ART, MAN AND SOCIETY

Humanity define as:

 All human beings collectively; the human race, mankind

 The quality or condition of being human; human nature
 The quality of being humane; kindness; benevolence

Humanities is:

 Came from the Latin word humanus meaning human, refined and cultured
 It emphasizes the dignity and worthiness of man and recognizes creative expressions.

Art is:

 From the Latin word “ars” meaning ability or skill

 Expression of self and love for beauty
 Skill/ability/craft
 Internal happiness
 Human activity
 Acquired by study and experience

Work of art:

 Creative expression using sound, image, action and movement

 Means to satisfy the human need to communicate thoughts, feelings and beliefs

Division of Art

 Classification of art according to purpose

1. Practical or useful arts- when human activity is directed to produce artifacts and utensil which cope with
human needs. Examples: basket weaving, agriculture, mechanical arts
2. Liberal arts- in which intellectual efforts are considered. Example: grammar, astronomy, psychology,
philosophy
3. Fine arts- which are the products if the human creative activity in so far as they express beauty in
different ways and media, for the contemplation of the mind and the relaxation of the spirit
4. Major arts- which are characterized by their actual and potential expressiveness and by a purely
disinterested purpose, such as music, poetry and sculpture
5. Minor arts- which are connected with the practical uses and purpose. Example interior decoration

 Classification of art according to forms

1. Plastic arts- which are developed through space and perceived by the sense of sight, such as, painting,
sculpture and architecture
2. Phonetic arts- which are based o sounds and words as media of expression. Examples: music, drama,
literature
3. Kinetic arts- which use as their most important element, rhythmic movement such as dance.
4. Pure arts- which take only one medium of expression as sound in music and color in painting
5. Mixed arts- which use two or more media. Example: music, poetry and drama.
Medium- refers to the material or means which the artist uses to objectify his feelings or thought

Painting Pigment
Sculpture Wood, stone, metal
Music Sound
Literature Words
Dance Body movements

 Classification of art according to medium

1. Visual or space arts- mediums can be seen and which occupy space
2. Auditory or time arts- mediums can be heard and which are represents by man
3. Combine arts- whose mediums can be both seen and heard

Function of arts

1. Personal function
2. Social function
3. Physical function

Subject- this refers to any person, object, scene or event described on represented in a work of art

Ways of representing subject

1. Realism- things are depicted in the way they would normally appear in nature
2. Abstraction- the process of simplifying and/or recognizing objects and elements according to the demands
of artistic expression
3. Distortion- figures are arranged that proportions differ noticeably from natural measurements. Twisting,
stretching or deforming the natural shape of the object
4. Surrealism- combination of realism and distortion. Fantasies

Kinds of subjects

1. Landscape, seascape and cityscape

2. Still life
3. Animals
4. Portraits
5. Figures
6. Everyday life
7. History and legend
8. Religion and mythology
9. Dreams and fantasies

Content

 refers to what the artist expresses or communicates on the whole i his work
 The “meaning”, “theme”
 The statement we apprehend or the feeling or mood we experience
 Reveals artist’s attitude towards his subject
The Scope of Humanities

1. Visual arts- those that we perceive with our eyes

a. Graphic arts
i. Painting- applying pigment
ii. Drawing- representing something by lines
iii. Graphic processes- multi reproduction of graphic works
iv. Commercial art- advertisements, signs, posters
v. Mechanical processes
vi. Photography
b. Plastic arts
i. Architecture
ii. Interior designing
iii. Sculpture
iv. Crafts
v. Dress and costume designing
vi. Theatre designing
2. Performing arts- involves movements, speaking and gestures
a. Theatrical plays/drama
b. Dance
c. Music
3. Literary arts
a. Short stories
b. Novels
c. Plays/drama
4. Popular arts
a. Film
b. Newspaper
c. Magazines
d. Radio and TV
e. Cartoons
5. Gustatory arts
a. Food decoration and preparation

Judging and Understanding an Artwork

1. What did the artist make? What is it about? (this concerns the subject)
2. What did the artist want to show in his work? What is the artwork for? (this concerns the function of the art)
3. What is the artwork made of? (this refers to the materials or mediums used)
4. How is the material put together or organized? (this refers to the materials or mediums used)
5. What is the personality of individuality of the artworks? (this refers to the style and mood or temper of the
artwork)
6. How good is it? (this is the judgment)
7. What is the meaning conveyed by the art? How does it make life more meaningful?

Who are the artists?

1. Visual artists are:  Leonardo da Vinci

a. Painters  Michaelangelo Buonarroti
b. Sculptors  Pablo Picasso
c. Architects  Guillermo Tolentino
d. Photographers
 e. Film makers  Jose Nepomuceno
f. Graphic artists  Lino Brocka

2. Music and dance artists are:  Julian Felipe

a. Musicians  Levi Celerio
b. Composers  Lisa Macuja
c. Singers
d. Choreographers
e. Performers
3. Literary artist are:  William Shakespeare
a. Poets  Severino Reyes
b. Novelists
c. Authors
d. Playwright
e. Dramatists
f. Actors

SCULPTURE

- Is a three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials, typically stone such as
marble, metal, glass, or wood, or plastic materials such as clay, textiles, polymers and softer metals

- Materials may be worked by removal such as carving, or they may be assembled such as by welding,
hardened such as by firing, molding or casting

History of Sculpture

 Egyptian sculpture- characterized by sculptures from stone placed on tombs of important persons
or temples of powerful rulers

 Greek Sculpture- Greece is the place of artists, philosophers, warriors and athletes. Greeks are
lovers of the human body; therefore, most of their works are of human figures, usually of their gods
and goddesses.

 Roman sculpture- Rome conquered Greece and in order to retain something in truly Roman.
Roman sculptures deducted the human body and concentrated on the bust or the head part of the
human figure.

 Byzantine sculpture- the Roman persecution ended and the celebration of the mass became legal.
Common subjects prominent during this era are Biblical characters and the image of God the father
as a bearded old man.

 Romanesque sculpture- is a continuation of the Byzantine era where almost no difference in

subject is observed.

 Gothic sculpture- most elaborate of all eras. Sculptors were meticulous on the garments worn by
their figures.

 Renaissance sculpture- was the Golden Era of Arts and this period brought back the adoration of
the human body introduces by the Greeks. Nude sculpture is fine example of this Era.
  Baroque sculpture- Bernini’s works such as The Ecstasy of St. Teresa which focuses on human
emotions of love, pain and suffering are main features of this era

 Rococo sculpture- in the court of influential kings or queen especially in France, England and Spain
their furniture, panels, vessels and others were carved into elaborate designs and perfection.

ELEMENTS OF SCULPTURE

1. Subject-
2. Medium-
3. Texture-
4. Space-

Great sculptors

1. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini- the ecstacy of St. Theresa is one of his most eye catching masterpices
2. Michelangelo Buonarroti- he says that he is the master of all masters both painting and sculptor. He is
best remembered of his David . another rmasterpice is his La Pieta

3. Eduardo Castrillo- he is a sculptor, a painter, a jeweller and truly the artist of realism and of the modern
time . the Liberators and People Power

4. Guillermo Tolentino- one of his monumental creations and lasting legacy to his race is the inspirations that
could be taken from the Bonifacio Monument located in Caloocan City. Oblation statue of the University of
the Philippines, is one of his great contributions, this masterpiece will be best appreciated by admirer if a
little background of a statue will be introduced.

5. Napoleon Abueva- he is the first modern Filipino sculptor. He did abstraction, experimentation and modern
techniques in sculpture. Baby Moses and Ring of the Gods

ARCHITECTURE

Art of designing and constructing a building which will serve a definite purpose

Elements

1. Line
2. Color
3. Volume
4. Texture
5. Space

Construction Principles

1. Post and lintel- makes use of 2 vertical supports spanned by horizontal beam.
2. Arch- consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks arranged in a semi-circle
3. Truss- system of triangular forms assembled in a rigid framework
4. Cantilever- makes use of a beam extending horizontally into space beyond its post

Evolution of Architecture
 1. Earliest/ prehistoric- earliest man lived in caves, experimenting with whatever materials they could find,
protection of their family.
2. Egyptian- believed that Pharaohs were gods which great influenced their architecture. Pyramid- triangular,
rectangular or square-shaped which entombs the Pharaoh. Temples- surrounded by massive, high walls,
one great place between towers, used post and lintel system.
3. Greek- used architectural Orders- a. Doric- plain abacus capital; shortest and most massive. B. Ionic- capital
characterized by a pair of spirals; taller or more slender. C. Corinthian- capital featuring curling leaves;
tallest and most slender
4. Roman- practical and realistic; adopted and modified by some Greek architecture.
5. Medieval- early Christian- characterized by small windows with a simple, lightweight, wooden roof.
Byzantine- usually built in a Greek cross; walls and domes were covered in a brilliant mosaic. Romanesque-
characterized with thick walls, massive windows, round arches, short, thick columns and a heavy massive
appearance. Gothic- 12th century, walls replaced with brilliantly colored stained glass windows.
6. Renaissance- characterized by objective, mathematical standards of measurement.
7. Baroque- more elaborate arches, columns and vaults
8. Modern- requisites have been resolved- growth of industrialization, new means of transportation and
communication and new concepts of medicine and education.

Materials of architecture

1. Wood
2. Stone
3. Concrete
4. Steel

PHOTOGRAPHY

• Basic composition

– Mood and atmosphere

– Qualities of a good photo
– Basic composition
– Improving composition

CREATING THE MOOD

•Overall feel of a picture

•Created by
– Perspective
– Color
– Focus (isolation and distance)
– Weather and light
• Sunrise/sunset
• Misty, rainy days
• Sun vs. overcast
•
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PICTURE

1. SHAPE-
 Tends to be noticed first, before texture and pattern
 Easiest and most recognizable composition tool
 Shape helps create a mood/character for the picture
 Search for the unconventional or surprise shape in objects

2. LINE-
Lines create
a. Shape
b. Pattern
c. Depth
d. Perspective
Line leads the eye
e. Focal point/subject
f. Diagonals
g. S-curves

Line creates perspective

• Lines into the horizon show depth and perspective for the viewer
• Vanishing point
– Point at which lines converge and vanish in to the horizon
– Place off-center
• Close-ups decrease perspective while wide-angles can exaggerate it

3. Pattern
 Orderly combination of shape, line, or color
 Pattern can help echo the character of a photo
 Catching attention
 Random patterns
 Slight variation in a pattern
 Pattern in common places

4. Texture

 Adds realism (sense of touch) to a photo

 Sharp (hard) light highlights texture
 Especially important for close-up and b/w shots
 Side lighting highlights texture
 Most portraits use front lighting to decrease texture on skin

Using light for depth

• Sometimes hard light is inappropriate for illustrating shape and depth

• Soft side lighting can give a sense of shape and depth without high contrast
– Portraits
– Still life
– When shape/depth is more important that texture

5. Size and space

2D pictures distort depth, relative size, and distances

a. Include reference item
b. Include parts of the fore- or background
 c. Use a frame
d. Be creative—maybe you want to distort

Giving perspective
• Linear—Lines which converge into the distance
• Diminishing size—objects further away are smaller
• Aerial perspective—atmosphere creates haze, which lightens objects farther away

Depth and perspective

• Overlapping forms—overlapping objects in a picture create depth and distance
• Selective focusing—focusing on the foreground and blurring the background

Improving composition

1. Rule of thirds
Have a strong center of interest
• Take pictures at different angles with different compositions
• Work around the rule of thirds

2. Simplicity
One strong center of interest
• Foreground or background should be simple or complimentary to center of interest
• Include foreground or background for sense of isolation, distance, depth, etc.
Avoid mergers
Cut offs
• Avoiding cutting out parts or wholes of people or main subjects
• Avoiding cutting out the path of a moving object

3. Angle and perspective

Working with angles
• Low angles
– Clear sky backdrop
– Accentuate movement or action
• High angle
– Eliminate cloudy sky
• 45 degree angles will cut glare
• Avoid centered horizons

4. Framing
 Adds depth
 Should fit theme
 Helps subject fill the frame
 Can block unwanted subjects from view
 Watch focus on foreground
• Focus on foreground in landscape
• Focus on subject in portraits
• Auto-focus should be centered on main topic
• Overall—DEPENDS ON CAMERA

5. Balance
  Balance color and weight in a picture
 Formal and informal
 Symmetrical and asymmetrical
Fill the frame
• Would this picture look better if I was closer?
– Focus on subject
– Detail
• Start far and move closer
• Fill the frame with objects that “fit”
• Long range shots provide depth and perspective

Digital cameras sometimes get confused trying to recreate colours, and the picture goes a different tint because the
camera’s idea of white is off – so we can change the white balance setting to compensate:
- Automatic: Usually guesses correctly, but not always
- Custom: Focus on something white for it to remember
- Tungsten: Indoors, under tungsten/incandescent/bulb lighting
- Fluorescent: Under fluorescent lighting
- Daylight/Sunny: Outdoors on a bright day
- Cloudy: Outdoors on a cloudy day
- Flash: To compensate for flash
- Shade: In shaded areas