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A.7. Operaciones vectoriales – coordenadas rectangulares.
~ ∂α 1 ∂α 1 ∂α
∇α = ~ur + ~uθ + ~uϕ
∂r r ∂θ r sen θ ∂ϕ
~ ·A~ = 1 ∂ r 2 Ar + 1 ∂ 1 ∂Aϕ
³ ´
∇ ( sen θAθ ) +
r ∂r
2 r sen θ ∂θ r sen θ ∂ϕ
à ! à !
~ = ~ur 1
~ ×A
∇
∂
(Aϕ sen θ) −
∂Aθ
+ ~uθ
1 1 ∂Ar ∂(rAϕ )
−
r sen θ ∂θ ∂ϕ r sen θ ∂ϕ ∂r
à !
1 ∂(rAθ ) ∂Ar
+ ~uϕ −
r ∂r ∂θ
à ! à !
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂α 1 ∂ ∂α 1 ∂2α
∇α = 2 r + 2 sen θ + 2
r ∂r ∂r r sen θ ∂θ ∂θ r sen 2 θ ∂ϕ2
" Ã !#
2~ 2 2 ∂Aϕ ∂Aθ
∇ A = ~ur ∇ Ar − 2 Ar + cot θAθ + cosec θ +
r ∂ϕ ∂θ
" Ã !#
1 ∂Ar ∂Aϕ
+ ~uθ ∇2 Aθ − 2 cosec 2 θAθ − 2 + 2 cot θ cosec θ
r ∂θ ∂ϕ
" Ã !#
2 1 2 ∂Ar ∂Aθ
+ ~uϕ ∇ Aϕ − 2 cosec θAϕ − 2 cosec θ − 2 cot θ cosec θ
r ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
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A.10. Operaciones vectoriales – diferenciación.
~ + β) = ∇α
∇(α ~ + ∇β
~
~ · (A
∇ ~ + B)
~ = ∇
~ ·A
~+∇
~ ·B
~
~ × (A
∇ ~ + B)
~ = ∇
~ ×A
~+∇
~ ×B
~
~
∇(αβ) ~ + β ∇α
= α∇β ~
~ · (αA)
∇ ~ = α∇
~ ·A
~+A
~ · ∇α
~
~ × (αA)
∇ ~ = α(∇
~ × A)
~ −A
~ × ∇α
~
~ · (A
∇ ~ × B)
~ = B
~ · (∇
~ × A)
~ −A
~ · (∇
~ × B)
~
~ = ∇(
∇2 A ~ ∇~ · A)
~ −∇
~ × (∇
~ × A)
~
~ × (α∇β)
∇ ~ ~ × ∇β
= ∇α ~
~ × ∇α
∇ ~ = 0
~ · (∇
∇ ~ × A)
~ = 0
~ × (A
∇ ~ × B)
~ = A(
~ ∇~ · B)
~ + (B
~ · ∇)
~ A~ − B(
~ ∇~ · A)
~ − (A
~ · ∇)
~ B~
B. Fórmulas útiles
24
Z
x2 dx −x √ Z
adx x
= √ + ln (x + a2 + x 2 ) ; = tan−1
(a2 + x2 )3/2 a2 + x 2 a2+x 2 a
B.2. Desarrollos más utilizados.
α(α − 1) 2 α(α − 1)(α − 2) 3
(1 + x)α = 1 + αx + x + x + ...
2! 3!
√ x 1 x3
ln (x + a + x ) = ln a + −
2 2 + ...
a 3! a3
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