Rachelle Hayes

EDS 3110
4/23/2001

Chapter 13-The Struggle for Educational Opportunity

• In 1822, Sequoyah invented Cherokee syllabary. This permitted the Cherokee

language to be written; books were published in Cherokee; Cherokee Schools
became bilingual; and the Cherokee nation wrote, edited, and published the
Cherokee Phoenix, a bilingual weekly newspaper.
• The Bureau of Indian Affairs dominated the education of Native Americans after
the Civil War. The treaty with the Navajos promised that schools would be built
to education their children, but only .5% was actually educated.
• More than 85% of Indian children are educated in public schools.
• The first law prohibiting slaves the opportunity for education was passed in South
Carolina in 1740.
• 1896-Plessy v. Ferguson-segregation became a legally sanctioned part of the
American way of life.
• It developed the doctrine of separate but equal, which justified a segregated
school system.
• De jure segregation-in the south, a dual-school system based on race, segregation
by law or by official action.
• De facto segregation-in the north, school assignments based on both race and
residence, unofficial segregation occurred as the result of segregated residential
patterns.
• 1954-Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka-separate education facilities were
unequal and illegal.
• 1964-Civil Rights Act passed.
• Title IV-gave the US Commissioner of Education the power to help desegregate
and the US Attorney General the power to initiate law suits to force school
desegregation.
• Title VI-prohibited the distribution of federal funds to schools with racially
discriminatory programs of any kind.
• Segregation-busing, racial quotas and school pairing used for it.
• 1996-Hopwood v. State of Texas-eliminated racial set-asides as the path to
student diversity.
• High school completion rates have increased for African Americans.
• More than 30 Million Latinos live in the US.
• Hispanics are the youngest and fastest growing school-age population in the US.
• Latinos have the lowest high school completion rate of any ethnic group.
• Jones Act of 1917-Citizenship provided free movement between the continent and
Puerto Rico.
• Following the Castro-led revolution in the 1950s, Cuban immigration to the US
increased.
• Since the 1960s, 34% of new immigrants have come from Latin America.
• Asian Americans are the largest and most culturally diverse group entering US, is
about 4% of the population.
• Asian Americans have a college grad. Rate of 42% and have the highest starting
salary of any other ethnic group.
• Asian Americans score 50 points higher on the Math part of the SAT.
• Immigration Act of 1882-Chinese immigration to US blocked.
• Chinatowns-inhabited largely by male immigrants, these ghettos offered a grim
and sometimes violent lifestyle with widespread prostitution and gambling.
• 1898-US acquired Philippines.
• 1934-Tydings-McDuffie Act-banned Filipino immigration to US.
• Traders from India arrived in New England in 1880s, bartering silks and spices.
• 1946-law allowing Indian naturalization and immigration passed.
• Most Indians are well-educated, many professionals, more than 85% graduated
from high school, 65% have college degrees, 43% have graduate or professional
degrees.
• Japanese came to US in significant numbers after 1886 legalization of emigration
in Japan.
• 1924-Congress passed immigration bill that halted Japanese immigration to US.
• Executive Order 9006-declared West Coast a ‘military area’ and established
federal relocation camps.
• Boat people-indochinese people trying to escape mainland in fishing boats not
meant for travel across ocean seas.
• Seminaries-source of new ideas and recruits for teachers.
• Sex in Education (1973)-argued that women attending HS and college were at risk
• Commercial courses prepared girls to become secretaries while vocational
programs channeled them into cosmetology.
• Title IX of 1972 Education Amendment Act-prohibits sex discrimination in
education and employment practices.
• Sex-role stereotyping-girls who think that only boys can be doctors and boys who
hate poetry and ballet.
• Glass wall keeps women from most lucrative careers and keeps men from
entering traditionally female jobs.
• Males get lower grades, are in special ed. More, have more problematic behavior,
are reprimanded more often, punished more harshly.
• Condition of Teaching (1998)-found that teachers were deeply concerned about
the physical and emotional well being of their students.
• Children from single-parent families are less likely to achieve and more than
twice as likely to drop out of school.
• Even when both parents are wage earners, the mother typically continues to be
responsible for housekeeping and parenting chores.
• Children who have experienced divorce exhibit a variety of problem behaviors,
from aggression to depression to diminished school performance.
• Stepfamilies-created when divorced or widowed parents remarry, consist of
biological and legal relationships with stepparents, stepsiblings, multiple sets of
grandparents.
• 1967-Interracial marriage legalized.
• Alternative families-family lifestyles other than a married male and female living
with their children.
• Latchkey (self-care) kids-children who carry a key on a rope or chain around their
necks, a key to unlock their home door, most are middle class white children.
• McKinney Homeless Assistance Act (1987)-provided homeless with emergency
food services, adult literacy programs, job training and other assistance.
• Today, one out of every nine students does not graduate from high school.
• Teens rely on peer networks to explain sexuality and relationships.
• Substance abuse-ranges from alcohol and chewing tobacco to cocaine, LSD and
heroin.
• Alcohol abuse represents the most widespread form of substance abuse.
• 1/3 of all high school seniors have been drunk in a month.
• Suicide is a leading cause of death among students age 15-24.
• In 24 hours, almost 1500 teens attempt suicide, 13 are successful.
• Homophobia-fear and intolerance of homosexuals.
• National Education Association-adopted resolution advocating equal opportunity
for students and staff, regardless of sexual orientation and encouraging schools to
provide counseling by trained personnel.