ALSTOM a TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION mrolecton & Contrl Course PC3, Dubai Application of Protective Relaying to - Distribution and Sub-Transmission Systems 25 - 29" March 2000 Transformer Protection:- Application Examples ~ ors Vs Registered in England No. 959256TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TUTORIAL QUESTION 1 With reference to the attached figure: 1. Estimate the maximum through fault current and discuss the criterea for calculations. 2. Recommend the ratio of the interposing CT's. The actual. turns available are shown in the table below. 3. Determine the knee point voltage of the line cT's. 4. Recommend the value of the stabilising resistor in series with the MCAG14 for the restricted earthfault protection. TERMINALS loot ourPuT, TO RELAY cf requirements for the bias differential protection Vy = 24 In(Rep + 2Ry + Rp) knee point voltage of the cT Iy = rated current of relay Rep = resistance of CT winding Rj, = cable lead resistance between relay and CT/ICT Rp = effective impedance of interposing cT Minimum value of V_ for star connected CTs ee In is lo Minimum Value of Vi for delta connected CTsTHMIOISNTEL JO NOTIOSIONd WIINTIaSIIO Aepou | voy 3991024 yeyqa293710 | pecera LOL I uyew vo 2ny309339 suo Z yo s-0 qoi-zse 11 Uda gore Zz AIUT/EE wawoz‘SOLUTION TO TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TUTORIAL Solution to Question 1 1.1 Transformer rating = 20MVA O.01tpe O-lpe Transformer impedance = 10% Zs ay Using 20MVA base, © 20 Source impedance = — = 0.017 pu 1200 Transformer impedance = 0.1 pu Total impedance to fault = 0.117 pu (for a 36 fault). 1 Therefore, fault MVA = 0.117 pu 1 = x 20MVA = 170.94.MVA (for a 3p fault) 0.117 ws Leggy = 89724 Fault MVA ignoring source impedance Go) 1 = — x20 WMA 01 200MVA (for a 3¢ fault) Without consideration for the source fault level the theoretical maximum through fault level gives the worst-case consideration. However if the switchgear rating is taken as the source fault level the through fault level obtained should represent a practical worst- case consideration, The latter reduced value can help to reduce CT output requirement for protection relays.A. Sequence Networ Connechons fer an Earh Fault :- Vpa. Zs1 Zr O-OlTpu. O-l pu. re a Te, >Tp,, - LT = a Fz Fo O17+0-1N +01 O84 = 2 994 pow, Ir + 3x 2994 = 2-987 pu. Kae e = $482 x 20 x10° = 8-982 x 1049-72. NB x 11x 103 = 9429 A. ot > Zz ~F (ip) F (3g)12 To calculate the interposing CT (ICT) ratio the mid-point position of the tap change range on the HV must be considered i.e. at 32.175KV. With the chosen CT ratio and consider 1A CTs : 20MVA 1 HV relay current = ———— x 1000 x — = 0.8970 32.175kW/3 400 1 LV main CT secondary current = 1049 x —— = 0.8744 1200 Normally the ICT rating is such that the side connected to the relay is chosen to be the same as the relay rating, i.e. the secondary winding is to have 1A rating. The LV main CTs are connected in star, the ICT therefore must be connected in star/delta. The required relay current = 0.897A to balance the HV relay current. Therefore, the required ICT ratio is given by: 0.8744/0.518A The ratio may also be expressed as 1.687/1A The windings $1-S2 and $3-S4 may be used in series as output windings giving (125 + 90) = 215 turns. The primary turns (Tp) required, is therefore given by: 1.687A x Tp = 1A x 215 215 Primary Turns (Tp) = —— = 127.4 1.687 Nearest No. of Turns = 125 Use terminals 5 to 6.To determine the CT knee-point voltage Vk : According to the relay CT requirement Vk = 241N(RcT+2Ri +R) At 33kV side : Vk = 24x1(142x0.5) = 48V . Minimum Ve = 2 = 60V ‘At LIKV side : Vx = 24x1(142x0.5+2) = 96V The line CT, on LV side are also used for REF. Further check on CT requirement for REF is also required. The worst case consideration is when one line CT saturates and current fed from neutral CT with an external earthfault: Vx = 2xIgpx(Rcp + total impedances in the loop) 2x 9429 "x (140.5x2#2) = 62-8V 1200 Comparing the two requirements of REF and Bias Differential the line CT, and neutral CT on LV side should have knee-point voltage of 96V.1.4 To find the value of series resistor Rs for the REF : Under the worst case consideration of an external earth fault when one Vine CT saturates and current being fed from neutral CT maximum voltage Vs developed across the relay circuit : V, = Ip (total impedance in the saturated CT circuit) = 428 (42,0542) = aay 1200 Set relay operating voltage = Ip Zp Where Ip = relay setting current Zp = relay circuit impedance Tp = 0.14 3h Therefore Zp = — = 314 ohns 0.1 1 Relay impedance =—— = 100 ohms 0.12 Therefore stabilising resistance = 314-100 = 214 ohmsg. ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEMS COURSE ~ ‘TRANSFORMER TURORIAL Qu. 2 WHICH C.T, CONNECTIONS ARE CORRECT FOR ‘THROUGH PHASE-ZARTH PAULT STABILITY a) R Fm az a, % TA De RB BR St 52ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION OP POVER SYSTEMS COURSE ‘TRANSFORMER TUNRIAL SOLTTION TO GU. 2to. ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEMS COURSE ‘TRANSFORMER TURORTAL ww. 3 m 30M 200/1 132/35" 60/1 on. A rN. See 1) 2) Draw the 3f connections for the differential protection (neglecting R,E.F.) including int, CT's for ratio matching, phase angle compensation and stability. Given an external E/F level (on the 132kV star side) of 13004 draw the current distribution and secondary current values.We ANALYSIS AND FROTSCTION OP POWER SYSTEMS COURSE TRANSFORMER TUTORIAL SOLUTION TO QU. 3 m sonra, 132/350 200/1 4 6.58 Jo.s770 1.08 5408:2. ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEMS COURSE ‘TRANSFORMER TUTORIAL wa wm . Cova, 132/33K¥ 1200/1 FA MN —-A irr Ip 1/0.33A = 1000A 1200/1 O- Q- O— —o oO 1) Calculate the H.Y. C.%. ratio and connections required for balance of the differential protection. 2) Draw the current distribution for an external phase-earth fault.ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION OF POVER SYSTEMS COURSE ‘TRANSFORMER TUTORIAL SOLUTION 70 Qu. 4 m omer, 132/35K0 300/0.5788 1200/14