Gender and Culture (A seria of Columbia Unive Pree Eaited by Carolyn G, Heilran and Nancy K. Miller ‘A complete series is flows the ind. fiowse BETWEEN MEN English Literature and | Male Homosocial Desire With a new preface by the author EVE KOSOFSKY SEDGWICK a COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS (1185 Now Tos‘ers and offered irreplaceable responses from the perspective of her own {isipine and seni. ‘Other kinds of eect and moral support that underpin a years: Jong projet ae even harder to etgorize, Among the Usual Suspect are Laverne Bery, Cyt Chse, Pl Farell, Joseph Gordon, Madly Garvin, Eline Tune Hansen, Neil Hera, Marha Hil, Nancy Sorkin [Rainowi, Naney Waring, Carolyn Wilans, and oshoa Winer, Rita Koufiy and Leon Kosoy each gave aac scrubbing to several ‘apes, bur ic would be harder of ail enumerate ther te cont brtone—among them, ngage Hel In adiion othe scton ofthis bok that have appre in journal, several sections have been prezented at tala, to pros that have int ‘ode the MLA, the English Insti, Mid-Alinic Womme’s Sues ‘Asocition, Nonheat Vioran Sniics Association, an Ohio Shake speare Confrence, Wesleyan Universi, the University of Cincinnat Hamilton Colge, Colgate Unies, Harvard Universiy, Brook College, Come! University, Johns Hopkins University, Hebrew Univer: sin, and the Centr forthe Study of Women at Wee Coleg, among ‘other. In eh of thes enous I eaed from the commen of many ror peopl than I coud mame here, incading many was names T never new 'A version of chapter 9 appear in Raita; ofthe Coa in Dela; and ‘chapters jan in Crt! Inu. Some trl fom chapter ap peared a par of 2 vevew in Sad Romantic. Lam patel the ‘tors ofl these journals fr thei wilingness to reegh ie the ne ‘sry permisions. INTRODUCTION 4. Homosocial Desire HE subject ofthis book i a relaively shor, rental accesible pasage of English cure, chil a embed in the midight caro mid ninetecntcentry nove. The atracon ofthe period 0 UOcorss of mary diipinc i abies: conden, ceive, an Widely intel change in economia, and gender sane ‘ments. Twill be arguing that concomitant changes fa the soto the contingunt of mak "hom cc” were igh fen cay lon up with the ober mre ibe changer; that he emerging atm of male Fenisip, mentorship, eatilincnt, ae, and eter a bo ‘mosey was nan ite ashing elation to cls and that mo loner of harper an be une oe of ts ein SI andthe gender system 382 whee "Male homosaxil sie”: he praia Weide fis study is ied ‘to mark beh dicrimiatons an paralones."Homosacal dsr,” be Bin with, is 3 kindof xenon. *Hmowxil is 3 wd ocanly {ed in history andthe soil sence, where it describes sol bode ‘berween persons ofthe sane st a nolo, obvely fomed by aalbgy with “homoserua” and jest + vio mane 0 be di (ihe fom “homoseul™ fc ii py wo sich ati “ne bonding.” which mays nour sci, be eharacterie y inns hom phobia ear and hated of homeactasiy! To daw the “homes” ‘bck ino the rb of sir," ofthe potently ei, then tt hy [these the potential unboiennes 2 conninaum Beare Homo {lan homosenil—a concn whos iby form: Ieee ey, is radially draped It wil become cat, i the ext of gament, hat my hypothesis ofthe nbckcnncss ofthis coin nota gencione—t db not man to dus genital homeneaul dee #8 “3 che 001 of” othe forms of male homonai—but rather a teat for making goneraliacions about, and making histori rence the tract of mes lations with otras *Malehomosoea dee” ‘she name this took wll give to the ene coin, This chosen dhe word "dee ater than ve” to mak the eri ‘omic 2 well the sexual exploitation of posix) Ted, an carnation ofthe reéition of eal die poll power se move long ras. Fist, ofcourse, needs to make use of what ‘Sr forme of snes ae mot pote for deeribing hwy vale power snynnatin sch thon of clas sd ace 2 wells ger. But Fr conjunction with hat an nays of representation sal 8 necessary ‘Only the move! of representation wile wr do uc othe (bod bt ot infinite or random) range of way in which sauly functions 2 2 Sigler for power rations The smportance ofthe thetoialmodl in ths caw is or to make the problems of seulty or of violence ot ‘ppeeion sound ler nme and gee 0 ep us analy ant {a the rely very apart non of pli immeiacy tha came {0 ue rom the snl rs or inmance, a daaingwsen atl by Caine MacKinnon, a tsrpting to go cally over and dea ou the grounds of disagreement terwcen diferent steam of feminist thought, aves at the lowing summary ofthe centaly f sexuality ers fo every sue of gender: Exch emt of the aa ade sc cal a in faz ‘Vay oe temps fay el apy eas eputy tnd deel ene sin ene regu by ‘Stings Worn niet eos plo ein on ‘Gomembere bly pare rhe in wen fap, me ‘opt Nace aur ar ween Kates with ea age el {Burm bls yp. Misch meet plete acon be co ar ee ‘And MacKinnon suns up this part of her argument: “Socially female nes mans femininity, which means atraciveness wo men, which means fen aractivenes, which means seal stably on mae tems" “There a whole lo of “mcanng ging on. MacKinnon manages 0 make cvery manifestation of seualty me the same thing by making (ser inance of meaning” man something ee A rat ea me” ran cement in 4 semutic system such 8 fashion softness means egnabity); or anaccal, can “ncn” its complementary opposite (CWoman'infiiaton evokes pedophilia ne, tan mea” {he eomequence that enforet (‘Narciso insures that wom ies tie» Misohis means tht pleasure in vniaion become ere sual"), MacKinnon condudes, “What defines woman a uch is what tune men on” Bur whardefocs “fine”? That ery node of sox taperenc i in some signing eeltion to the whe Tbrc of gender ‘oppretion, and vice vers, tue and important, bu isu xtop me nogy—snonaion sow wos |lero “Te attack om Satin shor ily means rape, oth er and oll the forers in her culture tha poe and cclate powerful meanings imate difleence 3 al ha oe constituent cement of rape i mis ing but the missing constr is simply sex. The stack on Seat ad ‘ren for money; the Black ans had fumbled berwesn the whe breasts tenuse the man ha ben ot tht was whee she hepe her money; Sea ee knew thay there smo mention of anyother motive; bt docs noe Imari the eat the abent sau Tesves no gap inthe characters, the noel, othe soccy’s dicourse of rape "Neverthe, Gane mith the Wind i 08 a novel tha omits enforced seu, We ar shown one acl rape in ely grphie deal but when iris white Hands har cable on whe sin, ks cog mae "sl rantings" {Rn had humbled fer, wae hor broly trough 2 wi tral ight and ahead lore in (chs). The sexal predation of ttite me on Black women aro a presence inthe novel, Bur the se (of force vs consent ie never raed thee; the whit mae alienation of a [lek womans sexuality shaped diferety fom dhe eration ofthe tite woma', go the drs tat rape ceases be a meaning em at IIL And f fore ax cy id cer borwech a Black male an female Character inthis work, the wma event lf would have no sigiving power, sng Blick sexs means ete only af granmatc tans tration of a sentence whose te pbc sublet and bj are White We bare in this provoeminist novel, then, inthis coogi micro coum. 2 symbolic economy in which box the measing of rape and rape fel ar insiendy cated, Because ofthe racial acre ofthe eh fips Domever ripe andr ming cate in pris apit destin Tels an eee ese the il cc ty nv Ameren, more sharply i ‘hecomized than od eacepe perhaps foe ger. Sil, ther symbole Freres such a clas (andy fctres I tean che ine along which “quanti difleetias of power nay ina given sity be ead as a ative iret with oer name) ae abundant ad actively i= ‘opt in every soil oncon, The sg elation of x 0 ower ‘feu lication to pial oppresion, i not che mast sabe, but prety the mom voane of social nodes under this pres “Ths eis of serous pa inportance that our tol foe examining the siting elon be subuleand crite ones, and tha trary Enowiedge of the mat crab or oblique paths of meaning not ‘covering inthe fice of panicindoing ies of rea ene, petly the wnknse ana and ro smu To assume tha 5% Sigilcs power in a fat, unvaying son of metaphor or synced wil alway emails blndner, otto the retrial pyre Bt to such itr eategorcs lana ace. Before we an fly aso tha we ur nnative grep ofthe leverage that seni vations ‘fern the relation Of oppression, we rsd more—more dif, me ‘compat, more dahromealy at, mov ofFcntre—ove daring 3d Preheat of our pram uncreaning of whit may meh for one thing signify anther. i, Sex or History? Ie wl be ear by this oie at he ely fel questions in sy ep gal om we po tbe rearing wo he sero sex sao perl charged Re Tein, or pin for the exchange of mings tn gender ad dss {ain may socks, nr) te ct of cagrs by wich we rina {vey wo debe he dirs of human ibe, Ad honda | ‘an stn hs reaings 8 cnet 0 ne within e- theory Berwen oe sks cng is fe opresion “ILO ay can i he xen hi desl pecan ai fein for the most toring snl el ei in fr he la Of coe, aa rie le oc ae itoxeupc the tte pace om comer pol map bat teen tats gender al, pode set be the font re de son of human expec, ands racy encarping ome or the purrs of he proc agin aia nd FO or il expla more fly tr, gg tobe sting “Fen feninin—deeomtcive anor Lacan finan the tabaci eo spam “Her anda ann ifr {on ey many ery porate cos w much pet tothe be fat hor econ pe ara! ce Ere bot hey ae alin sei al hmong and Se ted nthe epee ay, ancy, a ser aly simlr however connor fy by ea of gna ie fect. (Chaper cus more ly hpi Ey whch ts Secure moive wil be rested he pre sy) Fe{mins sn radians pros en to share the same vatican perhaps iperitin,s fthe poet, pon cery ‘chin aimee ils Se tg the erly we sib of ton rec the pean! Bese of deca fer hero Hsoly cnn oso ta. “The he of nya hems cgi ofthis say makes it and problematical» dion of temas oman tees Meee ini ddan henry thy now ted. Spy Mars eins the doth ep incerta een on hand sora ern chang anon he ote fase ee studs of gender dso hs tpl proce! nt see a ‘tor of sealy an wit rch ioe nthe mesg oreo crs fae. Ormeau as eld ply see ok Sl says someting ta ony os pe with epic: so, an ence appropri med wt the wa of Sonn or he cxenly of pce wih inpl pesrpe hponmis egy ‘0 hee apoptosis ‘mprane nfs have ten te by Masri toe ‘etch osetia nae er aly pony Se Sng devin bythe cise dre: ly. home ay fr en ad pron or women: Mart sat he a ‘ie hep in sping hima ot ae of terry ee, ces el snd ees roe inthis cry ofan atic emai, on th her han in the many erent fos ay losing ir hat hen, hs en ely ctl py ee ity ina prominent and megs enone tae aogs ape forthe desea the conrad atc Bry Fa Saad Sie, Ss ris Porn Son, Cid Cate Pk Maio in te Aa lop The Dep Seaton ea A thea Deri Penarapy: Me Pang Wom ae op need ‘ng hesopteous group oft in many rec ae ee {6% ler mint Henin in eho Act sae, 1 rn “hoonalys the ent work of Fou, and eine historia schol ‘ipa uggee a he pice of ening the boundary bene the Sx ‘al ad the aot-seaul, le the place of dawing the boundary benween the eal ofthe wo gone, arn, bu is mot arbirary. Thar (25 the example of Gove with the Wind rege, the placement of the bua in pair soci af nt mercy che deitions of those terms themscies—sxusfonscxnl, mascuineeminine—but aio the tppertinment of forma of power that ae noe obiouly sexual. These ince conl ove the meas of proton an reproduction of goods, ‘enone and meanings. So that Gras acount, which thinks i d= Sorting «lec of power abated fom either the malemale or the semlnonsenil dichotomies, i leaving out of consideration cat [ove that fn fat preside over the dsrbution of power in every known Soxicy. And been the drbuion af power according totes dcho- Tomisimo and poly cannot be symmetric the hidden symmetries thar Gira angle lps us discover il aways i eam scone ide ‘dn oblique, A the sme ime vent Bee i nd the lacing pos ly ofthe Girardin ayant is to be poses of a graphic oo or Iistorcal messre I wil mal it easier for ws to pereive ard discus the ‘ruta arp in these reste of male homoscial nd betroscial de Sire, and the resitances them, ‘Grr argument ofcourse heavily dependent, not only on 3 brik liane tion Fr aking cial the reine wisdom of etal lore, burs on a schematization frm Frew the Ocal ange, hes sion of the young child thats atemping fo suse self With respect tora power father and a Beloved mother. Freud's discussions ofthe ‘tology of Comore” (which current research seems co be render ing qusionabe as tof gonerzaons abou peronal histories of| “fomosenst) | augges homo and heterosecialobteomes i aust te thera of a complied play of dese for ad identification with the pnt of each ged the chi routs eitknieation tough Gender Aner nd ee Tingle s the mother atv a rol he the ater, ove vers, Rich Klein summaries this argument a follow tn nm doin te ne ys oe oth hima rene atone bss men Sena Seroupeposra ace armen ee Pe iGinaa itamsn's eter wy cna bared coer tc sar ee Soret te orn eae cert iets Sop undone ot tagecromeea es Seema ee beets Pang netenal ponte aeons eee Se cages Sa Seep ae have mentioned that Girard’ reading presents iuelfa¢ one whose symmetry is undisturbed by such diferentes se gendr, ough thet Angles dat mos shape hi view tend nthe European tan, 2 volte bonds of tial” beeen mals “ove” a woman i ica ‘ation of aly is structured bythe same ply of ematon and en tein, wheter the ents ocupying the cence ofthe triangle Be rs, one gtk, or What Indexing the Ox rama, Freud notoriously tended wo plates mae in he generic pion ‘Of Chik” and reat he ene ofthe female ot ing more or lee he ae, “mutts muta at any rat, as Freud interpreted by conventional American psychoanalysis, the enormous difleence in the dere and Kind ‘of ferme and male power enters prchoanalyic vic, when a al a ‘elt rather than a an active dteminant of fail and inrapycc Structures of developeent Tht both Gnd and Fea ora et he Freud ofthis imterpetive tradon) tet the erotic wing sym rieal~in che sense ha its structure would be relatively unafted by the owe diflrence that would be inuodueed by a change in the gene of ‘one of he patcipans. addition, the asyretry I apoke of in seston i of the Inox tion —the radically drupe contnoum,inour soci, Bees sex 2rd onenul make bonds, 8 agaist the rely smth and palpable somite ome ite pet 0 he he ‘erature of erotic wiangles in ways tha depend on gener, and for which meithr Freud nor Girard would fer an account Roth Froid ndGirard, in other words, et cote triangles under the Platonic light hat ferns comity inthe hanes em eo 13th kes much fleece nc Wesco Thee {s+ kind bravery abr the prceding ef exch inh pes bt orl Binney we ‘Recent eeatings and eros of Fed hve gone much ‘her nai in acute some of gender I Franc nee peyheaac douse inet by Jaques Lean ne fone Bigs and the Law ie wh the ps andthe cman of fe hers {egos whoo yng thatch a Sct fas the poeta fog 5 mecon ot fon an viet mops macs ee any tof wa, though no (fn) hse ee Sera opeaters srt -nthg” ony tym le peo roth The dak ns pls in king hn ay mean oS iy not by hr pee in sn he Va bby es ps in folie ow ger mtn ld me” Sry esx, poe ks ls nthe ch ame frail st Fake be myname hy love the po eats ad pec hich tne: Wi the vgafn ihe adel on heer nas he fee aig wal hon oer} “A ve al Sia heath vie me “To aire marae the woman is muslin te poxms analy benign dempsey. Wht ta Sl she tin whch, pong into etal etre wh ‘srt coniming hatte with er rent eer ib ol reper ena in ot qo ee, bao fon of ees wih he woman, nest The manent when theme, opps to ben nly nly cc te yoo he Irmo when he ps ak ing el for “tng wh, she thes mame to he wor oe the ame a anand. The Sey st cmt hg ih as arte Thou Wind il, whe dost tho ro mine ey, “Tha hey behold and see not wha they ne ‘They know whae beauty ia whe li, Yet wha the beat tae the wore 10 be (7: emphasis mine)Leslie Fir, discusing some closely related anes in Shakespcare's gos. mats any pn of ry sme ema ius mani igh fom women who, paging nto spool tn feed m3 hlemin ht nomen iss vm © father and mother, grat me thst ‘May every on heteter, who comes diving Ino this pool, emerge bal many ade weskce By the touch ofthis ev water Inthe Somes he ola wich he aloo apa fale Hl. Only women Bove the power mle nr tn shin his wr Are mesmo ars man rege, ng hei he struments woman hg ted Seer oye ove cnt wih ae mn hugh sy 3 mae Bebe tas rl unlit wth ls te dk ya ‘aly denen. pole forthe “pe and o Ia inl er ve" oes me ars a youth on lew tect nec.“ veg Se "opi myles oe ang bree you ‘Tie images oved I view inthe, ‘As houy al hey, hast ll the of me (0) The vale ofthe yout is increased by his power to arma and con ‘erat the love of other men es aestive, not inciminating, fr 2 man ro poses a “lovely gue where every eye Uh duel” 9. Toe ha ing lines about che dick lady in 17, in the eararophicdenoucmen fet {he “Wi” sonnet, 2 damned and daring cho ofthat Band wey tite where every ee doth dt” however eyes cone by over partilooks Be anchored nthe bay where all men sde, Wy of eyes ilsebood hae tho forged hook, Where the judgement of my hearted? Why should ny hea eink thst» seve poe, Which my heart knows the wie works common plc? “The bay where ll men ride” of cour isthe dysphoric transformation ofthe spermatic community of 15 ("The eal wae, ye receives rain SKIL And in abundance ade obs tee So thou, beng ch in Wi "A bumble, les hytricl seamanship applied 0 the youth and Ins teltion tote vel poet since your worth, wide atthe ocean ‘Te himble the proves sl doh ba, My say Br, inioe Bi oi, (Oe your broad main dx wil appear Yeates lc Whilst he upon your sounds deep doth ries (Or, being wracked 3 worthless Bot, He oft uli ad of goodly pede (2) Ie would be gute wrong 1 ty thatthe peak never exes cur oer the ar yout (othe pre-darcdyrone) to camespondf0 the jenny be expencs over the dak dy As the eample of the be loveharetan metaphor siggy the theme nd ov peak generic alle bewccn de two love ae fly comple, Coresponding oe Son for cela, dug, section, sltoment, epi i, and ‘0 forth, ocr in the ro elaionsips,coresondenc tha sored ine’ thvesening uty nthe Ba ingle Bet theses, rece nd syle difercncetin ween yor the mon poly Batcly tox enough to conc he hemaneconepondencs terme cape tee oc acting on der grounds ucston of edison sa sayin Sd he dy To the een shat he Sones say anything fcc” aboot ‘hi hey syst both the yout and dh ay be te sly to deve the mara tha he ae omens pen hf hom of ding to, Never, the Sonne pote oc oat ay gh 0 eat the youth a3 mora mh we he ry econ fey es to be doubene and deve Wha hanes, i ore 0 compose such {rene pres round ely slr cme the poston —the sedition of the pester In he sonnets are tothe fie youth, tere i pln of ds anc, doubles, nd sli, bur eal derribed a lected out {Se he yuh inl, and wienever ore, win the pater. The tlacon Of the youth's dete to hil that of coud most,* Swan in Lane: The Bump of Shakespeare’ Soon: celpcs—to the sun; bt tefl on the spears 0 ihm gaint Tinos in she very eft vo understand an eacae the supposed sim per, pastor youth, ‘Athan thy espns wth compas ys contig saving ty ais ang ys more tan is 5 Foro ey aul a I ing Sse ‘Ty tre pay iy aoe ‘Red pnn nen> awl plescommen. (3) So shal toe ts that do wth meres, ‘Widow hy bby me be bore one (8) ‘pi hat ie (when yu ener ove me] do ncn er ‘Men che noel of mine own ‘ha sy fd en pl oper $1 let eons ony par— (9) When ho sn be posed ost me ih ip mer ne eae hy eng . iro te tus Gough ou at oon) ‘Soy that hw di fe me sme a, 22st wl comment apn the flee Speak oy amon an Tighe wil a - « -) Incapable of more pte With ou, RR ema me ye are : were to beay “The yout’ ery invisible an scm inter: ie the peter, it woud be impossible ro detect, Foe there can lve hated i thine 9, “Theefore i that [canoe ko thy change. Iinmany look, he fe hears Noy [swe in maode and frowns and wrinkles range; ‘Bur havin thy eresion dd dese, “Thar in thy face nec love should ever dl, “Whaner thy thoughts or thy eae’ workings bs, “Ty looks should noting thence but sees el. (03) “the notorious difiies of Sonnet 94, “They tha have pow to hur, se ete none" are at least partly traceable £0 this inerplay between Swan in Line The Example of Step’ Sonne * ‘he (apparent) monalthienes ofthe youth andthe el visve eft be tas on dhe man who loves hin. When the youth des change, an impe- ‘our and punve extemal agent Tames eal int play oe the terion ‘All thsi ver dierent fom the speakers weatme ofthe dark lady, butitis oly familiar sa Se of ablessing of bjetifing— women. “The Sones presen ir youthasingee, che prerationa,premor ‘ete prehurmanerestre cht ft not posible o est o under sand, of 0 blame. Like Marl Monroe, tbe youth makes the a ‘ewig in fel ol, vite, al respobl, even athe man urate inthe prsence (the most promise) of youth snd self powetion. The ‘gntive vision of lbor se by the peter perl ca: you ate Sessuaiy, Lam ene; you ar animal ese and secmess and authentic iy, Tam idle gui andscltsubyrsion and ambivalence, The corollary ofthis sion of bor i thar you can do anything to meet me, texment me, exhaust me, make me crary—anyhing exept suprise me For cher rong sniiatry sl prestivenes in he speakers th rae othe youth (anything you can do to me, an do wore) ha ‘ne ofthe stogest links wit the loves in Proust, and one af he hig that mos presen he fr youth fom bconing ise nh ow igh “The apealar bet (tay rte, moe characteristic) xpesion of lve i 2 forealing of disloyal, or of «regret which there no evidence ts the youth pro: [No bger mou for me when Lam dead “Than you hall hea he sry allen Bll Navi yo read this ne, remember not “Thehaed hat wi, for Love you so “Thain your sweet thoughes woul be forgot, Woking on ne then shold make you woe. (1) Alter my death, dar love, forget me quite: «- «(73) [No more be rev at that which show Rast done... ) “Take al my loves, my low, ye tae them all. « (40) “Tha god fri, hat made oe Bs your sve, 1 shot in thought contol your times of plesure.. - (8) ‘Te yous charges, doy, using, aso, amie pd re se compchensivl atipated al persed by his amirer—in or to prowne the image ofthe Beloved a simple and single are 0stepre that the speaker knows, 10 cnc om he—that the image of the thins Rated and i beef Rear tive pes out the youth sing Wide: one veers Akiba is snther Lad ‘At Dog. ‘To sy tht the sale tas the youth, stray, a a mi lon, isnot ro say that the youth is fem in the sone. To the com «ry, iso emphasize how historically ontngene even the mest in tially oppressive images of women ae: Marin Monro, Hey Sorrel Balls Wiles, ven Miton's Eve are a part Shaky of damaging or exking female portant. (1 amthing. the fir youth, “womans fice” an all is preset ae exaggerate pacar, staighnorwand ures pink, ant dene) Te youth hs bis wont ante fears, but inthe Ges of te Sots, he Yer euch of lees: be rpresems the mascline ae pre objet. Te fc, tthe segres tha sl ision i sen as alae dpc rom him to take op sees in the speaker, isthe speaker wh this conten ene ror eine For congo setvision seme ofthe tnt of emit in the Sonpes—or, more sccinatly “le plague” meaning plague OF ‘sens. The extraordinary dilstive insane the pralor ot» ‘woman who is dart eng perc afr (an here no ery cling a tha the crux oft ast ten he dk Insets) nies tha 1m sme way not 50 fae expres to he woman i aca tobe ‘2xymorom nant ano kove dese 3 woman to be spl withthe same chi, ‘My thous any dour as mam’ ar, ‘A random from the th vaily expres or have orc id hugh the ght, Whos ri sk apy The impli homology irk, he ston of fuss with sonra tes on the oe Ran anal of arn with el ond kh female genitals the other, len oa citring opt ofthe woman's rk coloring the “lene” of i Being peri 3 fhe seal _romiscuity (ne kindof eoragion of iss), and the spake’ ses tion rom hinsl (anther kind of conragon of fies). The speaker's pathic sate in hie reltionip withthe fie south ha ie vous the sk of any evan inte oes far the youth to he “ie” mean be wn and sais, athe expense ‘ane pono in whose ew“ Te np he a inert aie burt theca the stdin na tei loge nr anda commaice nthe pea ns ect ther hc econ eet mo conta The epee? crc! stp {ey fancy the reling f bee by a beeya no op HCA noma a hy neh ange hae Topi thee vo None of he sean sd ing wb nto ‘Once way of puting the fire bawee he mee bod sed these tl bod tens wo be tat he ene fp the sola bo ast ems hs ht 9) Stes ing or ate we x to ofthe ko ee Src tenpray oes fr oa a0 hal 1b) an ee bly Setar Tn to Be i-inr youth ke Bong ‘oval eo be ed in ving he ak nf ie Bo Ing rabed Die pu fra van seg cna ing age inthe cnn of enon witha man til es Re prectng pain a2 wu of te pws, we or aman to Unde 2 Shing in he co felipe 3 woman fe ac degeneration of enc. "Fas iinet ao heeded inreion of wns dor seri in he lain of opener oth een he eof np {oun of eauginan geal shee, Rat pone tenn, er {tan and jut pln ove Sry al seme vo be ened the Sonne not ply em yf thon hing bo pice of reve clang he dati a, ‘A isin prof, and proved avery wos, Before, «fy propose, behind, a dream (129) in appoition wo love, the “ever zed mak” (ns) (Ths the muting, ‘ayenous mae gre, Tine, nthe i youth sont, nay be on these of wha wl er tun ou 0 be (Fema) sexuality 0 be pred bythe introns of mariage and fay, well by oct.) We have seen that inthe mos der description ofthe supposedly symmetrical tangle, in Sonnet 44, both action and seat ae exlsivey female ‘prerogatives, bur both happen only though altering men, trogh ake” Swann Ln: The ample of Sheen Sonne ing them onthe one-way jumcy fom angel fend, fom heaven (or Insome other versions, i essen) to hel From tis pin several lle theoretical rates might the ove. Mos ey, the git akg suggeed above forthe ane of power between aie snd flames could be made more calc and comple, 2nd | think profs, oul be extended in the direction ofthe impli tnd extremely voice image ofthe fly of cihood and morherhood and pathaps mor interengly of Eteehood, cha lurks among the Son- “Acie more ining ne of dscuson, however an one that would help give the quetion of family some speci and grounding, would rete us to paz and specify the notion of power, which Ihave hd to teat 40 fared anderen anaes hee that one most Wises the Sonnets were novel tht readers have most weated i252 rove, and that we ae instead going to bing the Sonnets preocops> ‘ns to bea on real nove Not © know whether the youths "power to ‘represents the nobleman’s power of patronage, oF the actors power ‘over the playwright, even though cach could be embodied in & bond of Tove not know how far that Beatcout root. - Which to repair Shoold be thy chi esi” (0) repreents the yout’ stewardhip of 2 pre-established hose and name, or his narcsitie aventrism with an ‘ini cpa faa iis ot now in what the pervasive language of iw, of eaptal and usr, of food and ne ‘nay realy have Been tnting together chese reatonships; nto know inthe speci of» clas geder, 2 hiorel moment, what a person sare who breaks he "bed-vow" (2) or endangers who “ob othe te evens of thei en (42); otto know how poll sardonic the undeing une may be when a giv man ak ten Woman, ‘What net's thou wound with cunning when hy night [more than my otepessed defence cn bie? (35) on hor, hve even prime to the language of workings in {his work ee insofar ais preys eeive—what we lose in these igre Hanks not "e man Shakespeare” or bi gs, but mach ofthe feature, the proportions, the sya, the tori, ofa mercurial and ob {este maitation on seal poli, Moreover, ou eating acess the [ret Banks driver uo wider mispision—specicaly, co universiing fed ening, in fees aginst ur age ad c's ara, cer San in Love The Example of Saker Sonne ” tain ofthe few arcu tha happen powefly orm fom the di course of ferent ge and cls (the genital aegory). Gender and ita we have always wih us; but “aly.” “sexuality,” “masclin, "Feminine “power" "eae" privacy” “tie” the mens abd sub stance of gene and genial, are embodied in tes and ination, i trate among them [A the same te, the following ar among the tentative ger tions offered by this deracinted reading of the Somer tothe moe lated, nove readings ahead “An crv anges ikely co be experienced in terms ofan explicit of impli aserton of symmetry berween gender and bewéen homo: and Ietersocil or sexual bond, “That symmetry wil be fatiious oF dinorted both beau ofthe rw Alerenes in the amount and kinds of mle an Female power, and be- ‘use in the discourse of mos alu, beneath hori of “opposites” and “counterparts and "complementary" one generis treated 3 ‘marginale subse ether than a an equal aerate to the ctr, As 2 coral, bonds between member of the same sx wl ot be disty comparable with bonds vo member of theater se and see bonds teeween men wil Rave ferene meanings and esringy frm mex bonds berween Women). Male Homosenul bonds may Ive» tbured ane marginalized relation to male heteroseralty similar tothe eton oF emalenes ro mules, but diferent because cared out within ana ‘ready dominantly male homosoi phere “The asertion of symmetry wll be made posible by 2 suppreion of efictl gene difrences or by 2 talon ofthc ine fons ‘comparable spatial andor temporal hte gure; the eomparsle Agus wil bear de mark ofthe asyrmetricleigas bu no in ay far wil pei the wo be rer ito an inte venon of ht tga condition “The igure ofa person who can be “halfway bowen” make and female wil cura an imporan pos forthe Bion of gen syty, Bu inform tha finaly reese the tendrounes ofthe aston of Sy mcr. This has bee 2 ticking pom in cv some vey acute and daring ‘tities of the Sonnets; the eto and pola jagger toward symmetry has le for insane, Wilke, Wyndham Levis and G. Wilson Knight to privilege the feminized male 3 soman ae che ober be yond gender: "Pocey i faelf «bru swureney oe acon "In any ‘rdinary lve afte mae Beds completion nthe female, He aconax sg Jo speos sno snowy sBuaNs Jo sooIgo se UMD no stip ai 0) ed 424 ‘ixbop sono gs # yo ov uno su §,FUVAUSANVH auisogy PDOsOWOT] oe Jo sorwowuy 22fiM Kasunod 241 QaUHL WALdVHO ‘wane ay aye pg ao ae ipNotes1. On his, see Mier, New Pat {Dover Get Mma pI 1 Arent, on Cnt 83, ued Rich, On Li, p26, 1 On the Beemin Grove, lle srr can for Aeron rig qitrets Dont ean Gn nd orev sag honey "oe am er Ze Me Par The NOW reson fir ines expicly des sdomatchim, por ography, and "pelrs” cain peop) ec f evga and a ary anal pcre” Ce Hee ‘ho Toh re 4 (198) p92. "4 Foreplraion ft vewpis, sce Hemi id; Siow a, Po ens Sams, Comin i MacKinan, Femina” pp, $20-31 ser nd Segond by apes mar 1, Fora dacuson of hes ton, sc Vici, “Sern” The vy itl work hati pase ihn the ound enemy the ‘Syn Newon aS an Clas "On hi se Keon" Mar Ter Mice ses ths pec of The Gren yy Wom Ee sat 9p. 82-58 So ich, Wana ary, 14 The be and Ceres dicson of ths apt of Fre i Laplace, fe ant Dah, pe pp. 25-1. 2 Foran copes scl dcason of ese of women om he work of Gir se Mo, "Minng Mothr™ 260m this se (sion 10 Saito ta, Pow) rns and Gordon, Fail Wile” 2 The flowing books a 03 grt o er etn, amin the ep os: Frc Sre Pat: Ml, Homo Rows snd Wes 3 ‘tlm; Deed, oman 24 The mst fetal eee stement ofthis postion it Hel, And on Tr Se Irgary, “Gand and Fy, Pale, 9p. 128-51 ae Marcas wok ‘0 Vigna Woo makes we of Mar Anni Macchi Roop fa ‘lan, “the Na conmany& made by Ramos! ots who exe the woman and abe the meter ™ Mate syn, “Te Camb Apo os of Fae see pyar to Wool sgn to serait fea on of fem.” Macc foaton is quted ia fre Capi, In. thc © Female Sraiy i Pst Lely Femi Re 1 (1979) 9 {2 Mac’ cay Lite, Srey, Misogyny Hebean aod Higont yarn p. 60-97, eso 2m POF "Ons se Hexqunpm, nerd Dp. 42-67. Chapter 1. Gender Asymmetry and Erotic Triangles 1, ni ce Hl et a, Seal Prof 1 Rove of Homaernls 1077 On this sce Galo, Dang Sesion, pp 15-32. 1 Sah Man) ae op. 9210 {1h Botany Snes Kini (Boon: Beacon, 185) p11; goed te Robin rate p78 Rain, 5. ga Cood” pp. 107-10 ‘Chapter 2. Swan in Love: The Example of Shakespeare's Sonnets 1 Rae, Lane Diep 1 Gets sn for rans Wes, Coming On, p52, 87, 68 sd he cis stot Mar, Gri, p 106, {Shbpewe Som p39, Sonne 42. Fanhercetin wil be oro retin the fxr posible by Some mcr, ge Wind 9 {a Lan Daou» 2 Wie, Pom 8 1 Bede Somer pp 25-26. On shaman se Li i, 9p. 19-58 and psi quneton ae (vom Rie ata lame, 38-37, CChaptce 3. The Country Wife: Anatomie of Male Homovocal Desire For amas, An y+ Hamer fs 3 lay pic ey of sie mee wale cntcnng mc horney i peri, BP os Vi Cy We" 5 Lb Sau cons, This explig why the ions eee the ses te pred ar alee ries, aor aed myer which ues [Bay pemene sheen unverf man conus” (Elmar ‘Stn p96). The guncd by Rtn “ale” p 201. Rud fa, Theta taeinay eee Why ent thai, denounce ws nhp ayes do to women ised of presing ene of the grees rp (Fallin the oo omnce™ Wp, Gunny Wife Faber eon wi be nerprtd in the tet and designed he pie by acta ne Om dhir sre Vic Scan Wit = Quan nceahy Wii Wy, pp 91-92. 2 Reo p. 98 , 1 eh, Maa Daler 6.