LINGUAPHONE SPANISH COURSE EXPLANATORY NOTES LINGUAPHONE INSTITUTETO THE STUDENT It has long been recognized, by both teachers and students, that no grammar manual, no matter how well arranged, is capable, by itself, of teaching a language. What is required is a course in which the student finds himself immersed, so to speak, in the speech of the people whose language he wishes to learn, hearing it as spoken by them amongst themselves in their everyday life. This is one of the outstanding merits of the method embodied in the Linguaphone Courses, for by listening to the Linguaphone records the student learns the language in the same way as he would learn it if he went to live in the country to which it belongs, that is, by hearing it spoken by natives of that country. The language is presented to him as the living entity that it is in reality. Yet some aid in gaining knowledge of the grammatical structure of the language is necessary for the attainment of a complete mastery of it within a reasonable time. Although a man who hears a foreign language spoken constantly will in course of time learn to speak it himself, he will do so much more quickly if he has a friend at hand to help him over the grammatical difficulties and idiomatic “‘ snags ’’ which he will inevitably encounter, and to explain intricacies for which he would be unable to find explanations unaided. The recognition of this need has led the Linguaphone Institute to provide students of its Spanish Course with just such a “ guide, philo- sopher and friend’, in the form of Explanatory Notes to that Course. These Notes deal in detail with the text of the Course; in them difficul- ties are cleared up as they arise; idioms are explained and further examples given. In fact, all the grammatical information necessary to the student at this stage of his work is provided. At the first reading the student may ignore references to notes in later lessons, and to the Supplementary Notes added at the end of certain lessons. He will be able to understand the lesson without studying these further passages, but he will find them most useful when he wishes to enlarge his knowledge of the language. At the end of the book is an Appendix which will be found invalu- able for reference purposes. It gives the conjugations of typical regular verbs, orthographical and radical-changing verbs, and the forms of many irregular verbs, as well as a list of verbs with the prepositions required before a dependent infinitive. The greatest possible care has been exercised in the preparation of this book, but in the event of errors being detected in it, we shall be grateful if they are pointed out to us. Any suggestions for the improve- 3ment of the Notes will be welcomed and given careful consideration for future editions. IMPORTANT We would stress the advisability of not stopping in the middle of reading a note to try and understand the point at issue. Work as fol- lows: read through the whole explanation to get a general idea of the sense, but do not worry if it is not quite clear to you at first. GO ON TO THE EXAMPLES, AND, HAVING STUDIED THEM CARE- FULLY, GO BACK AND READ THE EXPLANATION AGAIN. You will usually find that the examples have made all the difference to your comprehension of the rule.INTRODUCCION 1Vamos a hablar espafiol! Yr TEN POINTS TO NOTE One of the first things you will notice is that the endings of words vary much more in Spanish than in English. For instance, in English the DEFINITE ARTICLE “‘ the ” does not change at all, but in Spanish it has the following forms: el before a masculine singular noun (or a feminine singular noun beginning with a or ha and stressed on the first syllable) . la before a feminine singular noun (with the above excep- tions). lo before adjectives and adverbs used as nouns in a general or abstract sense (see Lesson 12). los before all masculine plural nouns. las before all feminine plural nouns. Examples: el libro, the book los libros, the books el profesor, the teacher los profesores, the teachers el agua, the water las aguas, the waters el hacha, the axe las hachas, the axes la hermana, the sister las hermanas, the sisters la leccién, the lesson las leeciones, the lessons lo hermoso, beauty (lit. the beautiful, i.e. what is beautiful) Note that the definite article does not always have the same uses in Spanish as in English, for instance: Usted tiene un libro en la mano (Intro. 1), where English says ‘‘ You have a book in your hand”. The definite article is sometimes omitted in Spanish where it would be used in English, and vice versa. Examples of this will be pointed out as they occur in the Course. . The INDEFINITE ARTICLE ‘‘a”, “an’’, has the following forms in Spanish: un before a masculine noun (and feminine nouns beginning with a or ha that are stressed on the first syllable). una before feminine nouns (other than the above exceptions). Examples: un libro, a book una mesa, a table un disco, a record una silla, a chair un ave (fem.), a bird Like the definite article, the indefinite article is sometimes omitted in Spanish where it is used in English, and vice versa. Examples will be pointed out as they occur in the Course. 5Introduccién 3. It will be seen from the examples already given that in Spanish there is no neuter GENDER as such; nouns are either masculine or feminine. As a general rule, nouns ending in o are masculine (but note la mano, ‘‘ the hand’’), and nouns ending in a are feminine. In view of the exceptions, however, the student is advised to learn each noun with its article. For instance, don’t learn simply espafiol, dia, tarde, but el espafiol, el dia, la tarde, etc. . In English, ADJECTIVES (other than demonstratives: this, these ; that, those) do not change at all, but in Spanish adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. For instance, adjectives ending in o form their feminine by changing this o to a: €.g.: Masc. Sing.: el pequefio libro the small book Fem. Sing.: la pequefia mesa the small table : los pequefios libros the small books las pequefias mesas the small tables In Spanish, adjectives may either precede or follow their noun, according to the amount of stress given to them or to individual ideas of style and euphony. Practice and observation will enable the student to decide on the correct position in any particular case. . In English, our VERBS do not change much. For instance, in the present tense there is not usually more than one change: e.g. I, you, we, they speak ; he speaks. In the past tense, most verbs have the same form throughout, e.g.: I, you, he, we, they spoke. But in Spanish there is usually a different form for each person in every tense, and as the person and number of the subject of the Spanish verb is indicated by the ending, the personal pronoun is often omitted. For instance, the present tense of the regular verb hablar, “to speak”’ (which may be taken as a model for all regular verbs ending in -ar) is as follows: (yo) hablo, I speak or I am speaking (tay hablas*, you speak or you are speaking (al) he speaks or he is speaking (ella) habla, she speaks or she is speaking (usted) you speak or you are speaking (nosotros) hablamos, we speak or we are speaking (vosotros) hablais*, you speak or you are speaking (ellos) they (m.) speak or they are speaking (ellas) hablan, they (f.) speak or they are speaking (ustedes) you (pl.) speak or you are speaking * Familiar form which may be ignored for the time being. 6Introduccion The simple form for the NEGATIVE is obtained by placing no before the verb. The English auxiliary verb “to do’ is not trans- lated: Hablamos, We are speaking, we speak. No hablamos, We are not speaking, we do not speak. . Note that the regular Spanish verbs are divided into three con- jugations, according to the end of the INFINITIVE. The first group consists of verbs ending in -ar, the second of verbs ending in -er, and the third of verbs ending in -ir. Once you have learnt the pattern for the conjugations of these three verb groups you will be able to form the tenses of any regular verb according to the group to which it belongs. The conjugations of the irregular verbs will have to be learnt separately, but many of the forms for these will occur in the lessons and will be absorbed automatically as you go through the Course. . As indicated in § 5 above, the Spanish simple tense is the equiva- lent of both the simple and progressive tenses in English. There is a PROGRESSIVE TENSE in Spanish formed from the verb estar and the present participle (e.g. yo estoy hablando espafiol, ‘I am speaking Spanish”, Intro. I), but this tense is more limited in its uses than the corresponding tense in English. It can only refer to events actually taking place at the time of speaking, and has no sense of futurity. It cannot be used in sentences like ‘‘ I am leav- ing for Madrid tomorrow’, where the simple present tense or the future must be used. . In Spanish, one syllable of each word receives greater STRESS than the others, and the general rule for this is as follows: Words ending in a consonant, except.n or s, are stressed on the last syllable (espaNOL, habLAR, verDAD). Words ending in a vowel, n or s, are stressed on the penulti- mate syllable (e.g.: aLUMno, habLANdo, CARmen). Any deviations from the above rule are indicated by an acute accent (’) over the stressed vowel: leccién, fondgrafo, esta. written accent is also used to distinguish between two words with different meanings, but spelt in the same way (e.g.: el, “the”; a, “‘he’’), and to distinguish the interrogative and exclamatory forms of certain pronouns and adverbs from others with the same spelling, e.g.: 4 Qué es esto?, “ What is this?’’. En el centro esta el patio, que es el lugar predilecto . . . , “In the middle is the patio, which is the favourite spot... ’’. 7Introduccién 9 Io. In English, The OBJECT PRONOUNS generally follow the verb, ie. ‘You understand me”. In Spanish, the normal position for the object pronouns is before the verb, i.e. ‘usted me entiende ” But in the case of the infinitive, the positive imperative and the present participle, the object pronoun follows the verb and forms one word with it, e.g. Haga el favor de escucharme, ‘Please listen to me’’, If the addition of the pronoun causes the spoken accent to fall on any syllable other than the second from the end of the combination, the stressed syllable must be marked by a written accent, e.g. Hagame el favor de escuchar esto, ‘‘ Please listen to this ’’. Students will have noticed that there are two verbs in Spanish equivalent to the English verb ‘‘to be’’, ser and estar. Ser is used with reference to permanent states (except location) or in- herent qualities, and estar is used when speaking of temporary states or conditions, and locations. Compare the following: Esto es un libro (permanent state), This is a book. El libro esta en la mesa (location), The book is on the table. El libro esta abierto (temporary state), The book is open. Soy un hombre (permanent state), I am a man. Note that the verb “‘to be” before a noun complement (predicate) is never estar. ‘‘It’s a beautiful day’’, for instance, will be Es (not Esté) un dia hermoso.LECCION 1 Mi familia 1. Primera, “‘first’’. Remember that ordinal numerals, like adjec- tives, agree with the noun they qualify. See Intro., § 4. 2. Aqui esta mi familia, ‘‘ Here is my family ’’. Esta, third person singular of the verb estar, ‘‘to be’’, is used here because it is a question of location. See Intro., §10. For the possessive adjec- tives like mi, see Supplementary Notes* (a), and for the full forms of estar, see the Appendix. 3. Yo soy, ‘““Iam’’. This is the first person singular, present tense, of the irregular verb ser, “‘to be’’. See Intro., §10, and the Appendix for full forms of ser. 4. El sefior Garcia, ‘Mr. Garcia’. Note the addition of the definite article, which can only be omitted in front of sefior, sefiora and sefiorita when addressing the person directly, i.e. in the vocative. Compare: Buenos dias, sefior Lépez, Good morning, Mr. Lépez. Usted es el sefior Garcia, You are Mr. Garcia (Lesson 2). 5. Se llama, “‘is called”, literally “calls herself’’. Llamarse, “to be called” or “to call oneself”, is a reflexive verb, that is to say, its object is the same person or thing as its subject. The reflexive pronoun (here se) is equivalent to the English “‘-self” (e.g. se can mean “himself”, “ herself’, “yourself”, “itself”, ‘“ your- selves” or “ themselves’’). A full list of these reflexive pronouns in conjunction with the present tense of Hamar, is given in the S.N. (b). 6. Dofia Maria Lépez de Garcia, “‘ Mrs. Mary Garcia (née Lopez) ”” Double names are very frequently used and in this case, Lépez is the lady’s maiden name and Garcia her husband’s name. The addition of de before the latter is usual in Castilian, but may be omitted according to usage in Spanish America. Dofia and don are Spanish titles used with the Christian name. 7. Su marido, “her husband’’, Although the context indicates that the meaning here is “‘her’’, this word can also mean “‘his’’, “its”, “your” (polite form), and ‘their’. The possessive ad- jectives (See S.N. (a)) agree with the object possessed, e.g.: su libro, his (its, her, your, their) book sus libros, his (its, Rex, your, their) books * Hereafter these Notes will be referred to.by the initials 5.1. 9@ Io. Ir. 12. 13. If there is any possibility of ambiguity, the situation can be clari- fied by the addition of de él, de ella, de usted, de ellos, de ellas, de ustedes (of him, of her, of you (sing.), of them, of you (plural)), after the noun, e.g.: sus libros de ella, her books Tenemos dos hijos, ‘‘ We have two children”. Tenemos is the first person plural of the irregular verb tener, “to have’’, ‘‘ to hold ’’ (see Appendix). This verb indicates possession. It is not used for the formation of compound tenses, for which see Lesson rr, §4. Nouns ending in an unstressed vowel, like hijo, add s to form the plural. . Juan tiene doce afios, ‘ John is twelve years old”, lit. ‘ John has twelve years”. Note this idiom. Tiene comes from the irregular verb tener, “to have’. For the full present tense, see Appendix. Naturalmente, “‘ naturally”, “ of course”. Most adverbs of man- ner are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular of the corresponding adjective. Natural is the same in the feminine as in the masculine, so the adverb is naturalmente. Compare: claro (-a), “‘clear’”; claramente, “‘clearly’’. Queremos, “we love”. Querer, “to love”, “to like”, can also mean ‘to want’’. It is a radical-changing verb, that is to say, it belongs to a class of verbs whose stem vowel changes under certain conditions, i.e. when stressed or when it precedes certain other vowels. See Appendix. As to the use of querer, see next note. Queremos mucho a nuestros hijos, “We love our children very much"’. The preposition a may not be omitted here; it is some- times referred to as the ‘‘ personal a’’. If the object of a verb is a person or personified thing, or domestic animal, it should be pre- ceded by a, except in the case of the verb tener (note tenemos dos hijos earlier in this lesson). The verb querer used with the per- sonal a means ‘‘to love’’, ‘‘to like’’, and without it, “‘ to want’’, e.g.t : Quiero un secretario, I want a secretary. Quiere a su madre, He loves his mother. In connection with the meaning “‘to like’’ note that ‘“ to like (a thing)” is rendered by gustar, i.e. Me gusta el libro, ‘‘I like the book ’’. See Lesson 3, § 4. Note also the position of the adverb mucho as compared with the position of the equivalent ‘‘very much”. Adverbs are usually placed immediately after the verb, but sometimes occur at the beginning of the sentence, when they are more emphatic, as in the case of naturalmente. Esta sentada, ‘‘is seated (sitting) ’’. Sentada is the feminine form of the past participle sentado, which comes from the verb sentarse, “to sit’’. It is here used as an adjective to describe mujer. The 1014. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. qQ) past participle of a regular -ar verb is formed by substituting the ending -ado for -ar. Esta is used here to translate ‘‘is’’, as it denotes a temporary state. See Intro., § 10. Note the use of the past participle sentado, literally ‘‘ seated’, where in English we should normally have the present participle “sitting”. This is common in Spanish when referring to attitudes of the body. Compare: - Los pasajeros, apoyados en la barandilla . . . , the passen- gers, leaning on the rail... En un sillén, “in an armchair’’; en el suelo, “on the floor’’. En may mean “‘in” or “on”. The context will usually give the clue to the exact meaning. For the accent on sillén, see Intro., § 8. Leyendo, “‘ reading”, is the gerund of the verb leer, ‘‘to read"’. The ending of the gerund of an -er verb is always -iendo, except when this would cause the unaccented i to stand between two vowels, in which case the i is changed to y; thus instead of “ Jeiendo’’ we write leyendo. All gerunds are invariable. The student may notice that grammatical terms are not always synony- mous in different languages. Here, for instance, what is called a gerund in Spanish is rendered in English by a present participle. The Spanish present participle is simply a verbal adjective (e.g. agua corriente, “running water’’). On the other hand, the English gerund is mostly rendered in Spanish by the infinitive: e.g., Se marché sin decir adiés, “He went away without saying goodbye’’. There is no need to worry about these distinctions at the moment. Esta leyendo, ‘‘is reading’’. An example of the progressive tense. See Intro., § 7. Esta de pie cerca de la ventana, “‘ is standing near the window’. Note the idiomatic expression, estar de pie, ‘‘to be standing’’, and compare with ir a pie, ‘to go on foot’. ‘‘Near’’, as a pre- position is cerca de; as an adverb it is cerca alone. Mirando al jardin, ‘‘ looking at the garden”’. Al is a combination of the preposition a and the definite article el. Compare del, the combination of de and el: e.g. la puerta del dormitorio, ‘‘ the door of the bedroom ”’. Esta de rodillas, ‘is kneeling’. Compare this phrase with § 17 above. Jugando, “‘playing’’, comes from the verb jugar, “to play (games) ’’. In addition to being a radical-changing verb, this verb also undergoes orthographical changes, that is to say, the sound of the final consonant of the stem is maintained throughout its con- jugation by altering the spelling in some cases. See Appendix. WSUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (a) The possessive adjectives used in Spanish before nouns have the following forms: mi(s), my tu(s)*, your su(s), his, her, its, your, their nuestro(s), nuestra(s), our vuestro(s), vuestra(s)*, your It will be seen that all agree in number with the object possessed, and the first and second persons plural also agree in gender, e.g.: nuestro cuadro, our picture nuestros cuadros, our pictures nuestra casa, our house nuestras casas, our houses (b) The reflexive pronouns, and the present tense of the verb Mamarse, “' to be called.”” (yo) (ta) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) me llamo, te llamas*, | ge anon, nos Ilamamos, os lamdis*, {se tama, Iam called, my name is, etc. you are calied he, it is called she, it is called you are called we are called you are called they (masc.) are called they (fem.) are called you ate called * Familiar form which may be ignored for the time being. 12q. - Uno, “ one LECCION 2 Preguntas y respuestas 4 Quién?, “ who?”’. Note the accent here, because the pronoun is interrogative. Quien without the accent is the relative pronoun “who ’”. See Introduction, § 8. Quien and 4 quién? are invariable for masculine and feminine words, but in the plural become quienes and gquiénes?. See S.N. to Les- son 6, Usted es, ‘‘ you are”’. Usted is the polite form of address mean- ing “‘you’’. It is a contraction of vuestra merced, “‘ your grace ’’ (hence the abbreviation Vd.) and therefore is always used with the third person singular of the verb. The plural form, ustedes (=vuestras mercedes, Vds.), is used with the third person plural of the verb. In addition to Vd. and Vds., students will sometimes meet the abbreviations Ud., or V. for usted, and Uds., or VV. for ustedes. . Su esposa, “‘ your wife’. As usted is used with the third person of the verb, so any pronouns or possessives linked with this polite form of address must also be in the third person: e.g. g Viene usted con sus hijos?, “Are you coming with your children?” Students will have noted that there are two words in Spanish for ‘‘ wife’, esposa and mujer. Either word may be used to refer to one’s own wife but esposa is more respectful when speaking of someone else’s. . gComo se llama usted?, ‘‘ What’s your name?”’, lit. ‘‘ How do you call yourself?” See Lesson 1, §5. Note the accent when gcémo? is used interrogatively. In Spanish the interrogative is formed by simply inverting subject and verb; there is no equivalent of the English auxiliary verb ‘‘to do’’. Note the addition of the inverted question mark which must always precede an interrogative sentence or phrase. (Compare the inverted exclamation mark which must precede exclamations.) ”. The forms for the numeral ‘“‘ one’ and the indefi- nite article ‘‘ a(n) ”” are usually identical: e.g. un libro may mean “one book” or ‘‘a book’’, according to the context. But when the numeral is used alone, i.e. without a following noun, the full form uno must be used for the masculine. Compare: zCuantos hijos tiene usted? Solamente uno, How many sons (or children) have you? Only one. 13@) 6. to. Si es su hija, ‘‘ She is (your daughter) ’’. The addition of si here is not essential, and the word cannot be translated. It is simply added to give emphasis. Compare Lesson 18, §9. Note that in Spanish it is not possible to say, as in English, simply, “‘ Yes, she is’’.. The phrase has to be completed, as here. Compare: Viene usted? Si, vengo, Are you coming? Yes, I am (lit. I come). 4Con qué juega Juan?, “ What is John playing with?’”’ lit. With what plays John?”’ The little word’ que (here in the interrogative form 4 qué?) has a variety of meanings and uses. It occurs many times throughout the Course and you should study its various uses carefully. * . gTiene Juan hermanos?, “Has John any brothers?’? Note the omission of the indefinite adjective here. In such phrases “‘ some ’’ or “any ”’ is not usually expressed in Spanish. Similarly: no tiene hermanos, ‘“‘ he has no brothers’’ or ‘‘he hasn’t any brothers ’’. In this context hermanos means “ brothers’’ but it can also mean “prother(s) and sister(s). Note also: padres, fathers; parents hijos, sons; son(s) and daughter(s); children ninos, little children (boys or boys and girls) sefiores, gentlemen; Mr. and Mrs. abuelos, grandfathers; grandparents . 4De quién es ese cigarrillo?, “‘ Whose is that cigarette?”’, lit. “‘ of whom is that cigarette?’ Note this idiomatic construction. Ese means “That” (near you). See S.N. to Lesson 2. Es de mi padre, “‘ It is my father’s’. In Spanish there is nothing comparable to the English possessive formed with ’s. Further examples: el libro de Juan, John’s book la silla de la madre, the mother’s chair la madre de los nifios, the children’s mother 14SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The forms for the demonstrative adjectives are as follows: English Masculine Feminine this este esta these estos estas those | Beat you cos cons that aquel aquella thote | Youder aquellos aquellas ‘The student should distinguish carefully between este, which is used to denote what is near the speaker; ese, what is near the person spoken to; aquel, what is remote from both. ‘In point of time, este refers to the present; ese, a past not far distant; aquel, a past far away. 15i. . Nos, “us” LECCION 3 Nuestra casa Vivimos, ‘‘ we live’’, comes from vivir, ‘‘ to live a regular verb of the third group. The complete present tense is as follows: vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivis, viven. These endings may be taken as a model for the formation of the present tense of all regu- Jar verbs of the third group, i.c. those whose infinitive ends in -ir. The endings for the present tense of regular verbs of the second group (infinitive ending in -er, as vender, ‘‘to scll’”) are as fol- Jows: -0, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. It will be seen that they differ from those just mentioned only in the first and second persons plural. | Hace diez afios que vivimos aqui, ‘‘ We have been living here for ten years”, lit, ‘‘it makes ten years that we live here’’. Note the use of the present tense in Spanish, as the action, although begun in the past, extends into present time. Compare: Hace mucho tiempo que esta aqui? (Lesson 12), Have you been here long? 5’. Nos is here the indirect object pronoun meaning ““(to) us”. A full list of the object pronouns is given in the S.N. _ Nos gusta mucho, ‘ We like it very much”, lit, it pleases us very much’’. The subject (we) of the English verb becomes the in- direct object (mos), of the Spanish verb, and the direct object (it) of the English verb becomes the subject of the Spanish verb, being implied in gusta, lit. “it pleases’. Compare: Me gusta ef libro, I like the book, lit. the book pleases me. Me gustan los libros, I like the books, lit. the books please me. Nos gusta el libro, We like the book, lit. the book pleases us. Nos gustan los libros, We like the books, lit. the books please us. Mucho alone is equivalent to “‘ much ’’ or “very much ’’; in modern Spanish mucho is not usually intensified by muy, although examples are encountered, Habitaciones, “rooms”, the plural of hhabitacién (note the accent in the singular). A noun ending in a consonant or a stressed vowel adds -es to form the plural: e.g. rosal, ‘‘rose-tree”’, pl. rosales; rubi, ‘ruby ’’, pl. rubies. 166. To. II. @) Que son, “which are’’. The relative pronoun que is invariable, that is, it can refer to singular or plural, masculine or feminine. It can render which, who, whom or that. . Hay, “there is”. Hay comes from the impersonal verb haber, and may mean “there is’’ or “‘ there are’’. Compare: No hay, nadie en la sala, There isn’t anybody in the room. Hay muchos rosales en el jardin, There are a lot of rose-trees 3 in the garden, See the Appendix for the full conjugation of haber. . Muchos rosales, ‘‘ many rose-trees’’, or ‘‘a lot of rose-trees’”’. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of this phrase on the record. When r follows s the r is more trilled than it would normally be, and the s sometimes tends to disappear. Mucho can be an adjective, as here, in which case it varies like any other adjective. Examples: mucho café, much coffee, a lot of coffee muchos hombres, many men, a lot of men mucha carne, much meat, a lot of meat muchas personas, many people, a lot of people . Se ve una gran cantidad de macetas, “ You see a large number of flower-pots”. The reflexive pronoun se is often used in Spanish to render the pronoun one or any of the pronouns we, you, they, used impersonally. Together with its verb, it can also be rendered by the passive: e.g. “‘ is seen”. Compare: En Espajia se habla espafiol, In Spain they speak Spanish; In Spain, Spanish is spoken. See also Lesson 13, § 18. For the conjugation of the irregular verb ver, see the Appendix. Una gran cantidad, ‘‘a large number’’, ‘‘a lot’”’. Gran is the shortened form of grande. Before a singular noun, either gran or gtande will be found, but if the idea ta be conveyed is quality or excellence rather than size, gran is usually preferred. In the predi- cative the full form is always used. Examples: un gran (grande) libro, a large book un gran presidente, a great president una gran (grande) mesa, a large table Esta mesa es muy grande, This table is very large. De todas clases, “‘ of all kinds”, “of every kind’; de todos los colores, “‘of every colour’’. The plural adjective todos (-as) is usually followed by the definite article or some other defining word, but in certain set phrases like de todas clases, the article is omitted. 17 S.B.EX2QB) 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. my: 18. 19. Compare: en todas direcciones, in all directions a todas horas del dia, at all hours of the day Por razones de negocios, ‘‘ for business reasons’’, When “‘ for’’ means for the sake of, on behalf of, on account of, by reason of, in exchange for, by or through, it is rendered by por. When it indicates purpose or destination, para is used. Compare: por su situacién geogréfica, on account of its geographical situation Dejan las ciudades por el campo, They leave the towns for (in exchange for) the country. Anda por el parque, He walks through the park. un automévil para cuatro, a car for four Salen para Madrid, They are leaving for Madrid. Vienen para ver la catedral, They are coming to see the cathe- dral. Negocios is normally used in the plural unless it indicates one item of business. Compare: un hombre de negocios, a business man una conferencia sobre los negocios, a business interview evacuar un negocio, to conclude a deal Prefiero, ‘I prefer’. Preferir is a radical-changing verb, conju- gated like sentir. See Appendix, § 3. Puedo, “I can”’, ‘‘I am able’’. Poder, ‘‘to be able’’, is an irregular verb, for the full conjugation of which see the Appendix, § 4. Encontrar, ‘‘to find’’, “‘to meet”, is another radical-changing verb. For the formation of all such’ verbs, see Appendix, § 3. A un lado, ‘‘ on one side’’. Note the difference in the English and Spanish prepositions used here, and be on the alert for similar differences elsewhere, as prepositions are rarely rendered literally from one language to another. Queda, “‘stands’”’. Quedar, a regular -ar verb, more often has the meaning “‘to remain” or “to stay”, but here is used in the sense of “to be situated”. Hacia atrds, ‘further back’’. Note this compound preposition and the meanings of its components when used separately, i.e. hacia, ‘“ towards ’’, and atras, ‘‘ behind ’’. 18SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The direct and indirect object pronouns of a verb are as follows: Direct Indirect me, me me, (to) me te, you (fam. form, sing.) te, (to) you (fam. form, sing.) Ie, him fo, it le, (to) him, her, it fa, her, it nos, us nos, (to) us os, you (fam. form, 22.) os, (to) you (fam. form, pl.) fos, them (masc.) Jas, them (fem.) les, (to) them The above forms are grammatically correct, but the direct object pronouns, le and lo, of the third person singular, are used rather indiscriminately by some authors. N.B.: When both the direct and indirect object pronouns are of the third erson, aad occur together, the indirect forms le and les are replaced by se Twhick should not be confused with the reflexive se). For instance, “I gave it to him" would be: Se lo di, and not de lo din, ‘I can give it to you”’ would be: Puedo darselo (a usted), and not «puedo darlelon. 19LECCION 4 Conversacion. . Digame, ‘‘tell me’’. Diga is the polite form of the imperative formed from the third person of the present subjunctive of the verb decir, ‘to tell”. All forms of the imperative in Spanish, except positive commands in the familiar form, are taken from the present subjunctive mood. For instance, “‘let us tell’’ is digamos; “ don’t tell him” (familiar form) is no le digas. Sce the Appendix, § 4, for the full conjugation of decir. Note that, in accordance with the rule given in the Intro., § 9, the object pronoun is attached to the end of the positive imperative, but not to the negative form. . Es grande o pequefia nuestra casa?, “ Is our house large or small?” Note the word order here. Note also that adjectives ending in -e are the same for both masculine and feminine, and form their plural by adding s. . yCudnto tiempo hace que vivimos alli?, ‘‘ How long have we been living there?” See Lesson 3, § 2. . gHay garaje?, ‘Is there a garage?” Note the omission in Spanish of the indefinite article, here and further on in the text, in connec- tion with an indefinite and unqualified noun: e.g. ,Hay jardin?, “Ts there a garden?’” . Hay un jardin delante de la casa, ‘‘ There is a garden in front of the house’. Here the indefinite article is inserted because the noun is qualified by the phrase delante de la casa. . gLe gusta a usted?, ‘‘ Do you like?’’ A usted is added here to avoid ambiguity, as le gusta by itself can also mean ‘‘does he like?”’ or ‘‘does she like?’”” This double-pronoun construction is very frequent in Spanish for the sake of clarity or emphasis. 20LECCION 5 La sala . Nos encontramos, ‘‘ we find ourselves’’ or ‘‘we are’’. The re- flexive verb encontrarse, lit. ‘ to find oneself”, is often used simply .as an alternative to estar, “‘ to be’’. . Al entrar, ‘‘ on entering ’’. Here we have an instance of what was referred to in Lesson 1, §15. The infinitive entrar is used as a gerund or verbal noun. Note also the preposition a to render the English ‘“on’’ and the use of the article, emphasizing the fact that the infinitive is here a verbal noun. . Delante de él, ‘in front of it’. Ef is here the prepositional form of the object pronoun, i.e. the form used after a preposition. The full list of such pronouns is given in the S.N. to Lesson 5. . Parece que alguien acaba de tocarlo, ‘‘It seems (that) someone has just been playing it’”’. We have already met que as an inter- rogative pronoun and a relative pronoun. Here it is a conjunction. As such, and also as a relative pronoun, it is not usually omitted in Spanish, although its English equivalent often is. Compare: Mi hermano dice QUE no viene, My brother says he isn’t coming. Aguélla es la mujer QUE vemos cada dia, That is the woman we see every day. . Acaba de tocarlo, “has just played it’? or, as is more natural in English, ‘has just been playing it’. Note this idiom with acabar, “to finish”. Further examples: Acabo de verlo, I have just seen it. Acaban de entrar, They have just come in. And in the past, using the imperfect of acabar: Acababa de verlo, I had just seen it. Acababan de entrar, They had just come in. Al lado izquierdo, ‘‘ on the left-hand side’’. Just below we have the alternative a la izquierda, in which the feminine is used because the feminine noun mano, “ hand’’, is understood. . Cortinas de raso, “‘ satin curtains’ . . . alfombra de paja, ‘‘ straw mat’. In English a noun may be qualified by an adjective or another noun and in either case the qualifying word precedes the noun, but in Spanish, if the qualifying word is a noun it must be a@) Io. m I2. preceded by a preposition like de and it follows the main word, as in the examples from the text. Compare: sopa de verduras, vegetable soup tarta de pifia, pineapple tart helado de vainilla, vanilla ice-cream billete de banco, bank-note . A veces, “‘at times’, “sometimes ’’. Vez is used to denote “time ’’ in the sense of ‘‘ occasion’: e.g. una vez, ‘‘ once'’; dos veces, ‘‘ twice ’’; tres veces, ‘‘ three times ’’; muchas veces, ‘‘ many times’ or ‘‘ often’’; gcudntas veces?, “how many times?” or “how often?’” Hace fio, “‘ it is cold”. Note the use of hacer as the equivalent of “to be” in phrases concerning the weather. Hace mucho calor, It is very hot. Hace mal (buen) tiempo, It is bad (good) weather. Frente a, “‘ opposite”, another compound preposition. Una mesita, ‘‘a small table’’. “table ’’. Mesita is a diminutive of mesa, No se ve mas que una de éstas, ‘‘ You (can) see only one of these’. “Only one of these is seen”. English frequently uses the verb “‘can”’ in such cases, where it is not strictly necessary and its equivalent is not normally found in Spanish. After a verb in the negative, “‘ more than” is rendered by mas que or mas de. In an affirmative clause mas de replaces mas que if the reference is to a number: e.g. Tengo mas libros que mi padre, I have more books than my father. Tengo mas de mil libros, I have mote than a thousand books. The demonstrative adjectives given in the S.N. to Lesson 2 can also be used as pronouns by simply adding an accent, as with éstas here. 2SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The prepositional forms of the object pronouns: mi, me ti, you (fam. form, sing.) a, him, it elia, her, it usted, you (polite form, sing.) nosotros (-as), us vosotros (-as), you (fam. form) ellos, them (masc.) elias, them (fem.) ustedes, you (folite form, pl.) 23LECCION 6 Conversacién entre el maestro y el alumno Al entrar en nuestra sala, ‘‘on entering our lounge’. The verb entrar, “to enter’, has to be followed by the preposition en before a noun or pronoun. . Delante del cual, “‘in front of which’’. The relative pronoun el cual is often used instead of que as it indicates gender and num- ber, and therefore avoids ambiguity. El cual is usually preferred after a compound preposition or a preposition of more than one syllable. See the S.N. to Lesson 6 for a list of the relative pronouns . ~Hay chimenea?, “‘ Is there a fireplace?”’. Compare Lesson 4, § 4. . Algo, ‘anything’ or ‘‘ something’’. Nada, “nothing”. These are indefinite, invariable pronouns. . Sobre el piano, “‘ on (top of) the piano’. Both sobre and en may indicate “‘on’’, but sobre is used in this context to make it clear that the reference is to something on the top of the piano and not, for instance, on the music rest. . No hay nada, ‘‘ There’s nothing’’, ‘‘ There isn’t anything’’.. When a negative word like nada follows the verb, no must always stand before the verb, If nada comes before the verb, no is not neces- sary. For instance, it is possible to say: No tengo nada or Nada tengo, both meaning ‘‘ I have NOTHING ”’. . No hay nada tampoco, “ there’s nothing (there) either’. As with nada, tampoco can precede or follow the verb, but in the latter case no must stand before the verb. It can also stand alone, i.e. without any accompanying verb. Examples: No he visto a Carlos, I haven’t seen Charles. No le he visto yo tampoco Tampoco le he visto yo Ni yo tampoco, Neither have I. See also Lesson 24, § 2. T haven’t seen him either. . Alguien, ‘‘anybody”’ or ‘‘somebody’’. Nadie, “‘ nobody ”’. These are indefinite invariable pronouns used in the same way as algo and nada. . La encuentro, “I find it’. La is here the direct object pronoun, and is feminine to agree with la sala, to which it refers. See S.N. to Lesson 3. 24(6) to. Muchisimo, “very much’’. This is the absolute superlative of mucho. The absolute superlative expresses a very high degree with- out any idea of comparison. It usually corresponds to an English adjective or adverb preceded by “very” or ‘‘ most’’: e.g. facili- simo, ‘very easy”, from facil; contentisimo, “very happy”, from contento. staré contentisimo de verla, ‘‘I shall be most happy (very happy) to see you’. 25SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The relative pronouns in Spanish are as follows: que (invariable), which, who, whom, that quien (#2. quienes), who, whom el cual (la cual, los (las) cuales) } i ich el que (la que, los (las) que) J Who(m), whic Jo que, lo cual, which Que and quienes) are the most commonly used of these pronouns. Que can refer to both persons and things, except after a preposition, when it refers only to things. Quien(es) can only refer to persons. El cual anc ef que refer either to persons or things and are often used to avoid ambiguity. They are also preferred after compound prepositions or those of more than one syllable. The forms fo que and lo cual are used when referring back to a complete clause or idea, and not a single word. Examples: el libro que pertenece a mi hermano, the book which belongs to my brother el muchacho quien esta en Londres, the boy who is in London Vemos una sala en medio de fa cual hay una mesa redonda, We see a room, in the middle of which there is a round table. Esta cuenta es la que usted busca, This bill is the one you are looking for. Dicen que vienen mafana, lo que me gusta mucho, They say they are coming tomorrow, which pleases me very much. 26LECCION 7 Comparacién 1. Vamos a hablar de... , ‘‘ Let’s talk about. ..’’. The use of it a with a dependent infinitive is very common in Spanish and is normally equivalent to the English “‘to be going to (do some- thing) ”: e.g. Va a ver a su madre, He is going to see his mother. Voy a jugar con Pablo, I am going to play with Paul. On the other hand, vamos a followed by an infinitive often means no more than “‘let us... ”’, in other words, it is equivalent to the imperative of the first person plural. The form vamos is, strictly speaking, the simple present tense, but it is also used instead of the subjunctive vayamos, for the imperative, meaning “ let us go”. For the conjugation of ir, see Appendix, § 4. 2. La de nuestros amigos, ‘“‘ our friends’ (house) ”’, lit. “‘ that of our friends’’. La is here used in a demonstrative sense for “‘ that’’ or “that one’’; it is feminine because it refers to sala. Compare: 6 Qué libro tiene usted? El de Maria, “‘ Which book have you got? Mary’s’’. See also Lesson 26, § 6. 3. La familia Gonzalez vive, ‘‘ The Gonzilez family live’. Note the use of the singular verb vive to agree with the singular subject familia where in English we normally have the plural (here “ live ””) after this type of collective noun (" family’). Mas pequefia, ‘‘smaller’’. The comparative adjective, equivalent in English to an adjective followed by the termination -er or pre- ceded by ‘‘ more’’, is formed in Spanish by putting mas before the adjective. The superlative is the same as the comparative except that it is preceded by the definite article. Both adjective and article vary to agree with the noun to which they refer. Examples: pequefio, small; mas pequefio, smaller; el mds pequefio, the smallest hermoso, beautiful; mas hermoso, more beautiful; el mas hermoso, the most beautiful See also S.N. to Lesson 29. + 5. La nuestra, ‘‘ours’’. The possessive pronouns are formed by add- ing the definite article to the form of the possessive adjectives used after nouns (see S.N. to Lesson 7). Like the adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify. Compare: 3De quién es este perro? Es el mio, Whose dog is this? It’s mine. 27”) Io. Ii. 12. 13. 14. Esta casa es mas grande que Ia nuestra, This house is larger than ours. mis hermanos y los suyos (de usted), my brothers and yours . Tiene menos muebles, “it has less furniture in it’? or “has not so much furniture (in it)’’. Where English uses ‘not so...” in comparisons, Spanish generally prefers the equivalent of “ less “ls as in the example from the text and in the following: Juan es menos rico que su hermano, John is not so rich as (Tit. less rich than) his brother. Muebles, “furniture”. In Spanish, the collective noun ‘ furni- ture’ is rendered by a plural noun: e.g. “ Our furniture is modern’, Nuestros muebles son modernos. The singular word mueble indicates a “piece of furniture’: e.g. “The piano is a fine piece of furniture’. El piano es un mueble hermoso. . Como se ve, ‘‘as you can see”’, lit. ‘‘as one sees’’. . Tienen piano de cola, “They have a grand piano’’. Note again the omission of the article. ‘“ An upright piano ”’ is either un piano recto or un piano vertical. The literal meaning of cola is “‘tail’’, hence “‘ queue’’, as in hacer cola, ‘‘ to queue ’’ or “ to stand ina queue’. Una radiogramola, “a radiogram”’. This is the technical expres- sion. In everyday speech, if there is no likelihood of ambiguity, radio alone is used, as at the end of this lesson. Aficionadas a... , “‘ fond of .. . ”. Note the preposition used here. Toca muy bien el piano, “‘ plays the piano very well”. Note the use of tocar, ‘to play” (a musical instrument) and compare it with jugar, “to play” (a game), as in Lesson 1. Tocar is one of the orthographical-changing verbs (see Appendix, §2). Note the position of the adverb in Spanish, i.e, immediately after the verb, and compare with the English position. Algunos, ‘‘some”’, indefinite adjective or pronoun. Its negative counterpart is ningunos, “no ”’ or “‘ none ’?” The masculine singu- lar forms are algan and ningin, if used immediately before the noun, otherwise alguno and ninguno must be used. Tantas obras de musica como nosotros, “‘ as many pieces of music as we (have)”. In comparisons of equality, as here, tanto (a), “so much or as much’; tantos (-as), “so many or as many”, are 216. 17. @” used before a noun and agree with it. Before adjectives and adverbs (except mas, menos, mejor and peor which require tanto) the in- variable tan is used, e.g-: Tiene tantos libros como yo, He has as many books as I (have). La hija es tan hermosa como su madre, The daughter is as beautiful as her mother. 1Tanto mejorl, So much the better! Aunque no se ve mas que una, “although you can’t see more than one”. No... mas que, is equivalent to “only” when it means “no more than’’, In other cases solamente is used. Com- pare yo toco solamente el piano in this lesson. No hay que olvidar, “‘ one must not forget”. Haber que is used in a general and impersonal sense meaning “‘ to have to”. Com- pare: Hay que estudiar mucho para aprender idiomas, It is neces- sary (one has to or you have to) study hard to learn languages. Hay que comprar un billete antes de tomar un tren, One must buy a ticket before catching a train. El grabado and el cuadro both mean “‘ picture ’’, but the former is used to speak of a picture which is reproduced in a book or news- paper (from grabar, “‘ to engrave’’), and cuadro is generally used with reference to a painted or drawn picture. aSUPPLEMENTARY NOTES In addition to the possessive adjectives used Jefure nouns (see Lesson r, ‘S.N), there is a second series of possessives. ‘The forms given after Lesson 1 are in fact abbreviations of the following, which are used after nouns or when the possessive adjective stands alone: mio, my nuestro, our tuyo, your (familiar form) vuestro, your (familiar form) suyo, his, her, its; your (folite suyo, their; your (folite form) form) ‘These forms are regularly used when directly addressing a person and also to express the English idiom “‘ of mine’, "of yours’, etc. Examples: Muy sefiores mios: Dear Sirs a Amigo mio: Dear friend (in letters) un amigo mio, a friend of mine (preferred to una de mis amigos) hija mia, my dear esos libros suyos, those books of his (hers, yours) cierto pariente nuestro, a certain relative of ours &De quién es este diccionario?,.Mio, Whose dictionary is this? Mine. 30LECCION 8 Otra conversacién . Otra, “‘another’’. The indefinite article un(a) is never inserted before otro. Compare: Quiero otra manzana, I want another apple. Tiene otro sombrero, He has another hat. Veo otro, I see another (one). . Poco mas o menos, “more or less’’. Poco, “‘little’’, is not translated here; it is used merely to round off the phrase. . Una biblioteca, ‘a library’. The Spanish word libreria, which looks like ‘‘library ’’, means, on the contrary, ‘‘ bookshop ’’. . En mi familia, “in my family’. In such a context an Englishman would probably say “our family”’, but if the speaker had said nuestra familia here, there would have been an implication that he was including the family of the person he was talking to. . Mejor, ‘‘better’’, the irregular comparative of the adverb bien, “well” . Los demas, “‘ the rest’. This is a collective pronoun, which can also be used adjectivally: e.g. Las demas nifias vienen, “‘ The rest of the girls are coming’. . Le gusta muchisimo la misica, ‘‘ She likes music very much’’ or “*She is very fond of music’’. Another instance of the use of the impersonal verb gustar (see Lesson 3, § 4). We also have here an instance of the main difference between the Spanish and the English use of the definite article, i.e. it is used in Spanish before any noun indicating something abstract, as ‘‘ music ’’, and before any nouns employed in a general sense to represent an entire class or species. Examples: La vida es breve, Life is short. Me gustan las manzanas, I like apples. Los perros son muy inteligentes. Dogs are very intelligent. . Tan grande como, ‘‘as big as”’. See Lesson 7, § 14. . gSabe usted tocar el piano?, ‘Can you play the piano?”’, lit. ‘‘ Do you know (how) to play the piano?’’ The verb saber is used to translate ‘‘ to be able” when it implies acquired ability. Compare: 3Sabe usted nadar?, Can you swim (i.e. do you know how to swim)? Si, pero no puedo nadar hoy, porque he olvidado mi traje de bafio, Yes, but I can’t swim today, becduse I’ve forgotten my swim-suit. The etry of the irregular verb saber is given in the Appen- dix, § 4. 31LECCION 9 De visita . De visita, “ visiting’. Compare ir de visita, “to pay a visit”. . Domingo por la tarde, ‘‘ Sunday afternoon” or ‘‘ Sunday even- ing”, Compare: por Ia noche, “‘ in the evening” or “at night’; por la mafiana, “in the morning”. Tarde is used when speaking of late afternoon or early evening; noche usually indicates the period ‘‘ after dark ’’ and may therefore be evening or night. See also Lesson 47 (2), § 1. . Llama a la puerta, “‘ knocks at the door”’, lit. ‘‘ calls at the door’’. Note this idiom. . Viene a vernos, ‘is coming to see us”. Venir, like ir, is fol- lowed by the preposition a before a dependent infinitive. There are a few verbs which do not require a preposition before a de- pendent infinitive (e.g. poder, saber, querer, parecer, ver, creer, esperar), but most other verbs take a preposition such as a, de, en, por or para. A list of the more usual verbs with the preposi- tions to be used after them before a dependent infinitive is given in the Appendix, §5. See the Appendix, § 4, for the full con- jugation of venir. . Abre, ‘‘opens’’, from the verb abrir, ‘‘to open”. This verb is quite regular, except for the past participle, which is abierto, “opened”’. La criada ha abierto la puerta, ‘‘ The maid (has) opened the door”. . Le hace entrar, ‘ shows him in”’, lit. ‘‘ makes him to enter’. The verb hacer is used often in Spanish with the sense of ‘‘to cause someone to do something’. Compare: Hace facturar su baul, He is having his trunk checked. There is considerable disagreement among Spaniards about the forms of the objective personal pronouns and in particular as to whether le or lo should be used for the direct object masculine singular. The safest course for the student to follow is to use le for persons and lo for things: e.g. Le veo cada dia, I see him every day. Lo veo en la mesa, I see it on the table. . Le damos la mano, ‘‘ We shake hands with him’’. Dar la mano (a), ‘‘to shake hands (with)’’. Dar, ‘‘to give’, is an irregular verb, the conjugation of which will be found in the Appendix, § 4. There is no disagreement about the form to be used for the mascu- 328. 9. To. II. 12. @) line singular of the indirect object pronoun, which is always le, as in the phrase from the lesson. Invitandole a sentarse, “inviting him to sit down’’. Invitando comes from the regular verb invitar, ‘‘ to invite’’. Note the posi- tion of the pronoun le in accordance with the rule given in the Intro., § 9, and also that invitar is one of the verbs followed by a before a dependent infinitive (see § 4 above). -Sentarse is a radical-changing verb conjugated like pensar (see Appendix, §3). Vuelven a llamar, ‘‘there’s another knock’, lit. ‘‘ they return to knock ’’. Wuelven comes from the radical-changing verb volver, “to retum’”’, conjugated like mover (see Appendix, §3), and volver a is used before an infinitive to express doing something again. Compare: No vuelva Vd. a hacerlo, Don’t do it again. Vuelvo a principiar, I am beginning again. The third person plural of the verb (e.g. vuelven above) is often used in Spanish in an impersonal sense. Compare: Dicen que la reina esta enferma, They say (it is said) the queen is ill. Hacen muy buenos quesos alli, They make very good cheeses there. Very good cheeses are made there. Del campo, “from the country’. Campo also means “‘ field ’’. Nos sentamos, ‘‘ we sit down’’, from the reflexive and radical- changing verb sentarse, which indicates the action of sitting down, as distinct from the position of being seated, rendered by estar sentado. Compare: Juan entra en la sala y se sienta en el sofa, John enters the room and sits down (i.e. performs the action of sitting down) on the settee. Ahora esta sentado en el sofa, Now he is silting (i.e. he is in the position of being seated) on the settee. Los hombres hablamos de politica, ‘‘We men talk politics’’. Note that the verb is irt the first person plural, as the speaker in- cludes himself in los hombres. Note also that, in Spanish “ poli- tics ’” is singular, not plural as in English: la politica. On the other hand, los negocios, “business”, and las noticias, “news ”’, in the collective sense, are plural in Spanish while considered singular in English. Compare: Las noticias son buenas, The news is good. una buena noticia, a good piece of news 33 S.B.Ex3@) 13. 14. 15. En seguida, ‘‘then’’. Seguida comes from the same root as the verb seguir, “to follow’, “to continue’’ (see Appendix, § 3). La criada nos trae, ‘‘the maid brings us”. Traer, ‘‘ to bring”’, is an irregular verb, for the conjugation of which see Appendix, § 4. Sirve, “ serves ’’, comes from servir, a radical-changing verb, con- jugated like pedir. (See Appendix, § 3.)I. Be 3. 4. LECCION 10 ‘Una tertulia Tertulia. There is no exact equivalent of this word in English. It means a social gathering where friends meet together mainly to talk and enjoy a cup of coffee or chocolate, etc. Tanto gusto, lit. ‘‘so much pleasure’’, and mucho gusto, lit. “much pleasure”, are the expressions equivalent to the English “how do you do”’, when two people are introduced. Haga el favor, “‘ please’’, lit. ‘‘do the favour’’. See Lesson 4, § 1. Haga is the polite imperative taken from the present subjunc- tive of hacer, “‘to do”’, for the full conjugation of which see Appendix, § 4. 2. Quiere tomar una taza de café?, ‘ Will you have a cup of coffee?” Note the use of tomar, lit. “‘ to take’’, where English normally uses ‘‘to have’’, Compare: Tome Vd. un puro, Have a cigar. Tomamos las comidas (Lesson 11), We have our meals. 4 Qué va Vd. a tomar?, What are you going to have (i.e. to eat or drink)? Toman el té a las cinco, They have tea at five. 5. Pues gqué hay de nuevo?, “ Well, what’s the news?” Another example of the impersonal use of haber. The adverb pues, here rendered ‘‘well’’, is often not translated at all, being no more than an expletive. Compare: No quiero verle. 4Y pues?, I don’t want to see him. How is that? (And why not?) 6. 4 Cémo van los negocios?, ‘' How’s business?” Note this use of ir, “to go’’, and compare it with the colloquial English phrase ‘‘ How goes it?”” 7. Lo siento, ‘I’m sorry, lit. ‘‘I regret it’’, If sentir (a radical- changing verb—see Appendix, §3) is followed by a clause, the object pronoun lo is omitted and the dependent verb is in the subjunctive (see next note): e.g. Siento que no vengan, I’m sorry they are not coming. 8. Espero que . . . mejoren, ‘I hope it will improve’, lit. ‘‘ 1 hope that they improve ’’. The verb is in the plural because the refer- ence is to los negocios. Mejorar, “to improve”, is here in the 35lo) 10. subjunctive mood, following a verb of wishing. The main differ- ence between the use of the subjunctive and the indicative is that the latter is used to state a fact, whereas the former indicates a wish, doubt or uncertainty, the cause of emotion or feeling, such as fear, joy or sorrow. It is also used after indirect commands. There are numerous examples in the Course and these will be pointed out as they occur. For the formation of the subjunctive mood of regular verbs, see Appendix, § 1. Actualmente, ‘‘ at present’”’. Beware of translating this ‘‘ actu- ally’, which in Spanish is realmente or efectivamente, but we tend to use this expression in English in contexts where no equivalent exists in Spanish. Note also the feminine noun actualidad, “present (time)’’, used in the common expressions actualidades, “current events ’’, and es de gran actualidad, ‘‘ it is of great im- portance at the present time’’. Hace una visita, “‘is paying (lit. is making) a visit’. The verb hacer enters into numerous phrases, as you will notice in the course of your studies. 36LECCION 11 El comedor t. Por la mafiana, “in the morning”. Compare Lesson 9, § 2. 2.” Entre la una y las tres, ‘‘ between one and three (o’clock)’’. The feminine forms are used because the word hora(s), “‘ hour(s)’, is understood. 3. A eso de, “‘about’’, when speaking of time only. Cerca de, mean- ing “about” or “‘near’’, can be used for both time and place. 4. Ha venido, “has come’’. Venido is the past participle of venir, “to come’’. The perfect tense of all verbs is formed with the present of haber, “to have’’, and the past participle of the verb in question: e.g. He jugado, I have played, I have been playing. Hemos aprendido, We have learnt, We have been learning. Han ido, They have gone. Regular verbs form their past participles by changing the endings vat, -er of -ir to -ado, -ido, -ido respectively. When conjugated with haber the past participle is invariable. It is important to re- member that haber (conjugated fully in the Appendix, § 4) does not mean ‘‘ to have”? in the sense of ‘‘ to possess’’ (see Lesson I, § 8). 5. Cubierta, “ coyered’”, is the feminine form of the irregular past participle of cubrir, “to cover”, here used adjectivally. 6. Ha puesto, “has put”, “has laid”. Puesto is the irregular past participle of the verb poner, '‘to put”, conjugated in full in the ‘Appendix, § 4. Note the idiom poner fa mesa, “to lay the table”. 7. Como de costumbre, ‘as usual”, “as is customary”. De cos- tumbre, “ usually’. 8. Cada persona, “each person’. Cada is an invariable adjective, ie. it does not change, whatever the gender of the noun it quali- fies, Just below we have the corresponding pronoun cada uno, the feminine of which is cada una: e.g. Cada una de las sefioras le dio un regalo, “Each of the ladies gave him a present ”. g. El agua, ‘“‘water”. Note the use of the definite article here, omitted in English. Agua is a feminine noun, but as explained in the Introduction I, a feminine noun beginning with a or ha and 37qi Io. It. stressed on the first syllable takes the article el (derived from the old feminine form ela) instead of la, for reasons of euphony. Thus we get el agua fria, ‘the cold water”’, but la abuela, “ the grand- mother ”’. Servira, “she will serve”’. Servira is the third person singular, future tense, of servir, “‘to serve’’. Future endings are the same for any verb (é, 4s, 4, emos, éis, an) and in the case of regular verbs are always added to the infinitive. In the case of irregular verbs, the endings may be attached to an irregular or shortened stem: e.g. hacer, ‘‘ to make’, gives haré, ‘I shall make ’’; poner, “to put’, gives pondré, ‘I shall put’. Seguida, ‘followed ’’, is the past participle of seguir, “‘ to follow’, here used adjectivally. Seguir will be found in the Appendix among the orthographical and radical-changing verbs. 38tL LECCION 12 A la mesa A tiempo, ‘‘in time" or ‘‘ on time”’. Note the preposition. 2. Ya, ‘“‘now”’. This little word has a variety of meanings including “already”, “‘soon”’, “‘ formerly’, “‘ yes’, according to the con- text, and need not always be translated, being often no more than an expletive used to round off a phrase. Note, for instance: ¥ste ya lo conozco, This one I know already. Ya estamos, Here we are. Ya voy, (I’m) coming! 1Ya lo creo!, I should say so! Rather! Of course! Ya also translates English “yet” in positive questions, e.g.: Ha Ilegado ya?, Has he arrived yet? But note that it cannot be used with a negative to mean ‘‘ not yet’’. No . . . todavia is the correct rendering in this instance, e.g.: No ha Ilegado todavia, He hasn’t arrived yet. When ya is used with a negative it takes on the meaning of “no longer’’ or ‘‘no more’’, and negative no is placed after it: Ya no esta aqui, He is no longer here. . Vamos a sentarnos, ‘‘ Let’s sit down’’. Here is an example of the use of vamos for the imperative “‘let’s” referred to in Lesson 7, §1. Note that the reflexive pronoun attached to the infinitive must agree with the subject of the clause. Compare: Yo voy a sentarme aqui, I am going to sit (seat myself) here. Usted puede sentarse alli, You can sit (seat yourself) there. . gQuiere sentarse aqui?, “Will you sit here?” The verb querer frequently renders the English auxiliary will when the latter means “wish” or “‘be willing’’, that is, when it is not the sign of the future tense. Compare: Future tense Will you be seeing him tomorrow?, ,Le vera mafiana? Yes, he says he will arrive early, Si, dice que llegara temprano. Not future tense Will you have (=do you wish to have) dinner now?, g Quiere usted comer ahora? Will you come (=are you willing to come) to the Post Office with me?, g Quiere venir al correo conmigo? . Unos dias, ‘‘ a few days’’. Unos has a slightly more indefinite meaning than algunos, ‘‘ some ’’. 39q2) 6. Io. Ir. Ya. 13. 14. 15. 16. Desde el lunes pasado, “since last Monday”. Note once again the insertion of the definite article, as the noun is qualified by an adjective. . Tengo que, ‘I have to”, from tener que, “‘to have to”. This verb is used personally in contrast with haber que, used imper- sonally. Lesson 7, § 16. . Tengo que irme, “I have to leave’’. The reflexive verb irse means ‘‘to go away’”’ or “‘ to leave’. Por lo menos, ‘‘at least’’. Note the insertion of the definite article here, which takes the form lo before adverbs and adjectives used as nouns: e.g. Prefiero lo hermoso a lo feo, I prefer beauty to ugliness. Una vez al afio, “‘ once a year”’. Note the insertion of the pre- position a and the definite article in phrases with a distributive meaning, where in English the indefinite article is used. Por los negocios, ‘‘ for business’’ or ‘‘on business”. See Lesson 3, § 12. 4Qué le parece esta ciudad?, ‘‘ What do you think of this city (town)?”” Parecer. “‘to appear”, “to seem”’, is used imper- sonally in the same way as gustar: e.g. Me parece grande el piano, I think the piano is big. A él le parecen pequeiios los nifios, pero a mi, me parecen grandes, He thinks the children are small, but I think they are big. Dispense, “‘excuse (me)’’, ‘I beg your pardon”. This is the polite imperative (formed from the present subjunctive) of the regular first conjugation verb dispensar, ‘‘ to excuse’. No entendi, ‘‘I did not understand”. In English we should be more likely to use the present tense here, viz. ‘‘I don’t under- stand”’’. Entendi is the first person singular, past definite tense of the radical-changing verb entender, ‘‘to understand’’. For the formation of the past definite tense of regular verbs, see Appendix, §x, and for the differences in use between this tense and the im- perfect, see Lesson 27, § 1. Lo que acaba de decir, ‘what you have just said’’. Note this use of fo que to render “‘ what ’’ in the sense of ‘‘that which’’. 4Cudl?, “which?” is an interrogative pronoun. Note the accent to distinguish it from the relative pronoun el (la) cual. 407. 18. 19. (12) aNo toma?, “won't you have (lit. take)?’’ is used here as an alternative to 4No quiere tomar? Note once again the idiomatic use of tomar, c.f. Lesson 10, § 4. Ya he comido bastante, ‘‘I have eaten quite enough already’’. Note the word order here. Le gusta la tarta de pifia?, ‘‘ Do you like pineapple tart?’ Note once more the insertion of the definite article, used here to convey a general sense, i.e. pineapple tart in general, not this particular pineapple tart, which the guest has not yet started to eat. 41LECCION 13 Mi dormitorio . Estoy cansado y tengo suefio, “I am tired and sleepy’’. Note the use of tener suefio, lit. ‘‘ to have sleep or sleepiness” for “‘ to be sleepy’’. There are a number of similar idioms with tener: tengo calor, ‘‘I am hot ”’; tengo frio, ‘‘I am cold’; tengo hambre, “I am hungry’; tengo sed, ‘I am thirsty’; tengo miedo, “I am afraid ’’. As these idioms consist of a verb and a noun, the idea of emphasis conveyed by the addition of ‘‘very”’ in the English equivalent is rendered by mucho in Spanish, not muy: e.g. tengo mucho frio, ‘‘I am very cold”’, . Enciendo la luz, “I switch on the light’’. The idea is that one “* gives light’’, hence the use of the verb encender, ‘‘to light’”’, a radical-changing verb, conjugated like perder (see Appendix, § 3). . Me quito los zapatos, ‘I take off my shoes”, lit. “to me I take off the shoes’’. The possessive adjective used in English is often replaced in Spanish by the definite article, the idea of possession being made clear by the use of a pronoun, as in the above example from the text. This happens most often in connection with parts of the body or clothes. Compare: Los nifios se lavan las manos, The children are washing their hands. Nos quitamos los guantes, We take off our gloves. Me limpio los dientes, I clean my teeth. . Me pongo el pijama, ‘“‘ I put on my pyjamas ”’, lit. “to me I put on the pyjamas’’. This is another instance of the construction referred to in §3 above. Note that the Spanish equivalent of “pyjamas” is singular. . Me acuesto, ‘I go to bed”’, from the radical-changing verb acos- tarse, ‘‘ to go to bed’’, conjugated like encontrar. See Appendix, §3. Spanish makes much more use of reflexive verbs than English does, as will be seen from the numerous examples in this lesson. . Al poco rato, ‘‘ very soon”’, ‘‘ before long’’, ‘‘ in a short while ’’. Note this and the following idiomatic phrases with rato: a ratos or de rato en rato, ‘‘ from time to time’, “‘ occasionally ’’; Sane perdidos, ‘‘in one's spare time ’’; buen rato, ‘‘a good while’. - Me duermo, ‘‘I fall asleep’’. Note: dormir, “to sleep’’; dor- mirse, “‘to fall asleep’’. See Appendix, § 3. 42To. Ir. TZ. 13. 14. 15. 16. (33) A las siete en punto, ‘‘ promptly at seven o'clock’. In addition to its meaning of “‘ point’, punto can be translated in a variety of ways. Compare: punto de congelacién, freezing point punto de vista, point of view punto final, full stop tener a punto, to have ready or in readiness + a buen punto, opportunely, just at the right moment dar en el punto, to hit the nail on the head . Las zapatillas, ‘‘slippers’’, is the diminutive of los zapatos, “shoes ’”. Vuelvo a ponerme la bata, ‘‘I put on my dressing-gown again’’. Note once more this use of volver with the meaning “‘ to do again”’. See Lesson 9, § 9. Al terminar, “on finishing’, i.e. ‘‘ when I’ve finished ’’. Com- pare al entrar, in Lesson 5, § 2. Antes de desayunar, “‘ before having breakfast’’, ‘‘ before 1 have breakfast ’’. Note the use of the infinitive after a preposition where English has the gerund or a clause (see Lesson 1, § 15). Me visto, ‘I get dressed’. Vestirse, ‘to dress oneself'” or “to get dressed”, is a radical-changing reflexive verb, conjugated like pedir (see Appendix, § 3 (C)). Compare Lesson 17, § 5. Una cajita de polvos, “a box of face powder”. Polvo, “ dust” or “powder”, is always used in the plural when it is a question of face or toilet powder. Note also: polvos de talco, “talcum powder”, but morder el polvo, ‘to bite or lick the dust”. No me pertenecen a mi, “‘ are not mine”, ‘do not belong to me ”’. In Spanish the prepositional forms of the object pronouns are added to give emphasis, as here. Sino, “but”. This word replaces pero in certain circumstances. Pero is used after a positive clause, but also sometimes after a negative when the second clause restricts but does not entirely offset the first negative clause. It corresponds to English ‘ but nevertheless”. Sino is used after a negative clause when the second clause completely offsets the first and corresponds to “ but on the contrary”. Study the following examples: No tengo un dormitorio grande, pero tengo uno con cuarto de bafio, I haven’t a large bedroom but I have one with a bathroom. 43(13) No tengo un dormitorio grande, sino un pequefio, I haven't a large bedroom, but a small one. Quiero dar un paseo, pero no tengo tiempo, I should like to go for a walk, but I haven’t time. Carlos no esta en Ia sala, sino en el comedor, Charles is not in the living-room, but in the dining-room. 17. Los cajones, “the drawers”. El cajén, like el cojin, “ the cushion ”’, loses its accent in the plural where the stress falls naturally. 18. Se pone, ‘‘is put’’. Se manda, ‘‘is sent’’. The reflexive con- struction is often used in Spanish where we should have the passive in English. Compare: Se mandan las cartas cada dia, The letters are sent every day. Aqui se habla espafol, Spanish (is) spoken here. Se prohibe fumar, Smoking (is) forbidden.LECCION 14 La mafiana y la tarde . A qué hora se levanta usted generalmente?, “ (At) what time do you usually get up?” There are numerous ways of rendering the word time in Spanish. There is, for instance, the word hora, which indicates time of day; vez, occasion; and tiempo, which is time in the wide sense (e.g. period). Examples: 4Qué hora es?, What time (of the day) is it? Digame usted la hora, Tell me the time. Hagalo tres veces al dia, Do it three times a day (on three occasions during the day). No tengo tiempo de hacerlo hoy, I haven't time to do it today. . yPor qué?, “why?” Porque, ‘“‘because'’. Note the forms of these words carefully. . Enel centro. It is only in a context like this, of course, that the words mean ‘‘in town”’. The normal meaning of centro is seen in the following expressions: centro de atraccién or centro de gravi- tacién, ‘“‘centre of attraction’’; centro de recepcién, ‘‘ reception centre’. . En casa, ‘at home”’. In the figurative sense, “at home’’ is en su elemento (‘‘in one’s element’’). Note also: Esta Vd. en su casa, Make yourself at home. Estan fuera de casa, They are away (from home). Volvemos a casa, We are going back home. Los acompafiaré a casa, I will see them home. . Qué piensa hacer?, “What are you thinking of doing?” or “What do you intend to do?” When pensar is used for “‘ to think” in the sense of ‘‘ to intend to’’, it is not followed by a preposition before a dependent infinitive. When ‘‘ to think’’ has the meaning of “‘ to believe’’, creer is normally used: e.g. Cree usted que vengan?, Do you think they will come? Pienso ir al teatro, I am thinking of going to the theatre. “To think of’ in the sense of ‘‘ to meditate on’’ is pensar en. . No quisiera acompafiarme?, “ Wouldn’t you like to go with me?” Quisiera is the third person singular of the past subjunctive of querer, “to want”, There are two forms of the past subjunctive, as will be seen from the Appendix, 1, and the form of ending in -ra can be used instead of the conditional tense, as here. 45(4) 7. Mi esposa y yo acostumbramos a celebrarlo juntos, “My wife and I usually: celebrate it together’, lit. “‘ My wife and I are accus- tomed to celebrate it together’’. Note that the verb is in the first person plural, “‘my wife and I we are accustomed... ”. Note also that the English adverb ‘‘ together ’” is rendered in Spanish by an adjective which must agree with the noun or pronoun to which it refers. 8. 4Cuanto tiempo hace que estin casados?, “How long have you been married?’” Compare Lesson 3, §2, and Lesson 4, § 3.I. LECCION 15 En el hotel Elegantisimos, “‘ very elegant”, from elegante, “elegant”. An- other example of the absolute superlative. See Lesson 6, § ro. . Cualquiera, “any (one)”’, ‘‘whatever’’, may be pronoun or ad- jective; the plural is cualesquiera. The termination, being part of the verb querer, ‘‘to wish’’, does not usually change, but the adjective, when immediately preceding its noun, may be shortened to cualquier, pl. cualesquier: e.g. cualquier(a) dia, any day en cualesquier(a) circunstancias, in any circumstances Note the use of the subjunctive when the meaning is ‘‘ whatever ”’: e.g. cualquiera que sea el tiempo, ‘ whatever the weather may be ”’. Encontrara usted, ‘“ you will find’’. See Lesson 11, § Io. . Buen servicio, ‘‘ good service ’’. The masculine form bueno drops the final o when used before a masculine singular noun, but retains it when used after or when it is predicative. The same rule applies to tercero, ‘‘third”’, and primero, “‘ first’’. Compare: El servicio es bueno, ‘‘ The service is good’’. . Para Iegar a la conserjeria, ‘‘ (in order) to get to the reception desk’. Para before an infinitive implies “in order to’’. See Lesson 3, § 12. . Se piden las habitaciones, ‘‘ Rooms are asked for”’ or ‘‘ You ask for rooms ’’. Here is another instance of the reflexive form used with the force of the passive. See Lesson 13, §18. Note the radical- changing verb pedir, “to ask (for)’’, ‘‘to request ’’, and compare it with preguntar, ‘“‘to ask (a question)”. There is also another radical-changing verb rogar, which means “to ask’ with the sense of ‘to beg”’, ‘‘ to entreat’’. Pedimos sellos, We asked for some stamps. Le pediremos al hombre una guia de Madrid, We’ll ask the man for a guide to Madrid. Le preguntaremos al hombre donde esta el Prado, We’ll ask the man where the Prado is. Me ruegan de hacer su trabajo, They ask me to do their work. 47cD) i 0. Ir. T2. 13. 14. Si no conoce, “if you do not know ’’. Conocer means “‘ to know” in the sense of “‘ to be acquainted with”, while saber (see Lesson 8, § 9) means “to know”’ something through having learnt it. Com- pare: Le conozco pero no sé dénde vive, I know him, but I don’t know where he lives. Conocemos bien la ciudad, We know the town well. 4 Sabe usted lo que hace?, Do you know what he is doing? Sabe la leccién de memoria, He knows the lesson by heart. Conocer is an orthographical-changing verb, for the conjugation of which see Appendix, § 2. . Le daran consejos, ‘‘ They will give you advice’’. Note the use of the plural noun. Un consejo would mean “‘a piece of advice ’’. Compare mueble(s), Lesson 7, §7. The word consejo is used in the sense of ‘council’? as well as ‘‘counsel’’: e.g. consejo de estado, ‘‘council of state’; consejo de familia, ‘‘board of guardians ’’; tomar consejo, “‘ to take counsel ’”. . Acerca de lo que debe verse, ‘about what should be seen”’ or “about what to see’. Again the reflexive form is used for the English passive. Deber means “to owe” as well as “to have to”. When followed by the preposition de the verb implies sup- position instead of obligation: e.g. No deben hacer eso, They ought not to do that. Debe de ser mi hermano, It must be my brother. Haran, “‘ they will do”, third person plural of the irregular future of hacer, ‘‘to do”’. Todo lo posible, ‘‘ everything possible’. Another instance of an adjective used as a noun and therefore preceded by the article lo. Para hacerle agradable su estancia, ‘‘ to make your stay a pleasant one”’, lit. “to make to you pleasant your stay’. Podra, ‘“‘she will be able”, third person singular of the irregular future of poder, ‘‘ to be able ’’. Mientras usted esté ocupado, “‘ while you are (i.e. will be) busy ’’. The verb is here in the present subjunctive as it refers to indefinite future time, introduced by mientras. 48LECCION 16 En busca de alojamiento . Diez y seis, “sixteen”. This may also be written dieciséis, and in the same way the other numbers from 16 to 19 and 21 to 29 in- clusive may be written in one or three words. .. Una habitacién con dos camas daria lo mismo, ‘‘ A double room would do’’. Note this idiomatic expression. The verb dar is used in numerous idioms. Examples of the commonest are given below: 4. Qué mas da?, What difference does it make?, Never mind. Van a dar las cinco, It’s about to strike five. Vamos a dar un paseo por el campo, Let’s go for a walk in the country. Estas ventanas dan al patio, These windows look out on the atio. Déle los buenos dias, Wish him good morning. Me di por muerto, I gave myself up for dead. dar la lata, to make a nuisance of oneself No te da vergiienza?, Doesn't it make you ashamed? Me da lo mismo, I don’t mind; it makes no difference. Daria is the 3rd pers. singular, conditional tense of dar. The con- ditional tense is formed by adding the endings -ia, -ias, -ia, -iamos, -iais, -ian, to the infinitive of regular verbs and to the future stems of irregular verbs. The endings are the same for all verbs. . Ya casi esta Ileno el hotel, ‘‘ The hotel is nearly full already’. Note the word order, in particular the position of the adverbs ya and casi. wince dias, ‘a fortnight”. In Spanish, “two weeks’’ are re- garded as fifteen days, not fourteen as in English. Compare also ocho dias, ‘a week’. . El primer piso, ‘‘ the first floor’’. See Lesson 15, § 4. . Espero que sean tranquilas, ‘‘ I hope they are quiet’. Note again the use of the subjunctive after a verb expressing a wish. See Lesson 10, § 8. Pueden los sefiores, ‘‘ you can’’. Note this polite form of address in the indirect third person which is sometimes used by servants and others to their superiors. Dan a los jardines, ‘‘ They face the gardens’, '‘ they overlook the gardens’”’, “‘ they look out onto the gardens’’. See § 2 above. 49 S.BEx4(ie) 9. ro. II. 2. 13. 14. Nos quedamos con ellas, ‘‘ We'll take them’’. Quedarse con means ‘‘to take’’ or ‘‘to keep’’. Compare: Me quedo con estos zapatos, ‘‘ I'll take these shoes ’’. Habra dias que .. . , “ there will be days when ...". Habra is the future form of the impersonal hay, “‘ there is’’ or ‘‘ there are’’. Note the use of the conjunction que, “‘that’’, where we should normally have ‘ when’’ in English. Tendremos que, ‘‘ we shall have to’’, future of the irregular tener que, ‘‘to have to’”. Es todo, 3 verdad?, ‘‘ That’s all, isn’t it?’’ 4 Verdad? remains un- changed, whatever the verb or subject of the principal clause. Note how it is translated in the following examples: Hablo espafiol, verdad? (Introduction II), I speak Spanish, don’t I? Han Ilegado, ; verdad?, They have arrived, haven’t they? Puede usted hacerlo, 4 verdad?, You can do it, can’t you? Aqui tienen ustedes, ‘here are”, lit. “here you have’’. Subir, “‘ will bring up”. Here subir is used transitively to mean “to bring or take up” something, but it can also be used intransi- tively meaning ‘‘to go up”’ or “‘ascend’’: e.g. El ascensor sube al tercer piso, “‘ The lift goes up to the third floor’. 50wp w LECCION 17 En el restaurante Hay gran numero, ‘‘there is a large number’’. Another phrase in which the indefinite article is omitted. . Cafés, ‘“‘cafés’’. This word signifies something quite different from the English conception of a café. It is a place where friends (mostly men) meet, not only to have meals but also to spend many hours together, discussing football and bullfighting, expounding theories, or talking about the news and general topics of the day. . Este, ‘this one’’, refers to un comedor. See Lesson 5, § 12. Tenemos a la vista, ‘‘ we have in sight’, i.e. ‘‘ we have before us’’. Visten de smoking, “are wearing dinner jackets”. Vestir de means “‘to be dressed in’’. Compare: La novia vi de blanco, “The bride was dressed in white’’. See also Lesson 13, § 13. Esto, ‘“‘this’’, ‘‘ this fact’’. Unlike the other demonstrative pro- nouns, this neuter form, which stands for things not mentioned by name, has no accent. Similarly: eso, “‘ that’’; aquello, “‘ that’’. EQué es esto?, What is this? Eso me parece imposible, That (which you have just men- tioned) seems impossible to me; I think that’s impossible. No creo aquello, I don’t believe that (something of which a third person has spoken). Suele tomarse, ‘‘is usually taken’’. Suele is the third person singular of the radical-changing verb soler, “‘ to be in the habit of”. Compare: Suelo ir al teatro los sabados, I usually go to the theatre on Saturdays. Solemos pasar el dia en casa, We usually spend the day at home. The reflexive form tomarse again indicates the passive. Compare se toma una merienda (just below), “a snack is taken”. Hacia, “about’’. Compare the meaning here with that in Lesson 3, §19. This word should not be confused with the form hacia (imperfect tense), from the verb hacer. Las ocho de la mafiana, 8 a.m. La una de la tarde, t p.m. Las ocho de la noche, 8 p.m. . Las diez u once, “‘ten or eleven”. The conjunction 0, “or”, is replaced by u before a word beginning with 0 or ho. 5Io. LECCION 18 Una comida . Acaban de reservarla, “It has just been reserved’’, ‘‘ They have just reserved it’’. Note the impersonal use of the third person plural, here equivalent to an English passive. Compare: Dicen que la reina esta enferma, They say (it is said) that the queen is ill. Temen que el presidente no pueda venir, They fear (it is feared) that the president will not be able to come. . Trdiganos, ‘bring us’’. Traiga is the polite form of traer, “to bring”, and because of the addition of the object pronoun nos, ‘‘us’’, has to bear an accent to indicate where the stress falls. See Appendix for the conjugation of traer. - Lo mismo nos da, “It’s all the same to us"’, ‘‘ We don’t mind’’. See Lesson 16, § 2. . gQué te parece a ti?, “What do you think?” Note the addition of a ti to add emphasis here. See also Lesson 12, § 12. . Yo no tengo mucha hambre, “‘ I’m not very hungry”, lit. “I have not much hunger”’. Compare: Tengo mucha sed, “I am very thirsty’. See also Lesson 13, § 1. . A ver stands for vamos a ver, “‘let’s see’’. . De sopa, ‘‘ for soup”. Note this use of de with the meaning “for, as, in the way of”. A similar instance occurred in Lesson 11: de postre, ‘for dessert’. . Déme, “give me’’. Dé is the polite imperative of dar, “‘ to give’’. . Yo si tengo mucha hambre, “I am very hungry’’. See Lesson 2, §6. Paella is one of the most typical and popular Spanish dishes. The main ingredient is rice, coloured and flavoured with saffron, to which pieces of chicken, meat, shellfish and vegetables are added. The shellfish, usually clams, crawfish or mussels, are still in their shells and you will not be frowned upon if you use your fingers. Indeed it i the only effective way of dealing with them. Inci- dentally, do not order paella in a restaurant if you are in any way limited for time. The dish takes anything from twenty to thirty minutes to cook. $2«sy II. Ternera, “‘veal'’, is probably the commonest of all Spanish meat dishes. 12. gAlgo mas?, “ Anything else?’’ Used as an adverb, algo means * somewhat”, “‘ rather”: e.g. La mesa es algo grande, “‘ The table is rather large””. Note how Spanish conveys the idea of ‘‘else’’ in the following . examples: (cualquier) otra persona alguien mas hingtin otro nadie mas | nobody else nada més, nothing else todos los demés, everyone else } anyone else, someone else 13. Aqui la tiene, “here it is’’, lit. “here you have it’. Compare Lesson 16, § 13. 533LECCION 19 Los numeros, la hora, la fecha Quiero saber la hora, “I want to know the time’’, ‘‘I want to know what time it is’’. See Lesson 14, §1, and Lesson 15, § 7. . Miro mi reloj, ‘I look at my watch’’. The preposition a is some- times used after mirar before an object. There was an example of this in Lesson 1: mirando al jardin, ‘‘ looking at the garden”. . De vez en cuando, ‘‘ from time to time”’, ‘‘ occasionally ’’. A useful expression to know. . Se estropea, ‘‘ it goes wrong’’. A number of verbs, like this one, are reflexive in Spanish, although their English equivalents are not reflexive. Compare: Se gloria de su prosapia, He boasts about his ancestry. Se quejan de nuestro perro, They complain about our dog. Nos abstenemos de criticarlo, We refrain from criticising it. . Para que lo arregle y me lo limpie, “to have it repaired and cleaned ’’, lit. ‘‘in order that he may repair it and clean it for me’’. The subjunctive is used after the conjunction para que, when the verb in the dependent clause denotes purpose, as here. Note also that ‘‘ for me’’ in this sense is rendered by the indirect object pro- noun me. Compare: Haga el favor de comprarnos dos billetes, Please get us (buy for us) two tickets. . Son las dos, “ It is two o’clock’”. Note the plural verb to agree with las dos (horas). . Velazquez nacié, ““ Velazquez was born”. Note the use of nacer, “to be born’. Nacié is the third person singular of the past definite tense. . Murié, ‘died’, from morir, “to die’, an irregular verb conyu- gated like dormir (see Appendix). 54I. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. qx LECCION 20 Los dias y los meses, la hora Lunes, martes, etc. The days of the week are usually written with _a small initial letter, as are the months of the year. Pasado maifiana, ‘‘the day after tomorrow’’. Students will have already met the feminine noun mafiana meaning “the morning”’. In this expression mafiana is a masculine noun meaning ‘‘tomor- row’’. ‘‘ Tomorrow”’ as an adverb is also maiiana. Fue, “was”, third person singular, past definite, of ser. Com- pare the forms of this verb with those of ir (Appendix). El martes que viene, ‘‘next Tuesday’, lit. “‘ the Tuesday that is coming’’, Alternatively, proximo can be used for ‘‘next’”, as in the latter part of the sentence. Del martes préximo en quince dias, “next Tuesday fortnight’, “two weeks from next Tuesday’”. Pasemos ahora, ‘‘ now let’s pass”. Another example of the im- perative formed from the present subjunctive. No se puede uno fiar de él, “‘ you can’t rely on it’. The verb fiarse de means “‘ to have confidence in”’ or “‘ to trust’’. 55LECCION 21 Moneda espaiiola . Si se decidiera Vd., ‘if you decided’’, ‘‘if you were to decide”’, “if you should decide’. Se decidiera is the imperfect subjunctive of decidirse. See Appendix for forms of the subjunctive. Condi- tional clauses contrary to fact have the verb in the imperfect sub- junctive. The verb in the main clause is usually in the conditional tense, as here, (aconsejaria) (for the formation of this tense see Lesson 16,. §2) but is sometimes replaced by the -ra form of the imperfect subjunctive. Compare: Si yo tuviese (or tuviera) bastante dinero, iria (or fuera) a Londres, If I had enough money (implying: but I haven't), I should go to London. Si estuviera (or estuviese) yo en su lugar, no lo haria (or hiciera), If I were in your place (implying: but I’m not), I should not do it. . Yo le aconsejatia que fuese, ‘I would advise you to go". Here we have another instance of the imperfect subjunctive (fuese, im- perfect subjunctive from ir), used here after a verb expressing a proposal or suggestion. Propongo que pasemos las vacaciones en Inglaterra este afio, T propose that we spend our holidays in England this year. Me permito sugerir a la Mesa que declare un receso de quince minutos, I beg to suggest that the Chair declare a fifteen minute adjournment. . Averiguara Vd. CUAL es la ventanilla . . . dira al empleado QUE cantidad de dinero . . . , “‘ you will find out which is the win- dow... ”’, ‘‘you will tell the clerk how much money ...’’. Note the accent on cudl and qué which is retained even in indirect inter- rogation. . Ventanilla, literally ‘‘little window’’, is the correct word for the train window. It can also mean a bank, post office or ticket office “window” although a more colloquial word in this case is taquilla. . Cierta cantidad, ‘a certain amount”. Compare otro, Lesson 8, § I. . Antes de hacer, ‘‘ before making’’. Note once again the infinitive used after a preposition to translate the English gerund, e.g.: después de Ilegar, ‘‘ after arriving’’; antes de salir, ‘ before leav- ing’’; sin esperar, ‘‘ without waiting ’’. 56(21) 7. Quinientas, ‘‘five hundred ’’, is feminine to agree with pesetas. Cardinal numerals are all invariable except uno and compounds of ciento: mil soldados, a thousand soldiers veinticinco casas, twenty-five houses but un billete de una peseta, a one-peseta note doscientas mujeres, two hundred women .Cien, “a hundred’”’. Strictly speaking, ciento drops the final syllable only when it comes immediately before a noun or before mil, ‘‘thousand’’, but in modern usage it becomes cien in almost any position except before another numeral: cien buenos cigarros, a hundred good cigars ciento cincuenta libros, a hundred and fifty books . Se cuenta, ‘one counts’’. We have already met the reflexive used as a substitute for the passive in Lesson 3, § 9, and Lesson 13, § 18, but in both these instances it is used personally, i.e. the subject is an expressed noun with which the verb agrees in number: Se ve una gran cantidad de macetas, You can see a large num- ber of flower pots. La ropa sucia se pone en La cesta, Dirty linen is put in the basket. In this instance, however, we have an example of the reflexive used impersonally as a substitute for the passive. The verb is in the third person singular, with the reflexive se as its object, but no subject is expressed. In such cases the verb is connected to the rest of the sentence by an adverb, conjunction or equivalent word: Pee que la reina esta enferma, It is said that the queen is ill, Se bafia aqui en el verano, People bathe here in summer. Sdlo en Paris se vive, It’s only in Paris that one really lives. 57LECCION 22 En [a oficina de cambio y en el banco . Eso, ‘‘that’’, is the neuter form of the demonstrative pronoun ése. It docs not refer to a specified noun but to some statement, remark or abstract idea. (See Lesson 17, § 6.) . Cuando haya Ilegado el jefe, ‘‘ when the manager will be here’’. Haya llegado is the perfect subjunctive of llegar. The subjunctive is required. here after cuando referring to indefinite future time. . Suelto, ‘“ (small) change’’. Change from an amount paid is vuelta or cambio. . Sino le molesta, ‘‘if you don’t mind”’, “‘if it’s no trouble to you”’. Molestar and the noun molestia are basic words in Spanish ‘which you will hear any number of times a day. No se moleste is the normal way of saying “‘ please don’t bother’, Note also: Qué molestia!, What a nuisance! Me temo que le estamos molestando, I’m afraid we're making a nuisance of ourselves. El mapa, ‘‘the map”’. Note the gender of this word, which is an exception to the rule that nouns ending in -a are feminine. Com- pare also: el dia, ‘‘ the day’, and el planeta, ‘‘the planet’. Other exceptions to this rule are a number of nouns, largely of Greck origin, which end in -ma: el programa, ‘‘ the programme ”’; el lema, “the motto ’’; el dilema, ‘‘ the dilemma’’. . Saldré, ‘I shall leave’’. Saldré is the 1st person sing., future tense of the irregular verb salie. See Appendix, § 4. 58Ts LECCION 23 EI servicio postal Si uno quiere, “‘if you wish”’, ‘‘if someone wishes'’. Uno is occasionally used pronominally with the meaning of “you” in an indefinite sense of ‘‘someone’’, ‘‘anyone’’, ‘‘a person’’. Echar la carta a uno de los buzones, ‘‘ to drop the letter in one of the letter-boxes’”’. Note this idiomatic way of saying “‘to post a letter” in Spanish. Echar is a very common verb with a multitude of different meanings, some of them very colloquial. Its primary meaning is “to throw”’ or “‘to cast’’. Note the following idioms in which it occurs: echar carnes, to put on weight; to grow fat echar suertes, to draw lots echar a perder, to spoil; to deteriorate echar (una) mano, to lend a hand echar chispas, to be very angry (lit. to emit sparks) Qué echan?, What’s on? (cinema, radio, etc.) A curious idiomatic phrase is echar de menos which means ‘‘ to miss ”’ in the sense of to feel the absence of someone or something: Le echamos a Wd. de menos en el baile, We missed you at the dance. Echaré de menos nuestros paseos, I shall miss our walks. . Un estanco is a government store for the sale of stamps, tobacco, matches, etc. . Si usted quiere que su carta Ilegue ms pronto, “if you want your letter to arrive sooner”. Note the use of the subjunctive (Ilegue) in a subordinate clause introduced by que where English has the infinitive (to arrive). The English so-called ‘‘ accusative and in- finitive” construction must be rendered in Spanish by a dependent clause. This is because the implied subject of an infinitive in Spanish cannot normally be other than that of the main verb. Compare: Quiero escribirlo, I want to write it (i.e I want that I write it). Quiero que Alberto lo escriba, I want Albert to write it (i.e. I want that Albert write it). Alberto quiere que lo escriba yo, Albert wants me to write it (Albert wants that I write it). 59(23) 5 Enviela por avién, “‘send it by air’’; un sefior envia una carta, “a man is sending a letter”. When the stem of a verb of the 1st conjugation ends in a weak vowel (i.e. i or u), the written accent is required before unstressed terminations beginning with a vowel. In other words, this vowel bears a written accent in the first, second and third persons singular and the third person plural of the pre- sent indicative and subjunctive. See S.N. to Lesson 23. . El correo es Ilevado . . . por un cartero, “the mail is delivered . +. by a postman’’. This is an example of the true passive in Spanish. The passive is formed by combining the verb ser with the past participle, which agrees with the subject of the verb. It is important to distinguish between the true passive, as here, and the use of the past participle with the verb estar. The latter merely denotes the condition of a thing or person: La puerta es cerrada por la criada, The door is closed by the maid. (Passive) La puerta esta cerrada, The door is closed (i.e. not open). (Condition) . LOS telegramas, “‘telegrams’’. See Lesson 22, § 5. . No se equivoque de ventanilla, ‘‘ Don’t make a mistake in the win- dow (counter) ’’, i.e. ‘‘ Don’t go to the wrong counter’’. Note the idiom with equivocarse, “to make a mistake’’. Equivocarse is an orthographic-changing verb, conjugated like tocar. See Appendix. . Si hay mucha gente, ‘‘if there are many people’. La gente, “people”, is singular in Spanish and is therefore qualified by a singular adjective. 60SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (a) Enviar, “to send’’: Pres. Indic. ‘envio envias envia enviamos envidis envian Imperative: envia Pres. Subj. envie envies envie enviemos enviéis envien enviad Aniiong the verbs in -iar which do NOT accent the vowel are: cambiar, ‘to exchange”; estudiar, ‘‘to study’; principiar, “‘to begin’; remediar, “‘ to remedy ” (b) Continuar, ‘ to continue Pres, Indic continio continias continia continuamos continudis contintan Imperative: contintia Pres, Subj. continue continues continue continuemos continuéis continéen continuad Verbs ending in -guar do NOT accent the vowel. 61LECCION 24 En la oficina de cotreos y telégrafos . @Podria usted decirme?, ‘Could you tell me?” Podria is the conditional form of the irregular verb poder, ‘‘to be able’’. See Lesson 16, §2, and Appendix, § 4. . Yo tampoco soy de aqui, ‘I’m a stranger here too”, “I’m not from here either’’. See Lesson 6, § 7. 3. Puede ser, “‘ It is possible ’’, lit. ‘It can be’’. . Le pueda ayudar, “can help you’’. The subjunctive is used here after an impersonal expression (puede ser) implying uncer- tainty. When a present participle or an infinitive is used with an auxiliary verb, the object pronoun may either precede the auxiliary, as here, or follow the participle or infinitive, e.g. pueda ayudarle. Compare: Me esta ayudando or esta ayudandome, He is helping me. . Siga, “follow”, is the polite imperative from the verb seguir, which is both radical and orthographical-changing. See Appendix. §3. Vuelva, “‘turn’’, is the imperative of the irregular verb volver, for the conjugation of which see Appendix, § 4. . A media manzana, “‘ in the middle of the block”’. Note this idiom Una manzana also means “an apple”. - No hay de qué, “‘ Don’t mention it”’. This should be one of the first clichés the student learns. It is used far more often than the equivalent English phrase and is in fact the automatic response to the word gracias. One also hears the expression de nada used with the same meaning. 4 Quiere indicar?, will you put?”’ or ‘ would you mind putting?” See Lesson 12, § 4. Su cambio, “‘ your change’. See Lesson 22, § 3. 62Io. II. 2. . Esta para salir, LECCION 25 Los viajes . Hoy en dia, “nowadays”. One can also say hoy dia. . Ya sea... 0, ‘‘whether... or’. Sea, ‘‘it may be”’, is the present subjunctive of ser, “to be’’. . En tren, “by train’’. Also en autocar, ‘‘ by coach’’, en autobts, “by bus’’, en coche, “‘ by car’’. Cruzan, “cross”, Cruzar is an orthographic-changing verb con- jugated like lanzar, “‘to throw’. See Appendix, § 2. . Vuelan, “fly”. Volar is another radical-changing verb conjugated like encontrar, “to find’’. See Appendix, § 3. . A pesar de, “‘in spite of ’’. The use of pesar, ‘‘to weigh’’, “‘ to consider”, in this phrase conveys the sense of “after consider- ing” Para viajar a larga distancia, ‘‘ for long journeys”, “‘ to travel long distances”. Note the adverbial phrase a larga distancia. “is about to leave’. Estar para . . . means “to be about to (do something)’. Compare: Estoy para escribir una carta, I’m about to write a letter. Estan para subir al tren, They are about to get on the train. . Se divierten al ver, ‘(amuse themselves (by) watching”. Com- pare Lesson 5, § 2. Buscando, ‘‘ looking for’’. Note that no preposition is needed in Spanish, as there is in English. Compare this with entrar en, where the preposition is required in Spanish but not in English. Bajan, “‘ get off’. Se suben, “get on”. Note the verbs bajar (de) and subir(se) (en), “to get off’ and ‘‘to get on” a bus or train. These verbs also mean ‘‘ to descend’’ and ‘‘to ascend’’ respectively. Los que no han conseguido, ‘‘ those who have not obtained”. The forms of the definite article are sometimes used as demonstrative pronouns followed by a relative. 63LECCION 26 En Ia estacién del ferrocarril . De ida y vuelta, ‘‘return’’. Ida, “‘departure’’, and vuelta, “‘ re- turn’’, are nouns taken from the verbs ir, ‘‘to go’’, and volver, “to return’’. Un billete de ida y vuelta, ‘‘a return ticket’. . Sencillo, ‘‘single’’, also means ‘‘plain”’, “simple ’’, or “‘ easy’. Un billete sencillo, ‘a single ticket’’. . Cambiar de tren, “to change (trains)’’. Note that in Spanish “train” is in the singular in this phrase. yOigal, “listen”, “I say!” This exclamation is taken from the imperative of the verb oir, “‘to hear”. The verb is irregular and the full conjugation is given in the Appendix, § 4. . gQuiere hacerme el favor de facturar mi maleta?, “Would you mind registering my suitcase?’’, ‘‘ Will you please register my suit- case'’. Compare this use of facturar meaning ‘to register” with Lesson 25, where it means ‘‘ to deposit’’. The meaning of the verb depends entirely on the context. In the commercial world it can also mean ‘‘to invoice ’’. . El de las diez y ocho horas, “ the 6 p.m., lit. the one of 18.00’. In order to avoid ambiguity, the 24 hour system is widely used in Spain for official times, as in this sentence. For instance ‘‘ Ir a.m.” is las once horas, while “11 p.m.” is las veintitrés horas. The definite article usually replaces the demonstrative pronoun before a prepositional or relative clause. In the equivalent English con- struction, we find ‘‘ the one who (that)”’, ‘that of’’, or the pos- sessive case, as in the following examples: Dojia Beatriz es la que ha hecho eso, Dofia Beatriz is the one who did that. 4Cual es el jefe? El de la camisa roja, Which is the leader? The one in the red shirt. Vaya Vd. a mi casa o a la de mi hermano, Go to my house or my brother’s (i.e. that of my brother). . El coche comedor, ‘‘the dining-car’’. Note also el coche cama, “the sleeping-car ”’. 648. Io. (26) Si no tiene retraso el tren, “if the train is not late’’. Tener retraso means “‘ to be late’’ in connection with trains, watches, etc. When speaking of people one would use estar tarde or llegar tarde. . Antes de que salga el tren, ‘before the train leaves”. Salga is the present subjunctive of salir, ‘“‘to leave’’, the full conjugation of which is given in the Appendix. The subjunctive is used here after antes de que, a temporal conjunction which always requires the subjunctive. "Even in the case of past time, its clause, al- though stating what is now known to be true, expresses what was not a fact at the time denoted by the main verb. El escalador se escapé antes de que Ilegase la policia, The burglar escaped before the police arrived. Algo para leer, ‘something to read’’. Note the use of para here indicating purpose. 65 S.BExSLECCION 27 Un viaje por mar y por avién This lesson illustrates the use of the past definite and the imperfect tenses in Spanish, and students should study carefully the circum- stances in which each tense is employed. . Acompaié, “I accompanied”. Iba, ‘was going”. Acompaié is the first person singular, past definite of the regular verb acom- pafiar, “to accompany”. Iba is the third person singular, imper- fect, of the irregular verb ir, “to go’’. For the endings of the past definite and imperfect tenses see S-NV. to this lesson. The imperfect is a descriptive tense. It is used to express an incom- plete or habitual action of past time or to indicate something that was in progress when something else happened. _It is often equiva- Jent to English ‘‘ used to’”’ or ‘‘ was doing”’. Note, for instance, in this lesson, the progressive actions indicated by: que iba, ‘‘ who was going’; la tripulacién se ocupaba de, “the crew were busy with . . . ’’; los oficiales vigilaban, ‘‘ the officers were watching ’’; los remolcadores ayudaban, “‘ the tugs were helping.’’ On the other hand, the past definite is used when speaking of events that took place at a definite time in the past, having no connection whatever with the present, and were not repeated as far as is known. It isa narrative tense, Note how in this lesson the verb connected with each step in the story is in the past definite: acompaiié, “I accom- panied ’’; llegamos, “‘ we arrived’’: subi a bordo, “‘I went on board’’; el capitan aparecié, “‘the captain appeared”; sond la sirena, “‘the siren sounded ’”’; los visitantes bajaron de a bordo, “the visitors went ashore’’, etc. Faltaba una hora para que saliera el vapor, ‘‘ There was an hour to spare before the ship sailed (was due to sail)’’, lit. ‘‘ there was lacking an hour . . . ’’. Faltar is used impersonally, e.g.: Me faltan nuevos zapatos, ‘‘I need some new shoes’’. . Saliera is the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive of salir, “to leave o7 sail’’. See Lesson 19, §5. At the time of speaking the ship had not sailed, so we cannot use the indicative here, which would imply a fact of the past. For the endings of the imperfect subjunctive, see Appendix, § 1 (g). . Por consiguiente, “consequently”. Note also de consiguiente, which has the same meaning. - A bordo, ‘on board’’. Note the preposition:used in Spanish. 667) 6. Veia la enorme gréa depositar la carga en la bodega, ‘“‘ I watched the huge crane lowering the cargo into the hold’’. Note the use-of the infinitive depositar here. Verbs denoting perception by the senses, such as oir, ‘‘to hear’’, and ver, ‘‘to see’’, are followed by an infinitive where English may have an infinitive or a present or past participle. Examples: Lo hemos oido decir que . . . , We have heard it said that - Vi correr a los nifios, I saw the children run or running . . . 7. Bajaron de a bordo, “left the ship” o “went ashore’’, lit. “descended from on board” 8. Ayudaban al vapor a salir, “were helping the ship to leave’”’ Note that the ship is personified here, and is therefore preceded by the personal a. Note also that ayudar is followed by the preposi- tion a before a dependent infinitive. g. Yo tuve que ir, ‘I had to go”. Tuve is the first person singular, past definite of the ee verb tener (awe), “to have (to) ” ee Appendix, § 4. to. Hice, ‘‘I made’, is the first person singular, past definite, of the irregular verb hacer. See Appendix, § 4. 11. Me condujo, ‘“‘took me’’. Conducir, ‘‘to take, drive’’, is an irregular verb. See Appendix, § 4. 12. Me diigi al avién, ‘‘I made my way to the plane”. Dirigirse a, “‘to make one’s way to(wards)”’, ‘‘to go to(wards)’’, “to apply to”, is an orthographical-changing verb, the g changing to j before the vowels a, 0 and u, to preserve the soft j sound. See Appendix, §2. 13. Despegé, “took off’’. Past definite tense of despegar, an ortho- gtaphical-changing verb conjugated like llegar. See Appendix, §2. 14. Aterrizamos, “we landed’’. Aterrizar, ‘‘to land’’. La tierra, “the earth”’, ‘the ground’. 67SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (a) Formation of the past definite. The past definite tense of regular verbs is formed by adding certain endings to the stem of the verb (ie. that part which is leit after taking away -ar, ser, or -ir). Examples of each group are given below: hablar, “‘ to speak'’. hablé T spoke hablaste you spoke hablé he, she, it, you spoke hablamos we spoke hablasteis you spoke hablaron they, you spoke vender, “to sell”. vendi T sold vendiste ou sold vendié ¢ she, it, you sold vendimos we sold vendisteis you sold vendieron they, you sold recibir, ‘to receive” recibi T received recibiste you received recibié he, she, it, you received recibimos we received recibisteis you received recibieron they, you received Note that the first person plural of -ar and -ir verbs is identical with the first person plural of the present tense. The exact meaning can usually be seen from the context. (b) Formation of the imperfect tense. The imperfect tense is formed by adding certain endings to the stem of the verb, according to whether it belongs to the -ar, -er, or «ir group. hablar, “‘ to speak’, hablaba, I was speaking, I'used to speak, I spoke, etc. hablabas hablaba hablabamos hablabais hablaban vender, ‘‘to sell’’. vendia, I was selling, I used to sell, I sold, etc. vendias vendian 4 recibir, ‘‘ to receive” recibia, I was receiving, I used to receive, I received, ete recibias 68Te LECCION 28 En el vapor Los de primera clase . . . los de segunda, ‘first class (passengers), . . second class (passengers)””. Note again the use of the definite article in a demonstrative sense: “‘ those of the first-class, . . . those of the second’’. See Lesson 26, § 6. . En la cubierta, “on deck”’. Note the use of the article in Spanish . Sentémonos aqui, ‘Let us sit here’. The first person plural im- perative drops the s before nos, as here. Compare: vamonos, “‘Iet’s go away ’’, which is a combination of vamos and nos. Note also that the second person plural (the familiar form) of the im- perative drops the final d before adding the reflexive pronoun os, e.g. quedaos, “stay”. . Camino de, ‘‘on the way to’’, “en route for’. Un camino is a “Toad”, “trip’’ or “journey’’. . No fue nada agradable, ‘It was far from pleasant ’’. Note that nada may be followed by a qualifying adjective, which is masculine in that case. But if this qualifying adjective is pre- ceded by de it may agree with the noun to which it relates: No queremos hacer nada imprudente, We don’t want to do anything unwise. but Esta novedad no tiene nada de nueva, This novelty hasn’t anything new about it. . Precisamente eso haré, “I certainly shall’’, lit. ‘Exactly that I will do’. Haré is the irregular future tense of hacer, ‘to do”’, “to make’. See Appendix, § 4. . Mas rapido, “more quickly’. Rapido, an adjective, is here used as an adverb. It is possible to use certain adjectives in Spanish as adverbs, in the masculine singular form, e.g.: alto, ““ high’; bajo, “low ’’; pronto, ‘‘ soon’; recio, “‘ recently ”’; temprano, “‘ early ”’. The true adverbial form of rapido is, of course, rapidamente. Ya es hora de desembarcar, “it is time to go ashore’’. Ya is one of the commonest words in the Spanish language and, as stated in Lesson 12, § 2, it has a variety of meanings. Generally speaking, the use of ya can only be learnt by experience since it is used in many contexts, as here, where there is no exact equivalent in English. 69(28) Io. . Algo que declarar, “‘ anything to declare’’. Note this elliptical use of que here before an infinitive. In such cases poder or a similar verb can be understood, e.g.: No hay nada que comer, There is nothing to eat. Quiero algo que hacer, I want something to do. Traigo, ‘‘I bring’’, is the first person singular present tense of the irregular verb traer. See Appendix, § 4. 70I 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7: 8. LECCIGN 29 Una calle de Madrid Una de las calles mas hermosas de Madrid, ‘‘ One of the most beautiful streets in Madrid’’. For the comparison of adjectives, see the S.N. to this lesson. Note that after a speriatives Spanish uses the preposition de where English normally has “‘in’’. Com- pare: Londres es ta ciudad mds grande del mundo, London is the largest city in the world. Juan es el muchacho mas inteligente de la clase, John is the most intelligent boy in the class. Rascacielos, ‘ epye” ”, is invariable. Rascar, ‘‘ to scrape, scratch”. Cielo, “ sk De estilo norteamericano, “in the (north) American style”’ Sino, “but”. See Lesson 13, § 16. La esquina, “‘ the corner’’. Note also hacer esquina, “‘to be on a corner (site) ’’, i.e. mi casa hace esquina, ‘‘my house is on the corner’; a la vuelta de la esquina, ‘around the corner’’. As you will see from these examples, esquina refers to an outside corner. An inside corner is un rincén: el rincén del cuarto, “ the corner of the room’”’ Mas bien parece una catedral, ‘‘ it looks more like a cathedral ’’. Parecer means literally “‘to appear’ or ‘‘to seem’’ but it also translates the English expression ‘‘to look like”, and can also be applied to the other senses in this way: Parece un extranjero, He looks like a foreigner. Parece una explosién, It sounds like an explosion. Parece mantequilla, It tastes like butter. As explained in the S.N. to this lesson, bien has an irregular comparative mejor. Mas bien is not a true comparative of bien. It means “‘ rather ’’ and is used to correct or qualify a previous word or statement. Envio, ‘sending’, ‘‘despatch’’. Note the accent on this word, which indicates that the two vowels are to be pronounced separately and not as a diphthong. Hasta las dos de la madrugada, “‘ until two o’clock in the morn- ing’. Note the preposition de. La madrugada, “‘ davwth’’, ‘early morning”’. nASUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Degrees of comparison. (a) The comparison of Spanish adjectives and adverbs is formed by inserting més, ‘" more’’, before the positive. The superlative is the same as the com- parative with the addition, in the case of adjectives, of the definite article. The article is not used with the superlative of an adverb unless the latter is accompanied by posible or some other expression denoting possibility, in which case the neuéer article is used. Positive Comparative Superlative “* pretty" “ prettier ’” “ prettiest ’” lindo as lindo el més lindo linda la mas linda lindos los mas lindos lindas Jas més lindas Adverbs: distintamente, clearly; ms distintamente, more or most clearly Hablaba lo menos posible, He spoke as little as possible. Lo hizo lo mejor que podia, He did it as best he could. When the superlative adjective follows the noun, the article precedes the latter. If a possessive adjective is required, this replaces the article Examples: el rio mas largo, the longest river las calles mas hermosas, the most beautiful streets mi amigo mas querido, my dearest friend (b) The adjectives bueno and malo have an irregular comparison: Positive Comparative Superlative bueno, good mejor, better el mejor, the best malo, bad peor, worse el peor, the worst (c) Grande, “large”, and pequefio, ‘small’, are usually compared regularly but they also have the irregular forms: grande, mayor, el mayor; pequefio, menor, ef menor. When applied to persons, mayor means “older” and menor, ‘' younger". Mas grande and més pequefio are preferred when the words are used literally and with reference to physical attributes. Examples: Carlos es mayor que Rosita y menor que Carmen, Carlos is older than Rosita and younger than Carmen. Mi hermano menor es mas grande que yo, My younger brother is taller than I (am). Corresponding adverbs are: bien, well; mejor, better, best mal, badly; peor, worse, worst mucho, much, a great deal; mas, more, most poco, little, not much; menos, less, least 72LECCION 30 Pidiendo direccién 1. 4A dénde nos lleva, esta calle?, ‘‘ Where does this street take us to?” Llevar means ‘‘ to take, ead or carry’, but can also be used jdiomatically to express length of time: zCudnto tiempo tleva Vd. en Espaiia?, How long have you been in Spain? 2. 4 Qué tal?, “how are you?”’, is the most usual greeting between people who have met before and are of comparatively equal status. Degrees of familiarity are indicated by other words used in connec- tion with it. For instance, thola!, gqué tal? is a very familiar greeting and would only be used between people who knew each other well. Qué tal esta Vd.? is more polite and roughly trans- lates the English “how are you?” It is a question and therefore really requires an answer such as muy bien, gracias, ,y Vd.? Qué tal? by itself does not require an answer and the greeting can be answered simply by another 4 qué tal? eQué tal si. . ° ? is a useful phrase to learn and means “‘ how about... ?’’, ‘suppose... ?’’ e.g.: 4.Qué tal'si de hoy en ocho dias vamos al teatro?, How about going to the theatre today week? 3. Pues, “well”. Used as frequently to begin a sentence in Spanish as the equivalent word is in English. 4. A mi me gusta mucho, “I like it very much”’. Mi is the preposi- tional form of the object pronoun. (See S.N. to Lesson 5 for com- plete list.) It is used here for emphasis. 5. Mi hermanita, “my young sister’, my little sister’. The ter- mination -ito (-a) is one of the most common diminutives. It con- veys the idea of ‘‘pretty’’, “sweet”, “‘dear”’, ‘‘nice’’, etc., as well as ‘‘little’”’. The frequent use of diminutives is one of the most remarkable features of Spanish. The student should however avoid attaching them indiscriminately to any and every word as the use of these suffixes is frequently determined solely by precedent or euphony. 6. Resulta, ‘‘is”’, “turns out’’. Resultar is often used impersonally, e.g. me resulta muy agradable, “I like it”. No nos resultaba muy confortable, We weren't very com- fortable. 3(30) 7. Io. I. 12. 13. Simpitico, “pleasant”, ‘“ agreeable”. This adjective is very much used in connection with persons and means “‘ nice” in the sense of having an attractive personality or being easy to get on with, etc.: es un chico muy simpético, “‘ he’s a very nice chap’. The opposite is antipatico, ‘‘ unpleasant ’’, ‘‘ disagreeable’’. ; gQuiere Vd. que vayamos . . . ?, ‘‘ would you like (us) to go...?”, “Shall we go... ?’’. Vayamnos is the first person plural, present subjunctive of ir, “to go’’. The subjunctive is used after verbs of wishing when there is a change of subject. See Lesson 23, $4. . Creo que debemos . . . , pero puede ser que tengamos que... , “T believé we have to... . but it’s possible that we (shall) have to...” (ie. we may have to). Note this sentence, which is a good example of the use of the indicative and the subjunctive. Creo que here shows positive belief and is therefore followed by the indicative. Puede ser implies doubt and is therefore followed by the subjunctive. Lo hemos pasado muy divertido, “we have thoroughly enjoyed ourselves’, ‘“‘ we have had a very good time”’ (lit. we have spent it very entertainingly). See Lesson 28, § 7, regarding the use of the adjective (here divertido) where English would call for an adverb or adverbial expression). Ahora buscaremos un restaurante donde se coma bien, ‘“‘ Now we'll look for a restaurant where one can (possibly) get a good meal ’’. Notice the use of se impersonal reflexive, which conveys the idea of “people” or ‘one’. See Lesson 21, §9. The subjunc- tive is used here because it is not ‘‘ known’’ that one can get a good meal at the restaurant, it is mere supposition. Compare: Conozco un restaurante donde se come bien, I know a res- taurant where one can get a good meal. Pescado, ‘‘fish’’. Pescar, “‘to fish’’. Pescador, “‘ fisherman”’. Note that fish which has been caught is pescado, but fish which is still living in the water is pez (plural peces). Compare: Puedo ver un pez en el rio, I can see a fish in the river. 1Hombre, si!, ‘‘I should say so!’’, ‘‘ Rather!’’ In conversation the words hombre, sefior and mujer are frequently used interjectionally for emphasis or remonstrance. When so used they have lost their literal meaning to such an extent that hombre can be addressed to a woman. 74b LECCION 31 Una visita a Madrid Si mi hermano tuviese . . . iriamos, ‘if my brother had . , . we would go’’. See Lesson at, § x. . En la misma época que yo, “‘at the same time as I’’, There are a number of nouns in Spanish which translate the English ‘‘ time '’, but which are distinct in their usages. Epoca is a fixed point of time: En aquella época vivia yo en Barcelona, At that time I was living in Barcelona. Tiempo means “‘time’’ in its widest and most general sense: No tengo tiempo de practicar, I haven't time to practise. Vd. ha Ilegado a tiempo, You have arrived in time. Plazo is a period of time appointed or agreed upon: El plazo se ha cumplido, The time has expired. sefalar un plazo, to appoint a time Rato is an undetermined short space of time. It frequently trans- lates the English ‘‘ while ’’. a ratos perdidos, in one’s spare time al poco rato, in a little while Vez means ‘‘time”’ in the sense of ‘‘ occasion’’: Es la primera vez que he visitado Madrid, It is the first time that I have visited Madrid. See also Lesson 5, § 8. Hora is used for time of day: ¢ Qué hora es?, What’s the time? . La capital, ‘‘ the capital’’. Note that this word is feminine when it means a capital city, and masculine when it is used in a financial or commercial sense: capital fijo, “fixed capital’’; capital lucra- tivo, “‘ productive capital”; capital social, ‘capital stock”. Note also lo capital, “the main thing”, “ the essential point”. . Ribera, José (1588-1652). Spanish painter and etcher. One of the leading painters of the Neapolitan school. . Zurbaran, Francisco de (15982-1664). Spanish painter. Court painter to Philip IV. Known particularly for his religious paintings. El Greco, ‘‘ the Greek’’, was the foremost painter of the Castilian school in the 16th century and the leading exponent of Spanish 5@1) mysticism in painting. His full name was Domenico Theotoko- poulos and he was born in Crete. He was a pupil of Titian (c. 1560-1570) and came to Spain in about 1576 when he settled in Toledo. . Velazquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva (1599-1660). Spanish painter, born in Seville. Appointed court painter in 1623. Con- sidered leading representative of naturalism in painting. . Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban (1617-1682). Spanish painter of the Andalusian school, born in Seville. Known especially as a colourist, particularly as a master of colour contrast. . Goya, Francisco José de (1746-1828). Spanish painter, etcher and lithographer. Considered foremost painter of Spanish national customs. 76H LECCION 32 Un vistazo a Madrid 1De modo que por fin estamos . . . !, ‘‘So we are at last...” Here we have an instance of the conjunction de modo que fol- lewed by the indicative as it expresses result in this context. If it expresses the purpose or intention of an action then the subjunc- tive is required: Lo pongo aqui de modo que no lo VEA nadie, I am putting it here so that no one shall see it. . Lo mejor seria, “‘ the best thing would be. . . ’’. Another example of an adjective used as a noun and therefore preceded by the neuter article lo. Dar un paseito en coche, “‘to go for a short drive”. Paseito is the diminutive of un paseo, ‘a walk’. Note the following idioms in which paseo occurs: dar un paseo a caballo, to go for a ride (on horseback) dar un paseo en bicicleta, to go for a cycle ride dar un paseo en canoa, to go boating In all the above examples one could equally well use the verb pasearse, which means literally “to take a walk’. 1De acuerdol, “‘agreed!’’, ‘‘I agree!’’, “‘finel’’ The full expres- sion is estar de acuerdo con...en..., ‘‘to be in agreement with . about... . . Diré al taxista que nos ensefie, ‘‘I’ll tell the taxi driver to show us”. Here the subjunctive is used after an indirect command. Compare: Diga al mozo que suba el equipaje, Tell the porter to bring up the luggage. Compare Lesson 23, § 4. . Se observa a la gente, ‘‘ one watches the people’’, “‘ one studies the people’’. Note once again the use of the personal a. Compare Lesson 1, §12. If it were omitted in this case the phrase would mean ‘‘the people look at each other’, se observa la gente. Como Vd. quiera!, “just as you like”. Como may be followed by the subjunctive or indicative without any difference in the shade of meaning. . El Rastro, a famous street market in Madrid. TN(32) 10. IE, 12. . Pasen Vds. is roughly equivalent to ‘come in” or “come and have a look round” 1Pase Vd.! is the ‘usual exclamation if you are being shown in or out of a door. It can also mean “‘ come in” in answer to a knock at the door but a more usual expression for this is ;adelante! 4 Voy bien por aqui a la Castellana?, ‘Is this the right way for the Castellana?” (lit. am I going well through here to the Castellana?). Note this idiom. Siguiendo aquella calle, ‘“‘ (by) following that street... "’. Note that “by” with a present participle in English is expressed by the present participle alone in Spanish: Gana la vida vendiendo ropa usada, He earns his living by selling second-hand clothes. Dara Vd. con, ‘‘ you will come to’”’. Dar con, “‘ to come to”’, “to come upon”’, ‘‘ to encounter’, ‘‘to find’’. Por fin di con él, At last I found him. 8LECCION 33 Los grandes almacenes . Fui de compras, ‘I went shopping’. Compra, “ purchase”. Ir de compras, ‘to go shopping’’. Comprar, ‘‘ to buy’’. Compare: visita, ‘‘ visit’; ir de visita, “‘ to go visiting’, ‘‘ to go on a visit vacaciones, ‘‘ holidays’’, estar de vacaciones, ‘‘ to be on holiday . Uno de nuestros almacenes mas grandes, ‘‘one of our largest stores’’. As explained in the S.N. (a) to Lesson 29, a possessive adjective, when used before the noun, replaces the definite article in the formation of the superlative. . Me paseé , . . de departamento en departamento, ‘‘I wandered from department to department (from one department to another)’’. Pasearse, “‘to wander’’. . Maravillada de, ‘‘ amazed at’’. Note the use of the preposition de after the participle where in English we have ‘‘at’’. Maravillar, *‘to astonish ’’, ‘‘to amaze”’. Maravillarse de or con, ‘‘ to wonder at’’, ‘‘to marvel at’’. There is also the noun maravilla, ‘“‘ wonder ”” or ‘‘marvel’’, which is found in a number of idiomatic phrases, e.g.: a las maravillas or a las mil maravillas, ‘‘ magnificently ”; a maravilla, ‘‘ wonderfully well’’; por maravilla, “‘rarely’’, “‘ sel- dom”’; hacer maravillas con, “to do wonders with’’. . Me admiré lo amables y pacientes que son los dependientes, “I was struck by the friendliness and patience of the assistants’. “‘T was amazed how friendly and patient the assistants were’’. This is a very curious and very common Spanish construction. As already indicated in Lesson 12, § 9, adjectives and adverbs may be turned into abstract nouns by the addition of the neuter article lo. However, when lo preceding an adjective is followed by the relative que and a tense of ser, estar or one of their substitutes, the adjective agrees with the subject of the relative clause and lo has the force of the English adverb of degree ‘‘how’’. A study of the following examples will help to make this construction, which is very difficult to define and cannot be translated literally, clearer to the student: tAy, lo hermosos que son sus ojos!, How beautiful her eyes are! No sabia mi padre lo muy dificiles que eran estos problemas, My father didn’t know how difficult these problems were. Lo melancélica que esta la ciudad, The sadness that pervades the city. pn(33) 10, Ir. I2. . Hace veinte afios que salié Lo divertida que se pasé la noche, The entertaining way in which the night was spent. Another point to note in connection with this sentence is that when- ever there is a compound subject connected by y (e.g. lo amables y pacientes) and the verb (here: me admiré) comes first, the latter is often found in the singular, although the plural is strictly correct. . Me paseaba . . . cuando me sorprendi al encontrar, ‘‘I was wan- dering . . . when I was surprised to meet’’. This sentence is a good example of the difference in use between the imperfect and past definite tenses. (See Lesson 27, §1.) Sorprenderse means “to be surprised ’’. Una vieja’ amiga mia, “‘an old friend of mine’. See S.N. to Lesson 7 for the forms of the possessive adjectives used after nouns. . Que hacia afios que no Ia veia, ‘‘ whom I hadn’t seen for years ”’. As the present tense is used in such sentences where we have the perfect in English (see Lesson 3, §2), so the imperfect is used where we have the pluperfect. Compare: Hace afios que no VEO a Maria, I haven’t seen Mary for years. Hacia afios que no VEfA a Maria, I hadn’t seen Mary for years (It was years since I had seen Mary). . » Hace ocho dias que vino, ‘ She left 20 years ago . . . she came a week ago... ’’. The past definite is used here as the reference is to a definite time in the past. See Lesson 27, § I. Largamente, ‘‘ for a long time’”’. The adjective is largo, ‘long’. Do not confuse this with ‘‘ large’, which is grande. Poniéndonos al corriente de nuestros planes, ‘‘ bringing each other up-to-date with our plans’’. This is another Spanish idiom which has to be paraphrased rather than translated into English. It con- veys the sense of “‘telling each other all that has happened to them’’. Ponerse al corriente means ‘‘ to acquaint oneself ’’. Hacia muchisimo tiempo que no nos veiamos, ‘‘ It was so long since we had seen each other’’ or ‘‘ We hadn't seen each other for so long’’. It should be observed here, as also in §8 above, that, whichever way this construction is rendered in English, the negative (no) is essential in the Spanish. Note also the use of the so-called reciprocal pronoun (here nos) which has the same form as the re- flexive, but means “each other’. Compare: Los nifios se ven cada dia, ‘‘ The children see each other every day’’. 8013. 14. G3) Terminado el café y la charla, ‘‘ having finished our coffee and con- versation’”’. The past participle in Spanish may be used absolutely and then stands first in a clause, as here. The English rendering usually requires the present participle “‘having’’ combined with the past participle, e.g.: Dicho esto, sali, Having said this, he went out. In the example from the text, the past participle could be plural (terminados) to agree with both nouns, but in this absolute con- struction the tendency is to make it agree only with the first noun. Volvimos a hacer algunas compras, ‘We did some more shop- ping’’, ‘‘we carried on with our shopping’’. Compare Lesson 9, 89. 81 SEELECCION 34 De compras Qué clase queria Vd.?, ‘What kind did you want?” Spanish Sometimes uses the past tense in such circumstances in the same way as we do in English. yNo me toma la medida?, ‘‘ Won't you take my measurements?’” Note that in Spanish, “measurements” is in the singular form here, Le. la medida, although the plural is sometimes found. (See Lesson 35.) Once again the indirect object pronoun and the definite article are used in Spanish to render the English possessive adjective. . A ver, “let's see’’, a contraction of vamos a ver. Que debe estarle bien, “which ought to fit you’, “ which should be all right for you’’. Estar bien, “to be well”, “to be all right’. Estarle bien a uno, “‘to be all right for someone”, i-e. “to fit’. 1Qué bien me estan!, How well they fit me. . . Quisiera una bolsa y zapatos que hagan juego con estos guantes, *T should like a bag and shoes to match these gloves”, more strictly . . . “that match these gloves”. Again we have the sub- junctive (hagan) in an indefinite relative clause. If the speaker had said hacen, it would have implied “ (they) do match’’, but as she had not yet bought the bag and shoes such a statement of fact was impossible. Note the idiom hacer juego con, “to match”, “to go with”. . Los zapatos tendré que buscarlos, ‘You'll have to get the shoes Note the addition of the object pronoun after the infinitive. \As an extension of the double-pronoun construction re- ferred to in Lesson 4, §6, a pronoun is sometimes added in addi- tion to the noun object. Here, for instance, los duplicates the noun object los zapatos. This duplication occurs most often when, for the sake of emphasis, the noun precedes the verb, e.g.: A los nifios les mandé juguetes, I sent toys to the children. . Paguela en la caja, ‘Pay it at the cash-desk’’. Pague is the im- perative of the orthographical-changing verb pagar, “to pay”. ‘The w is inserted to keep the hard pronunciation of g, which would otherwise be pronounced as j, before e. Caja is the usual word for “box” but it can also mean a “cash-desk’’. ‘At the cash- desk” could be rendered more colloquially by en caja. Note also el cajero, “the cashier’; una caja fuerte, ‘a safe’, “‘a strong- box’; la caja de ahorros, ‘‘ the Savings Bank”’. 82G4) 8. Este color de guantes, ‘‘the colour of these gloves’’, lit. ‘‘ this 9. Io. In. 12. colour of gloves”. 2Qué numero calza?, ‘‘ What size do you take?’ Calzar means “to put on”, but only of shoes and gloves. For other articles of clothing ponerse is used. Compare Lesson 13, §§4, 10. Pruébese este par, ‘Try this pair on’. The reflexive verb pro- barse means “‘to try on clothes”. Pruébese is the imperative form of this radical-changing verb. 2No quisiera algo mas?, “Is there anything else you require?” Here is an exception to the rule that algo is replaced by nada in a negative sentence. Both algo and alguien may be used in a negative sentence if the speaker's thought is affirmative. In this case the shop assistant is secretly hoping that the customer does require some stockings, etc., in addition to her original purchase. Vuelva otea vez, “Come back again’’, a polite phrase sometimes used by an assistant to a customer on leaving the shop. 83Io. II. LECCION 35 Con el sastre y la modista Fui a la sastreria, ‘‘I went to the tailor’s’’. Fui is the first person singular, past definite, of both ser and ir and can mean “I was’’ or “I went’’. The context will usually give a clue to the meaning, as here. This phrase could not mean “I was at the tailor’s’’ as location is implied and estar would have to be used in this case, i.e. estuve con el sastre, . Me tomaron medidas, “‘ they measured me’’, ‘I was measured’’, “they took my measurements’’. Here the article is omitted (com- pare Lesson 34, §2. Note once more how the third person plural can be used impersonally in the same way as it can in English. . De franela color pardo, “‘ of dark grey flannel’. Note the word- order. . Dos o tres pruebas mas, ‘two or three more fittings’’. Note the word-order once again. . Hasta que no queda el traje perfectamente bien, “‘ until the suit fits perfectly ’’. A redundant no is frequently found after hasta que, “until '’, a menos que, ‘‘ unless ’’, and even other conjunctions, ina sentence where there is a sense of negation. The idea here is that the tailors are not satisfied ‘‘ all the while the suit does not fit perfectly ”’ . Su lema, ‘‘their motto’’. Note that this word is masculine. See Lesson 22, § 5. - Querria haber comprado, ‘‘I should like to have bought’’. The formation of this compound phrase is quite literal, i.e. the condi- tional ‘I should like”, querria, plus the perfect infinitive ““ to have bought”, haber comprado. El dinero no me alcanza, ‘‘I can’t afford it’’, lit. ‘‘the money doesn’t reach me’’. Note this idiom. Ya veremos el afio proximo, ‘“ We'll see (about it) next year”. Note once again the use of ya which cannot be translated into Eng- lish in this context. Trajes ya hechos, “‘ ready-made suits”. Another instance of ya used idiomatically. Los hechos a medida, ‘‘ made-to-measure ones’’. This is a short- ened form of los que son hechos a medida, ‘‘ those which are made to measure ’’, 84I2. 13. 14. 15. 16. gy 18. 19. G5) Cada vez més, “more and more”’, lit. ‘‘ each time more”. Simi- larly: cada vez mas frio, ‘‘colder and colder’’; cada vez mas hermosa, ‘‘ more and more beautiful ’’. La gente prefiere, ‘‘ people prefer’. Note the singular verb after gente. See Lesson 23, § 9. Los trajes hechos, a shortened form of los trajes ya hechos, “ ready- made-suits”. Cambia, “changes”. Cambiar is one of the few verbs in -iar which do not accent the vowel before unstressed terminations begin- ning with a vowel. See Lesson 23, §5, and S.N. to that lesson. Mi mujer si, ‘‘ my wife ’’. Compare this use of si with Lesson 2, § 6. Se compr6, ‘bought (for) herself’. This use of the indirect object pronoun is sometimes referred to as the dative of advantage. It is often rendered in English with the help of the preposition ‘for’. Further examples: Me han hallado un cuatto, They have found me a room (a room for me). Les he comprado un reloj, I have bought them a clock (a clock for them). Con la modista, “‘ at the milliner’s’’. Compare con el sastre in §1 above. Le sienta muy bien, “‘ it suits her very well’’. Sentar used transi- tively can mean “‘to suit’, ‘to fit’, “to become”, “to agree with”: El traje le sienta bien, The suit fits him well. No me sienta este clima, This climate does not agree with me. Los peinados de tiltima moda no sientan a todas las mujeres, The latest hair styles do not become (do not suit) all women. 85LECCION 36 El sefior se hace un traje . Se hace un traje, “has a suit made”. Strictly speaking, this should be se hace hacer un traje, but in this particular construction the infinitive is sometimes omitted in colloquial speech if the mean- ing is clear. . Quisiera que me hicieran, ‘‘ I should like you to make me’’. Here the imperfect subjunctive quisiera is used in place of the condi- tional, and is followed by the imperfect subjunctive used as such, after an expressed wish. . gQué podria yo decirle de esta tela gris? Basta verla. The literal rendering is ““ What could I tell you about this grey cloth? It is sufficient to see it’’. The implied meaning is ‘‘ What need I say about this grey cloth? You have only to look at it (to see that the quality is good)”. . Algo més obscura y més fuerte, ‘‘ something darker and more hard- wearing”’. In spite of the preceding indefinite algo, the adjectives are feminine, as they refer back to tela. Obscura is sometimes spelt oscura, but in any case b before s is frequently silent. If not silent, it is pronounced as p. Fuerte usually means “' strong” or ‘loud ”’ but it is best translated by ‘‘hard-wearing” in this context. . Pase para acd, ‘‘come in here’”’. Aqui and aca both mean “here” but strictly speaking aqui only applies to'a definite place whereas aca indicates vagueness of place or motion towards a place. Note also the preposition para here to convey the idea of destination, and compare with pase por aca, which means “‘ come this way ’’ or “come through here’’, i.e. through a door, for instance, or along a passage. . g Cuando puedo probarlo?, ‘‘ When can I try it (on)?”’ Probar, a radical-changing verb, can also mean “‘ to taste’ or “‘ to sample’’: Pruebe Vd. este vino, Taste this wine. Dejé la paella sin probarlo, I left the ‘ paella” untasted. . Le parece el martes préximo por la tarde?, ‘‘ How about next Tuesday afternoon?”’, lit. “‘ Do you think next Tuesday afternoon?”’ . Es posible que sea la tiltima moda, ‘It may be the latest fashion”. Note the use of the subjunctive here after an impersonal expression implying doubt. . Puede envidrmelo, “‘ You can send it to me’’. Note the addition of the accent to denote the stress. 86LECCION 37 El estanco Cuyo escaparate, ‘‘ whose window’’, ‘‘the window of which’’. This relative pronoun, like the possessive pronouns (see Lesson “7, §5) agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, not with the possessor, e. ; La sefiora cuyas hijas estan en Francia, The lady whose daughters are in France. El ermitaio, cuya barba era mas blanca que la nieve, The hermit, whose beard was whiter than snow. . Presenta un aspecto que invita a probar, ‘‘ scems to invite one to sample’, more literally ‘‘ presents an aspect which invites one to sample’’. Note this use of the relative clause here, which is often used to translate the English present participle. Compare: Le dio una caja que contenia un collar de oro, He gave her a box containing a gold necklace. . Un sinntimero de cigarrillos, ‘a great many cigarettes ’’, ‘‘ an end- less number of cigarettes’’. The literal meaning of sinntmero is, of course, ‘‘ without number’’. . Los cigartillos son ms populares que los puros, “ Cigarettes are more popular than cigars”. Note the use of the definite article in Spanish before nouns used in a general sense to denote the entire class to which they belong. _ La pipa se emplea, “the pipe is used’, i.e. ‘' some people smoke pipes”. This is another instance of the reflexive used with passive meaning. . Sus propios cigarrillos, ‘their own cigarettes”. Propio emphasizes the word it accompanies. After a possessive adjective it is rendered ‘own’, As an ordinary adjective propio stands after the noun and is generally followed by one of the prepositions de, para or a. With de it means “becoming” or ‘‘ appropriate to’’: ‘Su conducta no era propia de un oficial y caballero, His con- duct was unbecoming to an officer and gentleman. With para or a it means ‘‘ suitable for”: Esta pelicula no es propia para los nifios, This film is not suit- able for children. Estas frutas son propias a hacer dulces, This fruit is suitable for making jam. . Poca gente las usa, ‘‘ few people use them”. Note once again the singular use of the feminine noun gente, “‘ people". 87LECCION 38 Comprando cigarrillos . Del extranjero o del pais?, ‘‘ from abroad or from this country?’’, ie. “‘ foreign or home-produced ’’. - ~ Qué tal son esos ovalados?, ‘‘ What are those oval ones like?”’ Noie this use of qué tal? It is important to distinguish between the use of this expression with ser and estar. 3 Qué tal es? means “What is he (she or it) like?’’ whereas ,qué tal esta? means “ How is he (she or it?) or, as stated in Lesson 30, §2, “‘ how are you?”’ Compare: Qué tal es la casa de Maria?, What is Mary’s house like? zQué tal estan sus hijos?, How are your children? Esos ovalados is masculine plural to agree with cigarrillos under- stood. iOjala no me ieriten la gargantal, ‘‘ I only hope they won't irritate my throat’. The subjunctive, expressing an unfulfilled wish, is used after ojal4, which may or may not be followed by que. Ojala is derived from the Arabic “‘in sha'llah’’ and means literally “Allah grant that’’. Examples: jOjala fuesen asi todas las mujeres!, If only all women were like that! iOjalé (que) fuera eso posible!, If only that were possible. Ojala que no lo hubiera hecho nunca!, Would that I had never done it!I. . Esmalte para uias, ‘nail varnish ’’; limas para ufias, LECCION 39 La peluqueria y el salon de belleza Se ocupaba principalmente de los hombres, ‘‘ was principally con- _cerned with (or devoted himself principally to) men’. Note the verb ocuparse de, ‘to be occupied with’, and the use of the defi- nite article before hombres, as we are speaking of men in general. . A arteglarse la barba y el bigote, “‘ to have their beards and mous- taches trimmed”’. Once again the factitive verb hacer is omitted (see Lesson 36, § t) as there can be no doubt of the actual meaning. They would hardly be going to the barber’s if they could trim their own beards and moustaches and therefore the reflexive infinitive must have a passive meaning in this context. There are several examples of this construction in this lesson: a cortarse el pelo, ‘‘to have their hair cut’’; a lavarse y matcarse el pelo, ‘‘ to have their hair washed and set”’, a tefiirselo, ‘‘ to have it dyed’’, etc. Note also that la barba and el bigote are in the singular in Spanish where we would have the plural in English. This is usual when speaking of things, particularly parts of the body or articles of clothing, only one of which belongs to each of a number of individuals. . Es costumbre que la manicura les arregle las manos, “‘ It is usual for the manicurist to attend to their hands’”’. Note the use of the subjunctive here after an impersonal verb (es costumbre). . Muchas suelen comprar, ‘many usually buy’. Compare Lesson 17, §7- “nail files’’; lapices para labios, “‘lip-sticks’’. Note the use of para in these expressions denoting the purpose for which the objects are in- tended. . Sélo, “‘only’’. Note that the adverb is written with an accent. Solo is an adjective and means ‘‘alone”’, “‘lonely’’, or “‘sole’’. 89LECCION 40 En la peluqueria 4Qué se le ofrece hoy?, “What can I do for you today?”, lit. " What is offered to you today?” Note this impersonal approach which is often used when wishing to be very polite. . Un champ. Note the irregular pronunciation of this word due to the fact that it is of foreign origin (from the Hindustani champo). . Le diré que venga, ‘‘I’ll tell her to come'’. Here the subjunctive is used after an indirect command. Compare: Diga a Juan que cierre la puerta, Tell John to shut the door. Compare Lesson 23, § 4. . Tan pronto como se desocupe, “as soon as she is free”. Once again the subjunctive is used, here after tan pronto como implying -future time. . Mientras viene, ‘While she is coming’. This phrase has the implication: ‘‘ While we are waiting for her to come’’ . gQué tal le parece?, ‘‘ How’s that?”, “How does that seem to you?’’ Note this idiom with g qué tal? and compare Lesson 30, § 2, Lesson 38, § 2. . Tengo la piel muy delicada, ‘I have a very sensitive skin’”’. Note the use of the definite article here. This is usual after tener, “‘ to have”, when speaking of parts of the body: Tenia la nariz larga y la boca ancha, He had a long nose and a wide mouth. . En un dos por tres, ‘‘in a jiffy’, “‘in a trice”. This is a very widely used Spanish expression. Note the following expressions in which numerals are used: como tres y dos son cinco, as sure as two and two are four mas que siete, more than somewhat; extremely; too much mas de cuatro, quite a number decir a uno cudntas son cinco, to tell someone what’s what estarse, mantenerse, en sus trece, to be persistent; to stick to one’s opinion Terminamos, “we finish’’, could be freely rendered ‘‘ it will all be over”’ in this context. 90(40) ro. Ya esta, ‘there you are”’; ‘‘that’s it’’. Note this idiomatic ex- pression. 11. Hay uno excelente, ‘‘ There is an excellent one”. Here is an 12. example of the pronominal use of uno, qualified by an adjective. Note however that uno plus an adjective cannot be used as a com- plement of the verb ser, ‘to be”. Example: gTiene Vd. un diccionario? Si, pero es viejo (not “es uno viejo’’), Have you a dictionary? Yes, but it’s an old one. Hasta luego, ‘“‘Goodbye’’. This literally means ‘‘ until then”’, ice. ‘until the next time’”’. Note also hasta la vista which is the nearest to the French “‘au revoir’’ and is the usual form of leave- taking if you expect to meet again but are uncertain when the next meeting will be. Hasta mafana obviously indicates that the next meeting will be on the following day. You say it, for instance, to the people you work with, and if it is the week-end and you will not be seeing them till Monday, you say hasta el lunes. Hasta pronto is a fairly cordial form of leave-taking. It does not specify a definite time for the next meeting but it does imply a wish that it may not be long delayed. Hasta siempre is even more friendly, even affectionate, and you would only use it to a very close friend when taking leave of him (or her). It implies in effect that the next meeting cannot come soon enough for you. 71LECCION 41 Las estaciones del afio . El afio se divide, ‘the year is divided” .. . la naturaleza se despierta, “‘ Nature awakens”’ . . . los arboles se cubren, ‘‘ the trees are covered’. The reflexive verbs se divide, se despierta and se cubren are used here to replace the passive voice. Compare Lesson 3, §9, and Lesson 13, § 18. . La naturaleza, ‘‘ nature” . . . el trabajo, “‘ work’. Abstract nouns used in a general sense are preceded by the definite article. Com- pare: El tiempo es precioso, Time is precious. El suefio es necesario al hombre, Sleep is necessary to man. . En pleno verano, ‘in midsummer’’. The literal meaning of pleno is ‘full’. Note its use in the following expressions: en pleno dia, “in broad daylight”; en plena juventud, ‘in the flower of youth”; un pleno, “a general meeting ””. . A la sombra, ‘‘in the shade’. Note the preposition used here. - Hace buen tiempo, ‘‘ the weather’s fine’’. When speaking of the weather in Spanish, the verb hacer is generally used, e.g.: & Qué tiempo hace hoy? Hace mucho frio, What’s the weather like today? It’s very cold. Hie un calor insoportable ayer, It was unbearably hot yester- lay. Hace mucho viento, It is very windy. Hace sol, It is sunny. Hace fresco, It is cool. Hace niebla, It is foggy. . Las frutas, “‘ fruit’’. Note that the word is plural in Spanish. Una fruta is a fruit after it has been gathered. While it is still on the tree it is un fruto. El fruto also means ‘‘ fruit” in the figurative sense: el fruto de mucho trabajo, the fruit of much effort sin fruto, fruitlessly; in vain sacar fruto, to derive benefit . El viento revuelve las hojas, ‘‘ The wind whirls the leaves”. Re- volver is a compound verb taken from volver, “to return”, and has the meaning “to turn over and over”’. 92(41) 8. A mediados de noviembre, ‘‘ about the middle of November’. Note this expression. Expressions for the beginning, middle or end of any period are made more indefinite by being put in the plural. Compare: a primero del mes que viene, on the first of next month but a primeros del mes que viene, in the early part of next month a fines del afio, towards the end of the year a ptincipios de agosto, at the beginning of August 9. La Sierra refers to la Sierra de Guadarrama, a range of mountains near Madrid. 93. Conmigo, LECCION 42 Deportes y pasatiempos No va?, “Will you come . . . ?””, ‘are you coming?” Here we have an instance of ir meaning “‘ to come” and not “to go”! In contexts such as this, we regard the action from the other person’s point of view; as far as you yourself are concerned, you are going and Spaniards look at it in this way. For instance, in answer to a call you say voy (lit. I go) in Spanish where in English we say “coming!” ‘with me’’. The prepositional forms of the object pro- noun mi, ti and si cannot be used after con. The forms conmigo, contigo and consigo are used instead. . Yo mismo jugaba mucho al fiitbol, ‘I played a lot of football my- self’. The nominative forms of all the pronouns may be intensi- fied by the addition of the appropriate form of mismo, ‘‘ self’’. Ella misma Io ha dicho, She said so herself. ‘Vds. mismos nos acompafiaran, You yourselves will go with us. Mismo may be applied to nouns in the same manner: Su madre misma lo ha dicho, His mother herself said it. Note the use of the preposition a in jugar al futbol ,““ to play foot- ball’”’, Similarly jugar al tenis, “‘ to play tennis”. . Me contento con ver jugar, ‘‘I am content to watch’, lit. “I con- tent myself with seeing (it) played”. As an extension of the rule given in Lesson 9, § 6, the infinitive may have a passive value after verbs of perception such as ver, “‘to sce’”, and oir, “to hear’: Anoche oi y vi representar la dpera de los Maestros Cantores, Last night I heard and saw the ‘‘ Mastersingers’” performed. . El tnico ejercicio que yo hago, ' The only exercise I take or get”, lit. “The only exercise I do’’. Another idiomatic expression with hacer. . A mi me pasa lo mismo, ‘It’s just the same with me”’, lit. “It happens to me the same”’. Note the addition of a mi to add em- phasis here. . De hoy en ocho dias, “a week today”. Compare Lesson 20, § 5. Pelota, lit. “‘ ball’, is the name given to a game which originated in the Basque provinces of France and Spain but which is now played throughout the Spanish-speaking world. It is played on a court known as un frontén, which is enclosed on three sides by very high walls, and on the fourth side by wire-netting, beyond 9410. It. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. (42) which sit the spectators. The game can be played by two or four players and the ball is thrown with great force either by hand or with a kind of wicker scoop attached to the arm, against the front wall so that it bounces on the floor or on the other two walls. If a player misses the ball as it comes off the front wall or allows it to bounce twice, he loses a point and his opponent gains one. . El frontén no queda lejos, ‘‘ The frontén is not far’’. Note that -quedar is sometimes used as a substitute for estar. Alla nos veremos, “‘ We'll see each other there’. This is an example of the reciprocal verb verse, “‘ to see each other ’’, identical in form with the reflexive verb. If any ambiguity is likely to arise the sense can be clarified by adding a phrase like uno y otro or uno a otto, to the reciprocal form, e.g.: Los nifios se ayudan (uno a otro), The children are helping each other. Hace tanto tiempo que no veo ese juego, “‘ It’s so long since I saw that game”, ‘I haven’t seen that game for so long”. Compare Lesson 3, § 2. Después de todo, “‘ after all’’, ‘‘ all things considered’. Al enfrentarse con el toro, “when he confronts the bull’. See Lesson 5, § 2, Lesson 13, § 11. Una gaonera o una verdnica, These are both terms used to describe specific movements in the art of bull-fighting. Seguida del, “followed by”. ‘‘By”’ after a past participle is often rendered in Spanish by de. Los entusiasmados espectadores, ‘‘ the enthusiastic spectators’. Note the position of the adjective here. In Spanish, qualifying adjectives generally follow the noun, especially when denoting a physical quality like size, strength, colour, or nationality: un cuarto pequeiio, “a small room”’; tinta negra, “ black ink’’; vino francés, “French wine ’’; un hombre fuerte, ‘‘a strong man’”’. On the other hand, the adjective precedes the noun when used figuratively, when denoting quantity or number, or when the quality denoted by the adjective is characteristic of the noun it qualifies, as in this example from the text. 95LECCION 43 (1) Las vacaciones en el campo . Soliamos pasar, “‘ we used to spend’’. Soliamos is the first per- son plural, imperfect of soler, ‘‘to be used to’’. The force of soler can, however, be rendered simply by putting the main verb into the imperfect tense, e.g., pasdbamos. ‘‘To spend’’ in the sense of ‘to pass time” 1s pasar. “To spend money” is gastar dinero. This lesson and the next give many examples of the im- perfect tense, mainly to indicate habitual action in the past. See Lesson 27, § 1. . Todos los nietos nos reuniamos, “‘ All we grandchildren used to meet’’. Note that although the subject is third person plural, the speaker includes himself and so the verb is in the first person plural. Compare Lesson 9, § 12. . Tanto en fa siembra como en Ia recoleccién, ‘‘ both with the sow- ing and with the harvest’’. Tanto . . . como used in this way is synonymous with the English “both .. . and’’. . Darles de comer a todos los animales, ‘‘To feed the animals’’. Note that there is no single verb in Spanish for ‘‘ to feed’? in this sense. - Un sinfin de tareas, ‘‘a hundred and one other jobs”, lit. “a without-end of jobs’’. Compare un sinndmero in Lesson 37, § 3. . Siete u ocho vacas, “seven or eight cows’’. U is the form used before words beginning with o or ho, for reasons of euphony. In all other cases ‘‘or’’ is, of course, 0. See Lesson 17, § ro. - Dos bueyes para barbechar, “two oxen for ploughing”. Para stresses the idea of purpose. . Unas cuantas cabras, “‘a small number of goats”, ‘a few goats””. The combination unos cuantos (unas cuantas) is more definite than unos and is interchangeable with algunos, ‘“some’”’, ‘a few’’. Las invenciones modernas van cambiando, ‘‘Modern inventions are changing’’. Note the use of ir here as a substitute for estar in the formation of the progressive tense. With the verbs ir and andar, both meaning ‘‘to go’, the present participle expresses continuance, indicating that the action of the present participle goes on increasing: Voy comprendiendo lo que quiere decir, I am getting to under- stand what you mean. El aspecto del mar iba siendo peor, The appearance of the sea was growing worse. 96th as 3- 4. 5 43/2: 2 (43/2) Los trabajos del campo 2A qué hora se tenia que levantar?, ‘‘ What time did you have to get up?”’ The speaker could also have said tenia que levantarse. See Lesson 24, § 4. 4Por qué madrugaba tanto?, ‘‘ Why did you get up so early?” _Madrugaba comes from thie verb tiadrugar, ‘to get up early’’. Note also la madrugada, “' the carly morning”. Los demas animales, ‘the rest of the animals’’, ‘‘the other animals’’. Demis is invariable and may be used both adjectivally and pronominally. When preceded by the definite article, which indicates number and gender, it means ‘‘the rest’’ or “the others ’’. The neuter fo demas means “‘ everything else ’’: Dejé a los demas en el jardin, I left the others in the garden. Las demas mujeres no compraron nada, The rest of the women did not buy anything. Lo demés importa poco, Everything else matters little. Si era alfalfa lo que se sembraba, ‘‘ if it was alfalfa that was being sown’’. The implication of lo que is ‘‘ if what was being sown was alfalfa”. Me parece que jamés se descansaba, ‘It seems to me that you never got any rest’”’. Both nunca and jams mean “‘ never” and the two are to all intents and purposes interchangeable with this meaning. 7 S.B.Ex.7= = LECCION 44 (1) En la playa - En la playa, “on the beach’’. Note also a Ia orilla del mar, “at the seaside ’’. - Pasa... de 40, ‘‘ (it) exceeds 4o (degrees). Note the verb pasar de, which means ‘‘to go beyond”’ or “‘ to exceed ’’. - Durante estos calores, ‘ during these hot spells”, ‘during these heat-waves’’. El calor is an abstract noun meaning “heat” or “warmth” but un calor is a “‘ hot spell’’ or a “‘ heat-wave ””. Una temporadita, ‘a short spell”, a diminutive of una tem. porada, ‘‘a season’”’, “‘a spell’’. . La misma playa, “the same beach”, When mismo precedes the noun it means ‘‘same”’ or “‘ very ”’: Todavia lleva el mismo sombrero, She is still wearing the same hat. Son sus mismas palabras, They are his very words. Compare Lesson 42, §3, where mismo follows the noun or pronoun, . Se retinen, ‘‘ meet”’, “assemble ”’. Note the accent on this word to indicate that the two vowels are to be pronounced separately and not as a diphthong. Después de tomar el bafio, “after their swim’, “ having had their swim ’’. Compare tomar UN bajio, “‘ to have a bath’’. - Son destruidos por las olas, “‘ (they) are destroyed by waves’’. This is an example of the true passive, formed from ser and a past participle. You will note that the past participle in such cases agrees in number and gender with the subject. The ‘‘agent’’, when expressed, is usually introduced by por, as here. Las sefioras se ocupan en sus labores, ‘‘ the ladies are busy with their embroidery ’’, “the ladies get on with their sewing’’. Ocu- parse en or de, “to be busy with”, “engaged in”. The word labor, which is feminine, has a whole variety of meanings in Spanish. Apart from its meaning in this context, it can also be translated by ‘“‘labour’’, ‘ work”, ‘farming’, “tilling”. Una labor can also mean ‘‘a thousand tiles’’, ‘‘a thousand bricks” or “a sewing school for little girls’”! The last three meanings you are not likely to encounter very often, but female students might like to note the following expressions: labor blanca, “‘ linen work ’’, “‘linen embroidery ””; labor de ganchillo, “‘ crocheting”. 98I. 44/2 Q) (44/2) Proyectos de vacaciones {Claro que sil, “ of course”, “ naturally”, “ obviously”. A very common Spanish expression with many shades of meaning, from sympathetic response to sarcasm, according to the tone of voice in which it is uttered. A synonymous expression is desde luego, but the latter does not carry sarcastic overtones. Note also jclaro que nol, ‘of course not’’. . A fines de agosto o primeros de septiembre, “‘in late August or early September’’, ‘‘about the end of August or beginning of September ’’. See Lesson 41, §8. - No cabe duda, “ undoubtedly’’; ‘‘ certainly”. Note this idiom which means, literally, ‘‘there is no room for doubt”. Caber is a highly irregular verb (see Appendix) and means “‘to have room for’’, “‘ to fit in’’, but in practice it is used more often in the nega- tive or interrogative than in the positive. Perhaps the following examples will serve to illustrate how this verb is used: No caben més que cuatro en el coche, There’s only room for four in the car. Los libros no caben en el cajén, The books won’t go (i.e. fit) in the drawer. ¢Quepo yo?, Is there room for me? Aqui no cabe nuestro equipaje, There’s not enough room for our luggage here; our luggage won’t go in here, No cabe mas, That’s the limit. . Me seco al sol, ‘‘1 dry myself in the sun’’. Compare: a la luz de la luna, in the moonlight a la sombra, in the shade . Un ratito, ‘a little while’. Diminutive of un rato, “a while’’. . Habra muchos espectaculos, ,verdad?, “‘Are there many shows?”’, “‘I suppose there are many shows?” The future is fre- quently used in place of the present tense to convey an idea of conjecture or probability. No puedo permitirme el lujo de aprovecharlos todos, ‘I can’t afford to take advantage of them all’’. Note the Spanish expres- sion for “‘to afford’’, lit. ‘to allow oneself the luxury of”’, per- mitirse el lujo de. Aprovechar is another word with a wide range of meanings, the chief of which are “to take advantage of’’; ‘‘to make use of’’, “to exploit”: Ya que lo he comprado hay que aprovecharlo, Now that I’ve bought it I shall have to make use of it, 99(44/2) Io. II. I2. 13. 14. 15. 16. Aproveche bien la oportunidad, Make the most of the chance. Note the expression que le aproveche or buen provecho, which is the customary remark when you have discovered someone in the act of eating, and they have invited you to share their food or drink. It is considered impolite in Spain to begin a meal, take a drink, or even eat an orange without inviting those present to share it with you, whether you know them or not. They are expected to decline unless the offer is repeated. The usual invitation is likely to be gVd. gusta? org Vd. quiere?, and the suitabie reply, muchas gracias, que le aproveche, or simply buen provecho. Cuando ponen alguna comedia, ‘When they put on a play”. Note this use of poner meaning “‘ to put on’” or ‘to stage’. Los hermanos Quintero, ‘‘The Quintero brothers”. Serafin (1861-1938) and Joaquin (1873-1944) Alvarez Quintero, Spanish dramatists who collaborated in writing a number of plays dealing chiefly with Andalusian life. Arniches, Carlos Arniches, Spanish playwright born in Alicante in 1866. Mufioz Seca, Spanish dramatic author of the present century. 1No faltaba mds!, “why, of course”, lit. “nothing more was lacking’’. Note this idiom. This phrase can also mean “‘ Please do!’’ or ‘Don’t mention it!’ The literal meaning of faltar and hacer falta is ‘‘to need’’ or “to lack’’ and both verbs take a person as indirect object, the thing wanted being subject: Le hard falta un martillo, You'll need a hammer. Nos falta azicar, We need some sugar. Azpeitia, a town in the province of Guiptzcoa, about 48 kms from San Sebastian. San Ignacio de Loyola, Spanish soldier and ecclesiastic, founder of the Jesuit order. Pamplona, capital of Navarre in the Pyrenees. Roncesvalles, a valley in the Pyrenees. 100,LECCION 45 (1) El automévil . Son hechos, ‘‘are made’’... , mo son . . . conocidos, ‘‘ are not known”’. Further examples of the true passive referred to in Les- son 44 (1), §8. . E, ‘‘and’’. Y becomes e before words beginning with i or hi, except when introducing a question and before words beginning with the diphthong (h)ie: Madre e hija, mother and daughter BUT zY Isabel ha ido también?, And has Isabel gone too? Madera y hierro, Wood and iron . Lo indica el gran radiador, “‘ This is obvious from the large radia- tor’’, lit. ‘the large radiator indicates it’’. The neuter lo is fre- quently used to recall an entire phrase or statement. . El parabrisas, “the windscreen”. The prefix para is derived from parar, ‘‘to stop’’, and so denotes a protection against the thing or idea expressed in the main component. Thus patabrisas means something that stops the wind or breeze (brisas). Compare un paraguas, “an umbrella’ (a stop-water or rain), un paracaidas, "'a parachute” (a stop-falls), un parafangos, “mudguard” (a stop-mud), un parachoques, ‘a bumper’ (a stop-shocks). Note that nouns formed with the help of para- are masculine. . Delante de si, “‘in front of him”. Strictly speaking, the preposi- tional form si should be used if it refers to the same person as the subject of the sentence, but this rule is not strictly observed. Par- ticularly in conversation, the reflexive pronoun is frequently re- placed by él, ella, etc. . Aceite, ‘oil’. Strictly speaking, aceite means “olive oil’’ and it will be assumed that this is meant unless the context makes it clear that another sort of oil is indicated. In a motoring connection, as here, it means “‘ lubricating oil’’. . Los faros, ‘the headlights”. Un faro is the usual word for a “lighthouse” or a ‘‘ beacon’. “‘ Sidelights ’’ on a car are usually called luces (de estacionamiento), lit. ‘‘ parking lights’. | La bocina, “the horn’’, An equally common word is el claxén, c.f. French klaxon. Incidentally it is interesting to note how many © Gar” words in Spanish have in fact been borrowed from French. Examples: el volante, ‘‘the steering wheel”, (Fr. le volant); el capé, ‘the bonnet”, (Fr. le capot); el carter, “‘ the crankcase”, (Fr. le carter); el delco, ‘‘ the magneto”, (Fr. le delco), etc. 101(45/2) Io. Im. (2) Dificultades con el automévil + Quisiera que revisara, ‘I should like you to examine’’. Note the use of the subjunctive after an expressed wish. - No sé lo que tiene, ‘I don’t know what’s the matter with it”’. Note this idiomatic use of tener. For lo que see S.N. to Lesson 6. . No quiere funcionar muy bien, “It won't work properly”. Note again the use of querer to render English ‘“ will’’. . Habra que cargar la bateria, ‘the battery will have to be charged’. Habra que is the future of the impersonal verb haber que, “to have to”. . Para examinarlo con cuidado, ‘‘ in order to examine it thoroughly ” implying ‘so that we can examine it thoroughly ”*. - Con tal que quede perfectamente bien, “so long as it will be quite all right (in the end)"’. Con tal que is another conjunction fol- lowed by the subjunctive. - Ya terminé de arreglar el coche?, ‘Did you manage to fix the car?” Arreglar is a very common verb meaning “to arrange’, “to fix’’, “to settle”, ‘‘to put right”. Examples: todo esta arreglado, ‘everything is O.K.’”’; voy a arreglarlo, ‘I'm going to fix it up’; ,Puede arreglarme esto?, “Can you mend this for me?” El motor, “ the engine’, not the car itself. . Le ajustamos los frenos, ‘We adjusted the brakes for you”. Note the use of the indirect object pronoun to mean “ for you”’. This is another instance of the dative of advantage. See Lesson 35, § 17. Se me olvidaba, ‘“ I was forgetting”, lit. “it was forgetting to me’’. Note the expression olvidarsele a uno, “to forget’. Examples: Se me olvidé mi pasaporte, I forgot my passport. Se me olvidé apagar la luz, I forgot to switch off the light. Un buen trabajo, ‘a good job”, ‘a good job of work’’. Note that trabajo can mean both “work”? and “ job’’. Study the following examples: 1Qué trabajo!, What an awful job! Me costé mucho trabajo conseguir entradas para la corrida, I had an awful job getting tickets for the bullfight.LECCION 46 (1) El comercio y la industria 1. Debido a, ‘ owing to”’, “due to”’. Debido is the past participle of deber, “to owe’’. 2. Suelo, “soil”. We have already met suelo meaning ‘‘ floor” in Lesson 1. It can also mean “‘ ground ”’. 3. Los productos agricolas ‘‘ agricultural produce’’. Note that agri- cola has the same form for both masculine and feminine. 4. Carbén de piedra, ‘ coal’’, “‘pit-coal’’. Another word for “‘ pit- coal” is hulla. Carbén (or carbén de lefia) is, strictly speaking, “*charcoal’’. 5. Materias primas, ‘‘raw materials”. The word “‘ raw”’ in the sense of “uncooked”, or ‘not completely manufactured’’, is crudo, e.g. seda cruda, ‘raw silk’’; carne cruda, ‘‘ raw meat’’; azucar crudo, ‘‘ raw sugar’’. 6. Las industrias eléctricas, papelera, ceramica, ‘‘ the electrical, paper and pottery industries”. Papelera and ceramica are in the singular as they are regarded each as referring to one distinct industry. 2) Conferencia sobre los negocios 1. Conferencia sobre los negocios, ‘‘a business interview”. Note that the word conferencia can also mean ‘‘a talk’, “‘meeting’’, “lecture ’’, or a ‘long distance phone call’’. 2. Puedo facilitar a Vd., “I can let you have”, ‘I can supply you with’. The commonest meaning of facilitar is ‘‘to supply’’ or “to let have’’, but it may also mean “‘to facilitate’’, e.g. eso ha facilitado mucho las cosas, “‘ that helped (i.e. facilitated) things a lot”. 3. Informes, “information ’’. Note that the word is plural in Spanish. Un informe means ‘a report”, ‘‘a statement” or “a piece of information ”’. 4. Pagariamos los metales, ‘‘we should pay for the metals’’. Note that the preposition is not necessary in Spanish after pagar. Com- 103(46/2) pare also pedir, ‘‘ to ask for ’’; escuchar, ‘‘to listen to’’, and facili- tar, ‘to supply with”, none of which require a preposition in Spanish If, however, (in the case of pagar) the price is indicated, por is used before the article bought, e.g.: Pagué cinco chelines por el libro, “I paid five shillings for the book’’. 5. Su precio corriente, ‘‘their current price’’. The most common meaning of corriente is ‘‘ ordinary’ or ‘‘usual’’: vino cotriente, “ordinary wine”. The adverb corrientemente means “ fluently”: hablo corrientemente el castellano, ‘‘ I speak Spanish fluently ”. 6. Del 34% (tres y medio por ciento), “of 34%”. Note the inclu- sion of the definite article in the expression of percentages. 7. Las que Vds. prefieran, “those which you prefer”. ‘“ Whatever you prefer”. The subjunctive of preferir is used here after an indefinite expression (‘‘ whatever you may prefer ’’). 8. A que venga, “‘ until he comes’’. The subjunctive is used here as it is a question of indefinite future time. With esperar and aguardar, both meaning “‘to wait”, a que is very often used instead of hasta que, provided the subjunctive is called for: ispere a que venga el cartero, Wait until the postman comes. 104Io. LECCION 47 (1) El médico, el dentista y la farmacia Si le duelen las muelas, “‘if you have toothache ”’, lit. ‘if your teeth hurt you’’. Doler, ‘to ache”’, is a radical-changing verb, and is often used in connection with physical ailments, e.g.: me duele 1a cabeza, ‘‘I have a headache’. . Segin la condicién en que se encuentren, “ according to the state they’re in’’. Note the use of the subjunctive here, after an indefi- nite statement (i.e. “‘ the state they may be in””). . Si usted tiene mucha fiebre, ‘‘if you have a high temperature’, “if you are feverish’’. When actually speaking of “‘ tempera- ture” the word temperatura or calentura is used, e.g.: El meédico fe toma a temperatura (or calentura), “ The doctor takes his tem- perature ’’. . Puede hacerle venir a su casa, ‘‘ you can get him to come to your house’. Compare this use of hacer with Lesson 9, § 6. . Le haré algunas preguntas, “‘ will ask you some questions’’. Note the expression hacer preguntas, “to ask questions”. . Le vera la lengua, “‘ (he) will look at your tongue”, le tomard el pulso, “ (he) will take your pulse’. “Compare this construction with Lesson 13, §§ 3, 4 and 10, where the reflexive construction and the definite article ‘are preferred to the possessive adjective. . Cuando haya hecho el diagnéstico, ‘‘ when he has made his diag- nosis’”. The subjunctive is used after cuando when it is a ques- tion of indefinite time in the future, the idea being “ when he will have made.” . Receta here means a “ prescription’’ but it can also mean a “recipe "’. . Por haberle dicho el médico, ‘‘ because the doctor has told you... ”. Por with the infinitive is often equivalent to a clause introduced by porque, ‘ because": Maria los conocia por haberlos visto en la calle, Mary knew them because she had seen them in the street. Voy de compras en los grandes almacenes por ser tan diversos fos géneros, I go shopping in the big stores because of the great variety of goods. (Vd.) debiera pensar, “you ought to think’’. Another instance of the imperfect subjunctive in -ra used instead of the conditional. Compare Lesson 14, § 6. 105(47/1-2) qr. Qué otros medicamentos conocidos, ’’ what other patent medi- cines”’. Note that the interrogative pronoun qué is written with an accent even when introducing an indirect question. Compare Lesson 21, § 3. (2) Una consulta Buenas, “good afternoon’’, ‘good evening’’, ‘good night’’. This is short for buenas tardes or buenas noches. Perhaps this is a good point to draw the student’s attention to the way the Spaniard divides up his day. The period before lunch is mafiana and the corresponding greeting is buenos dias. La tarde is the period be- tween lunch and dinner and so buenas tardes corresponds to both “good afternoon ’’ and ‘‘ good evening’, as Spaniards do not as a rule dine before 9 p.m. This is a time which may be referred to as either tarde or noche, depending on whether or not it is dark by that time. What is without doubt la noche is from 11 p.m. onwards, and in fact many Spaniards do not have their evening meal until this late hour. Note that buenas noches, unlike ‘‘ good night’’ in English, can be used when meeting people as well as when taking leave of them. Cémo sigue de sus enfermedades?, “ How are all your aches and pains?” Note this idiomatic use of seguir, ‘to follow”, “to con- tinue’, used here to denote ‘How are you getting on?” . Vamos de mal en peor, ‘ We are going from bad to worse’. The patient uses the first person plural, evidently with the idea “‘ my- self and my infirmities ’’. Note the idiom de mal en peor, “‘ from bad to worse’’. . Agarré un resfriado, “I’ve caught a cold’’. Note the word res- friado meaning “cold” in this particular sense. Another expres- sion for ‘to catch a cold” is acatarrarse: me acatarré, ‘I (have) caught a cold’. Note also the expression estar constipado which means “to have a cold’’, . Tropecé en la acera, “I tripped over the pavement’’. Tropecé is the 1st person singular, past definite of the irregular verb tropezar, “to stumble”, ‘‘to slip’. Tropezar en or tropezar con means “to trip over’’, ‘‘ to stumble against or over’’ and “‘ to run into’’, both in the literal and figurative sense: Tropecé con un amigo, I ran into a friend. Tropecé con una farola, I ran into a lamp post. 1066. To. 1, 12. (47/2) Ando, “‘I walk”’, is the xst person singular, present tense, of the irregular verb andar, “‘ to walk’, “‘ to go (on foot)”. See Appen- dix, § 4. Que me siento més muerto que vivo, ‘I feel more dead than alive”’. Que is often used elliptically at the beginning of a sen- tence or clause. It may be merely emphatic or intensive or it may express surprise, indignation or suggest a reason for something: iQue vienen!, They are coming! Estoy cansado, que he marchado diez kilémetros, I’m tired because I have walked ten kilometers. & Que Vd. es el célebre doctor Garcia?, So you are the famous Dr. Garcfa? Muerto, ‘‘dead’’, is the irregular past participle of the irregular verb morir, “to die’””, here used as an adjective. Descanso, in this context, means “‘rest’’, but it also has other meanings. For instance it is the notice one frequently sees dis- played on the windscreen of a taxi. It means that the driver is not accepting fares for some reason or other. Shops sometimes put up a descanso notice, particularly the smaller ones, and it does not mean that the shop is closed but that the proprietor has slipped out for a while. It is roughly equivalent to our “‘ back in ten minutes’, (but note that the Spaniards do not specify how long they are going to be absent!). No debiera trabajar tanto, “You shouldn’t work so hard”, lit. “.. so much". Note again the imperfect subjunctive used in place of the conditional tense. Le aconsejo que siga, “I advise you to follow”’, lit. ‘I advise that you follow”. Compare Lesson 23, § 4. Coma lo suficiente, ‘‘ eat (what is) sufficient’. Here is an example of an adjective made into a noun by the addition of the article lo. Compare Lesson 12, §9.LECCION 48 (1) La radio y Ia television . La radio, “radio”, “wireless”. Strictly speaking, radio here stands for radiotelegrafia and should be feminine, but in all Spanish- speaking countries today, radio has come to be used as either masculine or feminine for both the set itself and broadcasting. . El tinico medio de comunicacién, “ the only means of communica- tion”. The English word “only”, when used as an adjective with the meaning ‘‘sole’’ (in these cases it is normally preceded by “a”, ‘the’? or a possessive) and not as an adverb, is rendered by finica, An only daughter Es el unico sostén de su madre anciana, He is the sole (only) support of his aged mother. Es lo tinico que puedo contestar a Vd., It is the only way that I can answer you. . Mayor maravilla es poder sentarse uno en la sala, “A greater marvel is for one to be able to sit in the lounge”. The use of uno, instead of se, to render the impersonal ‘“‘ one”, is useful when the verb is reflexive, as here. Note also the omission of the indefinite article before mayor. _ No sélo escuchar, sino ver, “not only hear (lit. listen) but also see”. No sdlo... sino. . . are placed before each of two clauses in the same manner as the English ‘‘not only . . . but also’. Note that these correlatives are placed immediately before the words or expressions which they contrast: Aplaudieron el discurso no sdlo porque era elocuente, sino porque era corto, They applauded the speech not only be- cause it was eloquent but because it was short. Hay cines no sdlo en Madrid, sino hasta en los pueblos mas pequefios de Espafia, There are cinemas not only in Madrid but also in even the smallest towns in Spain. . Los artistas, “the artists’. Nouns like this are of common gen- der, being masculine when they refer to a man (e.g. el artista) and feminine when they refer to a woman (e.g.: la artista). . Para regalarselo a mi mujer, “to give (it) to my wife’. Remem- ber that if a verb has two objects, the indirect precedes the direct, and if they happen to be of the third person then the indirect forms Je and les are replaced by se. See S.N. to Lesson 3. 108(48/1-2) In the example from the text the true indirect object of regalar is a mi mujer and the indirect object pronoun is, as it were, antici- patory. . Y..... lo son los nifios, ‘‘ and so are the children’’, ‘‘ and the chil- dren are too”. Note once again the use of the neuter fo to recall an entire phrase or statement. Lo in this construction is frequently _ equivalent to the English ‘““so’”’. Compare Lesson 45 (1), §3- 2 Transmisién de programas iQué raro!, ‘‘ How strange!’’, “‘ How odd!’’ Although raro may sometimes be translated “‘rare’’, it has come to be used far more often with the meaning ‘‘funny’’, ‘‘odd”’, ‘‘strange’’. Compare Es una manera muy rara de hacerlo, “It's a funny way of doing it”’. If you wish to translate “rare” it is safer to use an expres sion like poco frecuente. . Lo mismo ocurre con el mio, ‘‘ The same thing is happening with mine’’. Lo mismo is another example of an adjective made into a noun, e.g., “the same thing’’. . Serd el tiempo, “It must be the weather’’. Note once again the use of the future to convey an idea of conjecture or possibility. Compare Lesson 44 (2), §6. |. Quizds, “perhaps”. There is also an alternative form quizd, but this is more likely to be encountered in the literary language. . Quiere que yo lo aprenda, ‘‘ (she) wants me to learn it”. For the use of the subjunctive here see Lesson 23, § 4- . Hl francés . . . el italiano . . . el inglés, “French . . , Italian. . . English”. Note the use of the definite article, which is usual before the name of a language, except when used with hablar, e.g. ,habla usted francés?, ‘‘do you speak French?” . Ese don de lenguas, “‘your gift of languages”’, lit. “that gift... ’’, ese being used to indicate something near or connected with the person spoken to. 8. Cualquier idioma, ‘‘ any language (whatever)’’. See Lesson 15, § 2. g. Querer es poder. This is a well-known Spanish proverb, roughly equivalent to ‘‘ Where there’s a will there’s a way’’. 109i LECCION 49 (1) El teatro y el cine Antes de que la funcién empiece, ‘‘ before the performance begins ’’, Notice the subjunctive after antes de que, as indefinite future time is indicated. + Que esta oculto por el telén, “which is hidden by the curtain”. This is not a true passive, even though there is an agent introduced by por. Estar is used here with the past participle as one is describ- ing the state of the stage before the performance begins. Compare Lesson 44 (1), §8. In that example we are concerned not with the state of the waves but with the action denoted by the verb. + Por encontrarse en Las alturas, ‘‘ because it is so high up’’. Com- pare Lesson 47 (1), §9. Los miisicos estan colocados, ‘‘ the musicians are placed ”’. Colocar means ‘‘to put’ or ‘‘to place’ but is more precise than poner. It really means ‘‘ to put in position”, “to put in place’’ or “to put away”: La criada ha colocado la ropa en el cajén, The maid has put (away) the linen in the drawer. Todas las cosas que se necesitan para la comida han sido colocadas en la mesa, Everything necessary for the meal has been put (in position) on the table. - La funcién de la noche, ‘‘ the evening performance’, “‘ the second house’. In Spanish theatres there are generally two performances a night: la funcién de la tarde begins at about 7 p.m, and la funci6n de la noche at about 10.30 or 11 p.m. Here the distinction between tarde and noche referred to in Lesson 47 (2), § 1, is very clear. @) En el teatro + Calderén de la Barca (Pedro), famous dramatic poet, born in Madrid in 1600 and died there in 1681. - Las entradas, “‘ the tickets”. Note that a ticket of admission is una entrada. A ticket on any form of public transport is un billete. 1103: 5. o (49/2) Péngame con el Teatro Espafiol, “Put me through to the Teatro Espafiol’. Note the use of poner con in this context meaning “ to put through to”. 1Oiga! joigal, from oir, “‘to hear’, ‘to listen”, is equivalent to our “‘hellol’’ on the telephone if we are trying to get through to someone. If, on the contrary, you pick up the telephone to answer a call you do not say joiga! but ;diga! or ;digame! “Esta comunicando, “‘it’s engaged’’. Llamaré luego, “‘I’ll call (again) later’’. Note these idioms and the following useful ex- pressions in connection with the telephone: Se ha confundido el nimero, Sorry, wrong number. ZQuiere Vd. colgar, por favor?, Will you ring off, please? No cuelgue, Don't ring off. Hold the line. 2Esta el sefior... ?, Is Mr. . . . there? Le pongo en seguida, I’m just putting you through. Quiero poner una conferencia, I want to put through a trunk call. Al habla or soy yo, Speaking. . Me hace el favor de reservar?, ‘Can you reserve for me please?”’ Compare this with the imperative: hagame el favor de..., The interrogative form is more polite and implies that you are not certain your request can be met. No le quedan?, ‘‘ You haven't any left?’’, lit. ‘‘they do not remain to you?’’ Note this use of quedar meaning “to be left’’: 3 Queda vino?, ‘‘Is there any wine left?”Io. II. LECCION 50 Unas palabras sobre la literatura espafola . Contentémonos, ‘‘let us be satisfied’. Note the omission of the final s before nos, as explained in Lesson 28, § 3. . Santa Teresa de Jestis (1515-1582). Carmelite nun from 1534. Founded reformed order of Carmelites (1562) with San Juan de la Cruz. Famous for her mystical visions. . Cervantes, whose full name was Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, was born’in Alcalé de Henares in 1547 and died in Madrid in 1616. He is also commonly known as el Manco de Lepanto, lit. “ the handless one of Lepanto” as his left hand was maimed in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. His masterpiece is Don Quijote de la Mancha, a novel burlesquing chivalric romances of the day. . Las novelas picarescas. By novela is understood the novel of manners, called picaresca, from the noun picaro, “‘rogue’’, be- cause of the social status of the heroes of these fictions. This type of novel is essentially a Spanish invention. . Francisco Gémez de Quevedo y Villegas (1580-1645). Spanish novelist, satirist, moralist and poet. He is known chiefly for his satirical works, which draw on a large vocabulary, even on thieves’ slang. . Baltasar Gracian (1601-1658). Spanish writer, member of Jesuit Order. Benito Pérez Galdés (1845-1920). Spanish novelist and play- wright. His fiction includes a series of historical romances under the title Episodios Nacionales, and many novels reflecting contem- porary life and its problems. . José Maria de Pereda (1833-1906). Spanish novelist, originally a inilitary engineer. . Pio Baroja (1872-1956). Spanish author, physician and journalist, Wrote many novels (earliest 1900) based on Basque life and Carlist wars, and also many volumes of essays. Ramon Pérez de Ayala (1880-1962). Spanish novelist, poet, critic and diplomat. Ambassador to London 1931-1936. La llamada generacién del 98, “the so-called generation of 1898”. This expression was coined by Azorin (q.v.) and is used to desig- nate the group of men (Unamuno, Azorin, Baroja, Valle Inclan, 11213. 14. 15. 16. 1. 18. 19. 20. aX. (50) Maeztu and Ortega y Gasset) who were concerned about Spain’s dilemma which was brought to a head with the loss of their colonies in the war of 1898 against the United States. This particular con- cern for Spain’s reform had started as early as 1892 with Angel Ganivet. . Azorin is the pseudonym of José Martinez Ruiz, author of novels, short stories, dramas and literary studies, particularly essays on Castilian life, Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (1864-1936). Philosopher and writer. José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955). Spanish philosopher, writer and statesman. Lope de Vega (1562-1635). Spanish dramatic poet and founder of the national drama. Served in the Spanish Armada. Tirso de Molina is the pseudonym of Gabriel Téllez, a Spanish dramatist and friend of Lope de Vega. His works include a col- lection of tales, verse and plays. His most famous play is El Bur- lador de Sevilla (1630), the first dramatic presentation of the Don Juan legend. Pedro Calderén de la Barca (1600-1681), Spanish dramatist and poet. Jacinto Benavente y Martinez (1866-1934). Spanish dramatist, awarded Nobel prize for literature (1922). His plays are notable for their satirical quality and realism. Los “cantares de gesta”” are epic poems on historic, legendary or traditional themes which were sung by troubadours. EI Poema de mio Cid. This is an anonymous work by an early Spanish writer (about 1140), depicting the heroic deeds of a his- torical character named Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar, commonly known by his Arabic title Cid, ‘‘Lord’’. El Poema de mio Cid is the oldest existing Spanish epic and the first in which the exploits of el Cid are recounted. His story, much romanticized, has been retold many times, not only by Spanish authors. Perhaps the best known version is Corneille’s ‘Le Cid ’’, written in 1636. Massenet also used the same theme for an opera. Bi Arcipreste de Hita, is the name by which the x4th century Spanish poet Juan Ruiz is commonly known. His Libro de Buen Amor is a miscellany of fables, legends, amorous stories, satire, and religious lyrics. 113 S.EEx8(50) 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Los romances are defined as short epic lyric poems sung to an in- strument, either in choral dances, at festal gatherings, or among people doing common work in groups. These ballads have been cut down by generations of singers resulting in an amazing per- fection of style. Garcilaso de la Vega (1505-1536). Spanish poet and soldier. His poems include pastorals, sonnets, and elegies. Fray Luis de Leén (1527-1591). Spanish Augustinian monk, scholar and lyric poet, who suffered four years’ imprisonment by the inquisition. His works include translations from Greek and Roman classics and from Italian authors, and translations of the Psalms, Proverbs, the Song of Solomon and the Book of Job. Luis de Géngora y Argote (1561-1625). Spanish poet. Wrote fine lyrical poems and several dramas in early years. Later he was the originator in Spain of affected elegance and euphuism of style known as Gongorism. This poetry is obscure and often meaning- less, full of unnatural transpositions, strained metaphors and affected Latinisms. Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (1836-1870). Spanish poet of German descent. Antonio Machado Ruiz (1875-1939). Spanish poet, playwright and scholar. Best known for his lyrics. Great interpreter of the Casti- lian landscape. He defended the Republic in the Civil War and died on the French side of the Pyrenees when its armies were defeated. Federico Garcia Lorca (1899-1936). Spanish poet and man of letters, killed during Civil War. The bulk of his poems are con- servative in form, looking back for their detail to the traditional folk-song and to the striking imagery of the Baroque poets. Some of his most famous poems are his gypsy ballads and his elegy on his bullfighter friend Ignacio Sanchez Mejfas. Del viento del otofio el tibio aliento los céspedes undula, ‘‘ The warm breath of the autumn wind ripples the lawns.” The straight- forward word order here would be: el tibio aliento del viento del otofio undula Los céspedes. La alameda, “the poplar grove’, (el dlamo,, the poplar”). La arboleda, “the shrubbery”, “the grove”. The suffix -eda or -edo added to a noun denotes the place where a thing grows. Com- pare: un peral, a pear tree una peraleda, a pear orchard una vifia, a vineyard un vifiedo, a vine-raising district un fresno, an ash una fresneda, a grove of ash trees un aliso, an alder una aliseda, an alder thicket 114(50) 31. Esplende, ‘‘is resplendent’’, “shines”. Esplender is a poetical word for “‘to shine’’. The usual word is, of course, brillar. 32. g Qué fue de aquél mi corazén sonoro?, ‘‘ What has become of that singing heart of mine?””, lit. “what has become of that, my sonorous heart’’. Note the expression ser de meaning ‘‘ to become of’’ as well as “‘ to belong to’”’. 33. gSerd cierto que os vais?, “It is true that you will depart?” lit, - “will it be true that you are going away?” Os vais is the 2nd per- son plural, familiar form, of the irregular verb irse, “‘ to go away ”’, 1sere DH APPENDIX The Forms of Regular Verbs Orthographical-changing Verbs. Radical-changing Verbs Irregular Verbs Prepositions and Dependent Infinitives AT,(a) 1 THE FORMS OF REGULAR VERBS Spanish verbs are divided into three groups according to the termination of the infinitive. These groups are usually called ‘ conjugations’’. The first conjugation comprises verbs, the infinitive of which ends in -ar: e.g., cantar, “to sing"; fumar, ‘to smoke”. The second conjugation consists of verbs with the infinitive in -er: e.g., vender, ‘‘ to sell’; aprender, “'to learn”. ; The third conjugation includes all verbs with the infinitive in ir: e.g., recibir, ‘to receive”; vivir, ‘‘to live”. eu The verbs are simplified by the fact that those belonging to the second and third conjugations differ in only four forms, i.e., the infinitive, the first and second persons plural of the present indicative, and the second person plural of the imperative. The personal pronouns “I”, “you”, etc, are indicated by different ter- nations added to the stem of the verb, which is usually found by cutting Off the infinitive ending -ar, -er or -ir. For instance, in the present indica- tive, the termination added to the stem to indicate the pronoun ‘I’? is -o: e.g. canto, “I sing’; vendo, “I sell"; recibo, ‘I receive”. The full forms of the tenses of regular verbs are given below. The forms of the participles are: Present: cantando, “‘ singing’; vendiendo, “selling”; recibiendo, “‘ receiv- ing". (The gerund has the same forms as the present participle.) Past: Cantado, “sung”; vendido, “sold”; recibido, “received”. Present Indicative. canto I sing, I do sing, I am singing cantas ou sing, efc. canta Ye, ahe or it singe; you sing cantamos we sing cantais you sing cantan they sing vendo I sell, ete. recibo I receive; ete. vendes ou sell recibes you receive vende e sells tecibe he receives vendemos we sell recibimos we receive vendéis you sell recibis you receive venden they sell reciben they receive (b) Imperfect Indicative. cantaba I was singing, I used to sing, I sang cantabas you were singing cantaba he was singing cantébamos —_we were singing cantabais you were singing _ cantaban they were singing vendia I was selling, etc. vendias ou were selling vendia Be was selling vendiamos we were selling vendiais you were selling vendian they were selling Recibie is like vender, i.e., recibia, etc. 119