AP a oO > FIGURE 10.5 10.3 Exercises Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration 10.3 47 4 L Example 3 Evaluate i gd Sketch the graph of £69) = and interpret the integral san area. Solution Using Definition (10.4) with a = 0, od fine Next, applying (i) of Definition (10.3), a4 1 [ dizte= tim [ade tm aren = lim @retan ¢ ~ arctan 0) = m/2 — 0 = 7/2. Similarly, we may show, by using (ii) of (103), that A f. T+ Consequently, the given improper integral converges and has the value 2+ W2=n The graph of y = (1 + x2)is sketched in Figure 10.4. Asin our previous discussion, the unbounded region that lies under the graph and above the x-axis may be assigned an area of z square units. . Improper integrals with infinite limits of integration have many applica tions in the physical world. To illustrate, suppose a and b are the coordinates ‘of two points 4 and B on a coordinate line J, as shown in Figure 10.5. I F(x) is the force acting at the point P with coordinate x, then by Definition (6.10), the work done as P moves from A to B is given by we [red In similar fashion, the improper integral (2 F(x) dais used to define the work done as P moves indefinitely to the right (in applications, the terminology “to infinity” is sometimes used). For example, if F(x) is the force of attraction between a particle fixed a point A and a (movable) particle at P, and if/e > a, then 2 F(x) dx represents the work required to move P from the point with coordinate ¢ to infinity (see Exercises 33 and 34). Determine whether the integrals in Exercises 1-24 converge or diverge, and evaluate those that converge.472 10 Indeterminate Forms, Improper Integrals, and Taylor's Formula oP anacae ena} x |, 4x2 Jn Exereses 25-28 assign, if posible, a value to (a) the area of| the region R, and (6) the volume ofthe soli obtained by r- volving & about the xan B R= (oyx210< ys tps] % R= (x yix2h0sys live} R= eye > 40s yxy R= (Oyix280sysx%) 29. The infinite region tothe tight ofthe ais and between the graphs of y= e-* and y = Q is revolved about the Jas Shove thal a volume canbe assigned a theresling insite slid, What isthe volume? M0 Find the are length ofthe curve 22? + 522 = | Find all values of n for which the integral JP x" dx (a) converses; (6) diverges. Find all integral values of for which the integral f= xtd (a) converges: (b) diverges. 33° In Figure 10.5 take @ = 0 and let A represent the center of the Earth. If P represents a point above the surface, then the fores exerted by gravity at P is given by Fs) pe, where & is @ constant. If the radius of the earth is 4000 mi, find the work required (© project an objeet weighing 1001 along J from the surface to (Hin: (4000) = 100, ‘Mi The force (in dynes) with which two electrons repel one another is inversely proportional to the square of the distance in cm) berween them. If, in Figure 19:5, one eleciron is fixed at A, find the work done ifanother electron is repelled along / trom a point B, which is one em from A, toinfnity, It eas be shown that if /'and g are continuous functions and if 0 fix) < g(x) for all x im (a, 00), then the following eom- parson tests for improper integrals are true © Ife ecpavx converges, then [fF f(a) dx converges (id) Se 0) dx diverges hen fF ae) dx diverges. Use these tests to determine the convergence or divergence of the improper integrals in Exercises 35-38 WH Prove tar tf Todae = Land Joes = Khem f Jods [Yojde~ tox for every real number b AL Prove that if {f f(x)dx and Je g(=)dx both converge, then Jf [/(x) + a(x)] dx converges. Show thatthe eon: verse ofthis result fle 42 If/(x)is comtinuous on [2 5), prove that tin frinte Pyeoae and In the theory of differential equations, if fis a function, then the Laplace Transform £ of /(x) is defined by tipo = [eeyeyae {or every real number s for which the improper integral eon:478 10 Indeterminate Forms, Improper Integrals, and Taylor's Formula ‘Taking the limit of the sum on the right, and using the definition of the definite integral, LU dp 4 0) 2 Sinee u(d) = 0 and xX —d) =, the integral is improper (but necessarily convergent). 10.4 Exercises Determine whether the integrals in Exercises 1-30 converge or diverge and evaluate hose hat conver In Exercises 31-34 assign, if possible, a value to (a) the area of the region R, and (b) the volume of the solid obtained by revolving R about the «axis M Rae NOsxs10sysIVa BR R= Mey OexsLOsy se B R= (Gy) 4s xs40 sys lo+9} M R=Ma yl sxs20 dys for every positive integer k. Hence the series converges by the Alternating Series Test. If we use 5. to approximate the sum § of the series, then ‘Thus the approximation 0.84147 is accurate to five decimal places. It will follow from (11.42) that the sum of the given series equals sin 1 and hence sin 1 = 0.84147, This illustrates one technique for constructing trigonometric tables, . 11.4 Exercises Determine whether the series in Exercises 1-14 comerge oF diverge, 1 for 2 for Fett s 2f ” a+)Absoluie Convergence 11.5 523 forte [ow Sct! mw Sent) - nny In each of Exercises 21-24, use Theorem (11.27) to find = Tay ches ey paste ae e ze r = * oP ve positive integer n such that S, approximates the sum of the given series to four decimal places. ey Ce ee - “ LUG ai a Sed 2 Sept an ip eat Syl deals a crs 4 Des ws Fert we Serpe 1 WS uaal Fae bah orm in Pah aa 3B omerpanit cpt 2% WS. and Shy are both divergent series is aby divergeot? Explain. Ww Ser ae Scr 115 Absolute Convergence The following concept plays an important role in work with infinite series. Definition (11.28) | An infinite series ¥ a, is absolutely convergent if the series Lal = lay! + fag| toes + fal te ‘obtained by taking the absolute value of each term is convergent. Note that if Fa, is @ positive term seties, then la,| = a,, and in this case absolute convergence is the same as convergence, Example 1 Prove that the following alternating series is absolutely con- vergent: 1,414 lopte ge Solution Taking the absolute value of each term gives us igre Boye ‘which is a convergent p-series. Hence by Definition (11.28), the alternating series is absolutely convergent. .