer to Section 5 for questions and exceptions to requirements. 4, BUSINESS AIR TRAVEL 4.1. Scheduled Airtines. 4.1.1 Employees on company business shall travel by regularly scheduled air transportation firms certified to ‘operate under Federal Air Regulations Part 121 or 135, or the equivalent country regulations in non-U.S. locations. ‘This includes all major domestic and flag carriers, helicopter service at major airports, and commuter and air taxi operators. 4.1.2 All aircraft flown by scheduled airlines shall be powered by two or more turbine (jet o turboprop) engines. 4.1.3 All aircraft flown by scheduled airlines shall be crewed by a minimum of two pilots. 4.1.4 DuPont Business Travel Services establishes preferred air carrier agreements with several scheduled. Airlines based on proven performance and economic criteria, including safety considerations and types of aircraft used, Designated travel agents are kept advised of these arrangements and will advise travelers accordingly. 4.2. Charter Airtinos 4.2.1 In cases where scheduled airlines are not available or are not appropriate for the particular business ‘mission, then chartered aircraft may be used. Such situations may include pipeline patrols aerial surveys, supply ‘operations, or emergency response to transportation incidents. Charter operators shall meet the following mini- ‘mum requirements: *+ All charter operators shall operate in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 14, Part 121 or 135, and other applicable federal, state, and local regulations. In addition: ~ All charter aircraft shall be powered by two or more turbine (jet or turboprop) engines. ~ All charter aircraft shall be piloted by a minimum of two pilots. All charter pilots shall be regularly ‘rained in a program utilizing a motion simulator. — All pilots in command shall have an Airtne Transport Pilot Certificate and possess a current first-class medical certificate, Charter operator shall carry a minimum of $10 million aircraft liability insurance, aD _! (NOTE: ~ THIS DOGUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF ©. 1 DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY. THE TECHNICAL * INFORMATION HEREN MAY NOT BE USED NOR REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF BUPOwTS25 SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL Page 2 HEALTH GUIDE MAY 1993 4.3 Employee-Owned or Rented Aircraft Employees are prohibited from flying their own or rented aircraft on company business unless authorized in advance in writing by their senior management, 5. EXCEPTIONS AND QUESTIONS Questions or exceptions to any of the above minimum requirements for commercial scheduled airlines shall be referred to Corporate Travel (Ducom 77-33933). Charter airlines shall be reviewed and approved by the Corporate Aviation Department prior to hire, Those with approval authority areas follows: Director of Aviation ‘Wilmington, DE Ducom 996-8025 (302) 996-8025 ‘ManageriChief Pilot—DuPont Flight Operations Wilmington, DE ‘Ducom 996-8027 (302) 996-8027 ‘ManageriChief Pilot—Conoco Flight Operations Houston, TX. Ducom/ETN 636-5018 (713) 443-5018SAFETY AND HEALTH PRINCIPLES SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH GUIDE a ‘AUG 1993 $266 Page 1 of 4 1. DUPONT SAFETY AND HEALTH PRINCIPLES 1.1. All injuries and tinesses Can Be Prevented ‘At DuPont, we believe that prevention of all injuries and illnesses isa realistic goal and not justa theoretical ‘objective. Our safety and health performance proves that the objective is achievable. We have plants with over 2,000 employees that have operated for over 10 years Without a lost-time injury or iliness. The key word in this principle is “all.” With any less demanding objective, injures and illnesses begin to become acceptable. Even if an injury or illness does cccur, belief in this principle provides a commitment to determine and eliminate the root cause so that future ‘occurrences can be prevented. Supervisors with the responsibility for the well-being of other employees cannot be effective without fully accepting this principle. 1.2. Management is Responsible Management, which includes all levels from the chief executive office tothe first-line supervisor, is responsible for preventing injures and illnesses. Safety and health isa line-management responsibility; it cannot be delegated to a staff group or to a government agency. Only when senior management exerts sustained leadership in establishing safety goals, demanding accountability for safety and health performance and providing necessary resources, can a safety and health program be effective in an industrial environment. Proper safety and health management necessitates involvement, The lead must come by example rather than rhetoric alone. At DuPont, the chief executive officer ofthe company is the chief safety officer. The DuPont chairman, as well as the other senior executives, set the safety and health standards for the entire company. It follows that plant managers are responsible for the safety of all workers on site and each supervisor must accept responsibility for the safety and health of the employees under their direction. ‘As a result of this principle, safety is a major yardstick of management's performance. Management at all evels |know that their prospects for promotion depend in part on their ability to carry out their safety and health responsibilities. 1.3 All Operating Exposures Can Be Controlled ‘This principle is a corollary to the first principle that all injures are preventable. It holds that all operating exposures that may result in injuries or illnesses can be controlled, no matter what the exposure is, and effective safeguards can be provided. It's preferable, of course, to eliminate sources of danger. But where this is not reasonable or practical, supervision ‘must specify measures such as special training, safety devices, and protective clothing. 1.4. Safety is a Condition of Employment Conscientious assumption of safety and health responsibility i required by all employees from their first day (the job. ‘This means that each employee must be convinced that be or she has a responsibility for working safely. ‘We have leamed from experience that employees will respect the safety and health program and accept safety 1s condition of employment when they understand that management regards safety as equal in importance to production, quality, and cost control. 1.8. It ls Necessary to Thoroughly Train All Employees to Work Safely Employees must be trained to work safely. Without effective training programs to teach, motivate, and sustain safety knowledge, injuries cannot be eliminated, Effective training involves both understanding and acceptance by those receiving the training, ‘An effective training program requires that procedures, and safety rules be established forall jobs. Each major activity must be covered by a procedure and safety performance standards. 1.6 Audits Must Be Conducted ‘Management must audit performance in the workplace to assess safety and health program success. Comprehen- sive inspections of both facilities and programs not only ‘confirm the effectiveness ofthe facilities and programs in achieving desired performance but also detect specific problems and help to identify weaknesses in corporate safety and health efforts. All plant managers and their staffs conduct regular internal plant safety audits, and effective line supervisors conduct frequent safety am NOTE: = THS DOCUMENT 16 THE PROPERTY OF E. | DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY. THE TECHNICAL INFORMATION HEREIN MAY NOT BE USED NOR REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF DUPONT,SAFETY AND HEALTH PRINCIPLES Page 2 AUGUST 1993 inspections depending on operations performed in their area of responsibility. Job-cycle checks in which supervisors review specific operations with the employee are also performed periodically to verify that safety proce- ‘dures are understood and have not become outdated, In addition, cach business has the responsibility for auditing. 1.7 All Defictencies Must Be Corrected Promptly Deficiencies revealed through audits must be corrected promptly. Without prompt action to rectify deficiencies, risk of injuries will increase and safety program credibil- ity will suffer. Correction may take the form of facility ‘modification, procedure changes, training, or construc tive discipline. Discipline must be exercised when it is needed and disciplinary actions must be consistent and predictable if they are to be effective. ‘Whatever action is appropriate, follow-up audits must ‘be made to verify effectiveness. 1.8 People Are the Most Important Element of the Safety and Health Program ‘AtDuPont, the one essential ingredient in the recipe for a safe workplace is its people. Ineligent, tained, and ‘motivated employees are the company’s greatest re- source. Our success in safety depends upon the men and ‘women in our plants folowing procedures, participating actively in training, and identifying and alerting manage- ‘ment to potential hazards. By demonstrating a real ‘concem for each employee, a mutual respect is established and the foundation is Isid for a solid safety rogram. 1.9 Off-The-Job Safety is an Important Part of the Safety Effort ‘The company’s concem for employees” safety and bealth ‘extends beyond the plant gate. An off-the-job injury is no Jess painful than one suffered on the job. In addition to the personal suffering of the employee and his family, off-the-job injuries and illnesses may seriously affect the plant's operations in the following ways: (1) the need to ‘rain relief personnel, (2) production spoilage or damage to equipment that may accompany the work of newly trained employees, (3) additional workloads placed on supervision, 4) limited productivity of injured employ- ‘ees upon their return to work, (5) increase in payments for health insurance, and hospital and surgical, and (6) costs of disability wages. Consequently, the company is ‘engaged in a continuing off-the-job safety program. This [program should receive the full attention and interest of every member of management. It is an integral part of the safety effort. 2. ORGANIZATION FOR RISK MANAGEMENT 21. The Safety Committee System Safety commitices have proven to be an effective means of carrying out company safety and other risk manage- ‘ment policies, disseminating information, enlisting ‘employee cooperation in the safety and risk management effort, and generating and sustaining interest in safety ‘and health. 24.1. The Central Safety and Health committe is usually made up of the manager ot director who serves as chairman, all epartment heads, the safety supervisor, and the site physician, The safety supervisor is usually the permanent secretary. This commitice originates, ‘uides, and coordinates the overall safety and risk management effort of the unit based on corporate guidelines and, in general, deals with risk management matiers of plant-wide concer. The Central Safety and Health commitice usualy has several subcommittees, ‘Actual subcommittee structure is the responsibility of the individual site and is based on local management's assessment of site needs. 2.1.1.1 The Process Safety Management (PSM) subcommittee establishes site process hazards manage- ‘ment policies in accordance with S&OH Guideline 6.1. ‘All major areas of a site should be represented on the 24.1.2 The Occupational Health subcommittee ‘establishes site occupational ealth policies and pro- ‘grams and audits effectiveness with respect to established ‘goals and requirements. The subcommittee provides ‘program coordination because its membership usually includes medical, safety, and industrial hygiene representatives whose functions are interrelated. Areas of ‘subcommittee involvement include: + Personal Protective Equipment ‘+ Chemical Exposure Control + Ergonomics + Noise Abatement and Hearing Conservation + Environmental Control am‘$266 SAFETY AND HEALTH PRINCIPLES AUGUST 1993 Pago 3 2.1.4.3 The Hazardous Materials subcommitice establishes site policies and audits performance with respect to the acquisition, use, handling, and transportation of hazardous materials. 2.4.14 The Emergency Preparedness subcommitice establishes site policies and procedures for providing medical care, fire protection, disaster control, and evacuation planning. Responsibilities include employee training and conducting periodic drills to monitor effectiveness. 24.1.5 The Safety Program or Special Activities subcommittee aids in developing and maintaining employee interest in safety, fire protection, occupational health, and the safe distribution of hazardous materials through special programs, publicity, and other activites, 2.4.1.6 The Roles, Procedures, and Training subcommittee establishes site policies and audits performance ‘with respect to each of the following elements: + Site Safety Manual + Area Safety Rules + Operating Procedures + Employee Training Programs 2.1.4.7 Safety subcommittees may be organized for individual units on a site with the chairman and com- prised of employees reporting directly to the chairman, ‘This subcommitice acts on all safety and risk manage- ‘ment matters within the nit, referring to the Central Safety and Health committee problems that they are tunable to solve or that have plant-wide application, ‘A Supervisor's Safety subcommittee may be organized within large organizations where there ar levels of supervision between the employees and the unit head, Supervisors are responsible for conducting safety ‘meetings forall their employees. These meetings should address the day-to-day safety and health problems of the particular work group. Meetings are held periodically, ‘usually monthly. Certain groups, such as maintenance crafts, wll frequently hold biweekly, weekly, or daily ‘meetings. During the supervisor's safety meeting, safety ‘and risk management problems in the particular work ‘group should be reviewed and acted upon, Problems that ‘have department-wide application and cannot be resolved should be referred to the department safety subcommittee. Because itis at this point that the whole site risk ‘management program reaches the individual employee, this meeting is in many respects the most important link in the risk management organization. 2.2 The Safety Statt ‘On large sites, the safety staff may include the safety and/or fie protection supervisor, one or more safety ‘engineers, a fire chief and inspectors, and an industrial hygienist or chemist. Some sites assign a Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) Superintendent to manage and ‘coordinate these activities. On smaller sites some or all ‘of these duties may be collateral assignments, The safety staff serves as an advisor to management, a consultant to the line organization, and coordinator of the overall safety organization. The staff analyzes and evaluates the safety and fire protection effort and is responsible for Preparing and maintaining all statistics, records, and reports related to safety and fire protection. The safety supervisor is usually an ex-officio member of all safety ‘and health subcommittees and secretary to the Central Safety and Health commite. 2.3. Special Coordinators ‘The units may also have a number of special coordinators, not necessarily members of the safety staff. These ‘generally include: ‘+ An Occupational Health Coordinator to advise the unit concerning national and local regulations (¢.g., Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 in the U.S.). + A process safety coordinator to advise the unit ‘on compliance with process safety regulations. + A Transportation and Distribution Coordinator 10 advise the unit concerning regulations pertaining to the movement of hazardous ‘materials. 3, EMPLOYEE TRAINING ‘3.1. Orientation of New Employees Safety and occupational healt orientation of the new ‘employee i the job of everyone from their supervisor, ‘who sees to their orderly indoctrination, to their fellow ‘employees who look after them during thei first days ‘on the job, The orientation procedure should have two ‘objectives: (1) to impart the factual information neces sary to their personal safety and bealth and (2) to make them active members of the team. A safe state of mind should be developed in each employee early in their ‘employment. Specifically, the orientation program should include atleast the following topics: + DuPont Policy and Commitment + DuPont safety philosophy + Site safety program + Area safety program apSAFETY AND HEALTH PRINCIPLES. + Site and area safety rules ‘+ Occupational health considerations + Protective equipment needs + Importance of promplly reporting all injuries to supervision and receiving treatment by site medical personne! *+ Location of emergency equipment and how to use it ‘+ Emergency procedures for fires, explosions, and fame releases including evacuation ‘+ Employee participation in the safety program ‘An essential aspect of tis training is to develop the proper safety attitudes including an understanding and belief in the DuPont safety philosophy. Training should stress the reasons behind rules and procedures, the reasons for following operating instructions, the reasons for wearing personal protective equipment, tc, because ‘employees are more likely to reject those aspects of their jobs that appear arbitrary or pointless. One ofthe goals ‘of training is for an employee to become convinced that their work can be done safely and injuries avoided by following the rules and procedures that have been ‘developed, by asking questions when the correct course of action is doubtful, and by learning not to take chances. ‘Actually, most safety taining is integrated with all other aspects of job training and is not an entity unto itself. The safety aspects ofa job cannot and should not be separated from all the other important aspects. Several safety training courses for new employees are available through Safety and Environmental Management Services. The supervisor should follow up with each new employee at regular intervals to review their safety performance, their participation in the safety and occupational health programs, and their overall knowledge of work procedures. 3.2 On-The-Job Training On-the-job training is industry's oldest and most widely ‘used means of developing job skills. Today, as job requirements become more complex, it becomes invalu- able to safety and health, as well as operating efficiency. Selection of the experienced employee to carry out on- the-job training is very important, especially with respect to their attitude toward safety and bealth. The new ‘employee will pick up many ofthe traits, good or bad, Of the instructor; therefore, choose an employee who will set a good example, AUGUST 1993 To be effective, this training should be well planned. Itis important that supervision have a means to consistently ‘measure and document an employee's comprehension of a job for the purpose of qualification, One metbod to accomplish this, which has been effectively used at many sites, isthe job-cycle-check program. Briefly this involves the following steps: *+ Employee and supervisor review the written procedure. * Supervisor, with procedure in hand, observes the employee either actualy performing the task co walking through each step and corrects any 4. Sanitary Facilities 41 42 Sanitary Facilities—General Potable water approved for drinking purposes by the local authority of that meets standards set by the EPA under the Safe Drinking Water Act shall be used for all personal washing, cooking, eating utensils, food preparation areas, and clothing. ~ Nonpotable water may be used for cleaning other work premises, except food preparation areas, provided the nonpotable water does not contain concentrations of chemicals, fecal coliform, or other substances that could create harmful or un- sanitary conditions. Sources of nonpotable water must be posted or otherwise marked to indicate the water is unsafe for drinking, etc. Except for temporary remote facilities, toilets should be flush type with water seals between the toilet and the sewer. Individual stalls with a door and walls or partitions between fixtures to ensure privacy are required in the U.S. by OSHA. In other countries, installation of partitions should be based on local regulation and custom. Specifications and layouts for toilets and lavatories are given in DuPont Engineering Standards SB2AA, BIAA, and SB4.2AA. No food, beverages, or other materials placed in the mouth may be consumed i toilet facility. Where locker rooms are directly connected to toilet facilities without an intervening door, no food should be stored or consumed in the locker room. If an intervening door is present, this door should be kept closed. An ex- hhaust fan in the toilet is desirable so odors are not released into the locker room. ‘Shower facilities should be kept clean and in good repair, ¢.g., no mold on grout ‘or missing tiles. No glass containers should be used in the showers. Where show- ering is required due to the work (such as after handling asbestos), soap and clean towels should be provided. The physician should advise on the need for foot baths at the exit to showers to control spread of foot fungi, such as athlete’s foot. ‘Where outer protective clothing, such as coveralls, shirts, trousers, and shoes, are provided to protect workers from chemical or hazardous material contamination, these clothes should be removed before leaving the site and stored in lockers separate from street clothing. (The requirements of any government standard applying to the material handled should be followed.) Where potentially chemically contaminated clothing is laundered on the site, employees who work in the laundry should wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment when the dirty clothing is handled. Work surfaces in the laundry should be checked periodically if residual buildup of any harmful chemicals may ‘occur. When protective clothing is laundered off-site by a non-DuPont contractor, the laundry should be advised of any handling or segregation precautions appropriate for the chemical involved and degree of contamination. The non-Du- Pont laundering facility should be visited at least annually by a knowledgeable site representative to review work practices. Chemical Toilets Chemical toilets are provided in remote work locations where conventional facilities cannot be reasonably provided. These should be cleaned and audited fre~ quently to ensure they are kept sanitary. They must be recharged with appropriate chemicals as recommended by the manufacturer. This page revised April 1994S28G cI, Food Control and Sanitary Facilities in the Workplace Insects, such as spiders and wasps, may nest in chemical toilets; workers should be alert for these insects to avoid bites and stings. Portable chemical toilets should bbe sprayed periodically, as necessary, to exterminate such pests. 4.3 Toilets for Females In the U.S., OSHA requires that separate toilet rooms for males and fe- — males be provided when the facilities will be used by more than one employee simuitaneously. However, separate toilet rooms for each sex need not be provided where toilet rooms will be occupied by no more than one person at a time, can be locked from the inside, and contain only one water closet. In other countries, separation of facilities should be based on local regulation and custom. Dispensers (or a readily available source of supply) for sanitary napkins should be available for female employees. Waste receptacles shall be maintained in sanitary condition. ‘This page revised April 1994 °S28G Food Control and Sanitary Facilities In the Workplace GUPIND Appendix A—Sanitation Checklist for Food Preparation Areas & Cafeterias/Lunch Rooms: A.1_ General Information Plenty of hot and cold running water at dishwashing machine to check wash 43° rinse 82°C (180°F) water temperatures? Il times? Accurate thermometers on each °C (110°-140°F) and sterilizing Enough conveniently located toilets and lavatories for all workers? ‘+ Hand sink in kitchen? (Sinks for other purposes should not be used by employees for hand- washing.) * Toilet rooms and fixtures kept clean, in good repair, free from flies, well- lighted, well-ventilated? + Soap and paper towels for employees? ‘+ Signs posted in all toilets reminding employees to wash their hands before returning to work, and to report any sickness, open wound, or infection to the kitchen supervisor? Adequate janitor facilities? A place, which is not used for anything involving food or dishes, where mop water can be emptied, and mops and cleaning cloths washed? Grease traps cleaned regularly and in good repair? Floors smooth and in good repair? Walls and ceilings clean and in good repair? Equipment constructed so it can be cleaned? Equipment installed so the area around it can be cleaned? Enough dishes and cutlery so that dish washing can be done properly without makeshift washing or rinsing? Clean shelf or compartment storage for pots and pans, dishes, and cutlery? ‘Adequate lighting? Proper thermometers in refrigerators and freezers? ‘Tongs and scoops for handling food and ice? (Handles not stored in ice.) Adequate number of covered garbage cans, not broken or leaking? Satisfactory storing of garbage? Facilities away from food zones for cleaning cans inside and out? Food in store room kept in tightly covered glass or metal containers? Stored at least 6 in. off the floor? No dented cans of food in storage? System for rodent, roach, and fly control? Is it followed and is it effective? Are all materials used stored away from food and properly labeled? All cleaning compounds properly labeled? Stored? 10 This page revised April 1904POND S28G Food Control and Sanitary Facilities in the Workplace A2 Personal hygiene of food handlers. * Clean, washable outer garments? * Hair nets or caps? + Excess jewelry? * Short, clean fingernails? + Lockers provided for clothing and shoes not in rooms where foods are stored or prepared? ‘No handling of surfaces of eating and drinking utensils that come in contact with the mouth? Foods (milk, sandwiches) with expiration dates as appropriate? ‘Wooden food contact surfaces sanitary? In good repair? Impervious surfaces used ‘where appropriate? Frozen meats thawed in refrigerator, under cold running water, or in microwave oven? Miscellaneous Satisfactory area for cleaning garbage cans and garbage disposal? ‘Closets—are mops washed and hung? No food or food utensils stored. Signs of roaches, flies, or mice? ‘Contaminant-free appearance of employees? Portable water coolers (for field use) sanitized weekly? This page revised April 1994 1S28G Food Control and Sanitary Facilities in the Workplace Table 1. Audit Report Kitchen Tables Walls, Floors Meat Block Deep Fryer Bake Ovens Stoves Utensils Meat Grinder Slicing Machine Mixer Hand Basin Clean Dirty’ IH Dishwashing Room inside of Machine Dish Tables Floor ‘Temperature of Wash Water ‘Temperature of Rinse Water Refrigerators Floors, sides and shelves clean? ‘Temperature below 45°F (7°C)? ‘Storeroom ‘Canned goods storage timeRemperature acceptable? Floor clean and dry? Food bins covered? Employees’ Restroom Floor Lockers Lavatories Toilets Soap? Paper Towels? Toilet paper in racks? Cafeteria Counters and Dining Rooms Tables Tops: Chairs Floor Inside of Steam Table ‘Wooden Food Cutting Surfaces Counters Refrigerators Self closing screen doors and doors to air-conditioned entrances I SFIS Yes Yes Clean ‘sec Dirty No Dirty | 12 ‘This page revised April 1994Corporate Engineering Standard Engineering Standard: S29G TT ~~ GRIND Safety Network OSHA Inspection Manual Table of Contents 4. Inroduetion . 52 Imminent danger 3 53 Catasvophes and fatal accidents 8 2. Notification of OSHA inspection ean tecnicos fa 5.22 Physical evidence 4 C ee a sd 5.3.3 Witness interviews .. 15 34 Document contol 15 ~~ 4. OSHA inspection procedure .. 3 & enone 5 Ss aerphene repo ° 4.2 Advance preparation 4 ‘phone ins “a pon comes nemeal 4 55. Progammedinspectons oar bol 56 POVinspections “16 422. Logistics 4 422 OD anials 4 S61 Scope tinspecton .. 16 emcees 5.62 Inspection procedure -- 16 44 Union participation ~ 5 563 DuPont documents . 7 45. Opening conference 5 5.64 Selection of processies) 7 45.1 Selecting a representative 5 5.65 Compliance guideline 8 452 items to be adresses... St gece) ome mane s 46 Inspection tour...» 6 5.6.7 Contractors 18 46.1 During the walkthrough wy tT Documentation tat may be requested... 7 6. Enforcement . veeeee 18 27.4. Document contol... -.----++ 7 61 Ctations 8 472. Injuryiness records and reporting 8 641 Requirements ...... 19 4.7.3 Posted records 9 62 Violation classification 19 4.8 DuPont/contractor work activities 9 62.1 Other-than-serious (other) violation 19 481 Compliance policy for 622 Serious vilaton 1° mutemployer werkste 10623. wil volaton 18 ‘48.2 Key documents 11 62.4 Criminal violation 19 4.9 Employee interviews 11 625 Egregious violation 19 4.10 Daily debriefings 12 626 Repeated violation 19 {611 Clsing conference 12 627 Faluretoabate | 20 63. General uy clause 20 5. Types of inspections 64 _ Informal conference 20 fo 5.1 Prioritization Document reatirmed October 1994 /This page revised October 1994 Contact ENGG::STANDARDS on E-mall for more information. 2422304 Thi document may be used ad reproduced or DuPont snes on Page 1 of 26$29G OSHA Inspection Manual a 65 Abatement 65.1 Verification of abatement 65.2 Petition for Modification of ‘Abatement Date (PMA) Fa 21 Appendix A: Sample Letter trom OSHA to DuPont Requesting Intormation . seceseees BD Appendix B: Sample Response Letter from DuPont to OSHA... 24 “This page revised October 1994_ am S29G OSHA Inspection Manual 1. Introduction ‘The purpose of this standard is to provide Site Safety Managers with basic information regard- jing OSHA inspections, the inspection process, citations, and citation abatement. The standard details the inspection process and protocol that OSHA will adhere to during an inspection. The standard also contains some basic information to familiarize the reader with OSHA terminol- ogy and definitions, as well as DuPont obligations and legal requirements during and after an inspection. 2. Notification of OSHA inspection In the event of either a federal or state OSHA inspection, the information contained on the following form is to be completed and sent to T.J. Allman in Legal (ALLMNTJ AT Al AT WMVX). Date Inspection Began: Agency (Federal or State OSHA): Plant Contact: Inspection Type (Programmed, Complaint, Incident): 3. Definitions ‘Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CSHO): A CSHO is the OSHA representative who conducts OSHA inspections, investigates incidents, ete. This is the title of the OSHA representative who will visit our sites. State OSHA Plans: A number of states have their own OSHA plans. Any state may assert jurisdiction over any occupational safety or health issue for which there is no Federal Stan- dard in effect. In addition, any state may assume responsibility for development and enforcement of standards relating to any occupational safety and health issue for which a Federal Standard has been promulgated by submitting a state plan to Federal OSHA. The Secretary of Labor shall approve state plans if they are at least as effective as the federal plan. The Secretary of Labor retains an obligation for continuous evaluation of, each state's performance. 4, OSHA inspection procedure 4.1 General Regardless of the scope ot type of OSHA activity, OSHA operating guidelines require a me- thodical and standardized approach towards conducting effective, professional, and thorough inspections. With this in mind, itis important for plant sites to understand the basic elements and the chronology of a site OSHA inspection and to identify key needs and inspection-related criteria. This way, the site will be prepared for an OSHA visit and put the site in the best possible position to control and manage the potential ‘outcomes of the compliance evaluation. Generally, each OSHA inspection follows the same methodology and chronology. Basic steps that each site should be familiar with are: 1, Entry to site: first contact by SHO with security, followed by request to see senior management official (Plant Manager or Safety Manager) 2. Opening conference: presentation of cre- demtials, explanation of inspection purpose and scope, request for basic site data and ‘S&OH documents. May be held jointly with ‘union and management representatives or separately, if requested, 3, Inspection of records and posting: review of OSHA 200 log data and OSHA poster. May be expanded if enhanced record verification is deemed appropriate. Frequently, an initial request for basic S&OH program documents such as HAZCOM, emergency action plans, etc., may be requested. 4, Walk-around inspection: visual inspection of plant area(s), depending on type of inspection and scope. Photographs and information collected if violations are apparent. ‘This page revised October 1994S29G OSHA Inspection Manual a Note: OSHA inspectors may use video cameras and audio tape recordings as a method of docu- ‘menting inspections involving fataltes, immi- rent dangers, and ergonomics. The CSHO should notity DuPont during the opening conter- ‘ence that a video camera or audio recorder will be used, If DuPont refuses to allow videotaping during an inspection, OSHA's policy isto treat it as a refusal of entry and determine whether to ‘seek a warrant to compel DuPont to allow videotaping 5, Employee interviews: may be conducted during the walk-around or scheduled on a separate inspection date(s). 6. Revisit specific areas if required: schedule/ ‘conduct air sampling if exposure issues are identified. May be series of several days or ‘weeks if complex nature or inspection is expanded. 7. Closing conference: scheduled and conducted when field inspection activities are essentially completed. Review of apparent violations, if any, and discussion of abate- ‘ment dates. Classification and penalties may not be discussed. Distribution of OSHA liter- ature on employee and employer rights and obligations. 4.2 Advance preparation 4.2.1 Steps before the inspection In advance of potential OSHA inspection activity, it is suggested that sites discuss and designate the walk-around team and basic preinspection preparation elements: 1. Walk-around team: define members and specific roles during the inspection. Limit the number of people on the walk-around to as few as possible. Members may include: + Site Safety Manager ‘+ Area Safety/Health Consultant + Operations/Technical Representative ‘+ Employee Union Representative (limit to one if possible) * Site Contractor Management Representative (if applicable) 2. Identify contacts in Legal and External Affairs. 3. Identify location for opening conference and consider others who might attend, such as Plant Manager, Unit Manager, or others. It is suggested that the site select the location to ‘minimize exposure to the process areas, €.g. the main office building. 4. Designate principal plant spokesperson for ‘management and External Affairs contact if ‘outside inquiries are received. 5. Identify arrangements for photographs. DuPont may photograph and provide copies—generally three sets may be required. If OSHA takes its ‘photographs, it is recommended that du- plicate photographs be taken for DuPont files. 6. Develop planned protocol for responding to document requests so it can be related to the CSHO iin the opening conference (see Sec- tion 4.7). 7. Plan to issue electronic mail to all levels of site management as soon as possible detailing the purpose and scope of the inspection if they are known (after opening conference). 4.2.2 Logisties Specify a temporary work area for the OSHA ‘compliance officers and also designate a location 10 interview employees privately if necessary. DuPont should provide one telephone for the OSHA inspection team. Develop a logistical plan for the movement of OSHA personnel within the facility. Use a site van—no personal/OSHA vehicles should be permitted on site. Also use roads external to ‘manufacturing or production areas to the greatest ‘extent possible when traveling across the site. OSHA inspectors must be escorted by a manage- ‘ment representative whenever they are on site. A remote area outside of manufacturing operations should be designated as a staging/waiting area at all times. OSHA inspectors will be required to wear fire- resistant coveralls or clothing during inspection of operating areas if the area is electrically classified. If there is a question, plant rules governing DuPont employees and contractors apply. OSHA inspectors must wear the same level of ‘This page revised October 1994

SAFETY-2 Dupont

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SAFETY-2 Dupont

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like