CONFIDENTIAL EHIJUL 2017/CBE697 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : BIOREFINERIES ‘COURSE CODE CBE697 EXAMINATION JULY 2017 TIME 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of five (5) questions. 2 ‘Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3 Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 4 Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of i) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet — provided by the Faculty 5. ‘Answer ALL questions in English. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO D0 SO This examination paper consists of 4 printed pages (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknolog! MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL 2 EHIJUL 2017/CBE697 QUESTION 4 P02, POS, POG, CO1, CO2, C2, C2, C3, C4 a) Describe the concept of biorefineries in terms of feedstock, conversion process technology and environment impact. (6 marks) b) Corn stover is one of the major lignocellulosic biomass waste form the corn based industries. Cor stover contain 35% cellulose, 18% hemicellulose and 11% lignin on dry basis. i. Describe three (3) characteristics of cellulose. (6 marks) ii. If com stover is to be used as the raw material for the bioethanol production, it must first undergo pretreatment process. Predict three (3) outcomes if corn stover is to be treated with alkaline pretreatment at atmospheric pressure with 80°C temperature for 30 min, (6 marks) ii. If biological pretreatment is proposed to pretreat the corn stover, outline four (4) critics to oppose this proposition (8 marks) QUESTION 2 P02, POS, POG, CO2, C4, C3 a) Many microalgae species can be induced to maximize growth and accumulate substantial quantities of lipids. This contributing to a high oil yield. The average lipid content varies between 1 and 70% but under certain conditions some species can reach 90% lipid of its dry weight. If you were to cultivate microalgae for the production of biodiesel, employ five (6) cultivation strategies to ensure maximum growth and high lipid content. (10 marks) b) Palm Oil Mill generally produce numerous amount of biomass waste and effluent from its processes. If the Palm Oil Mill desired to convert these wastes into useful products through the anaerobic digestion process, apply four (4) important design criteria that could contribute to high biogas production. (8 marks) QUESTION 3 P02, POS, POS, CO2, C3, C3 a) Combustion is the oxidation of the fuel for the production of heat at elevated temperatures without generating commercially useful intermediate products. i. Sketch the main stages in combustion mechanism complete with sufficient elaboration of each stage. (10 marks) If insufficient amount of air is supplied to the combustion chamber, predict two (2) consequences that may arise. (4 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL 3 EHIJUL 2017/CBE697 b) Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures, in the absence of gases such as air or oxygen. Manipulate the heating rate, final temperature and the gas residence time to obtain the following conditior i. maximum char production (2 marks) ii, maximize liquid yield (2 marks) ii, maximize gas production (2 marks) QUESTION 4 P02, POS, POG, CO3, C5, C6 a) Pulp and paper factory, bioethanol production plant and livestock company have a potential to be integrated so that these three entities can benefit each other. Propose a ‘comprehensive process flow diagram of the integration between these organizations, (8 marks) b) Evaluate five (5) potential benefits from the integration. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 P02, POS, POG, CO3, C5 Life cycle" refers to the major activities in the course of the product's life-span from the required raw material acquisition up to its final disposal as shown in Figure 1. Inpute Ourput Atmaspheric Emissions Raw Waterbome Materials neces) Wastes Solid Use / Reuse / Maintenance Sy Enewy Coproducts Recycle / Waste Managemes Otier Releases System Boundary Exhibit 1-1. Life Cycle Stages (Source: EPA,1993) Figure 1 © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL 4 EHIJUL 2017/CBE697 Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive view of the environmental aspects of the product or process and a more accurate picture of the true environmental trade-offs in product and process selection. ) Design a complete process flow diagram for a bioethanol plant using any lignocellulosic biomass as the primary feedstock from the pretreatment up to the downstream processes, (6 marks) b) Conduct a complete Life Cycle Assessment according to the four LCA components of the designed bioethanol plant in 5a). (12 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL EHIDEC 2016/CBE697 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : BIOREFINERIES COURSE CODE CBE697 EXAMINATION : DECEMBER 2016 TIME : 3HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1 This question paper consists of five (5) questions. 2, Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigiator. 4. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of : i) the Question Paper ii) _an Answer Booklet — provided by the Faculty 6. ‘Answer ALL questions in English. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 4 printed pages (© Hak Cipta Universit Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL 2 EHIDEC 2016/CBE697 QUESTION 1 P02, POS, PO6, CO1, C1, C2 Biorefineries can be defined as a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass where at the same time maximising the value of the biomass and minimising the waste. a) State two (2) reasons why biomass is used as the raw materials in biorefineries. (4 marks) b) Describe the concept of biorefineries in terms of conversion process(es) used, products and the impact to the environment. (6 marks) QUESTION 2 P02, POS, PO6, CO2, C2, C3 Different types of biomass, such as lignocellulosic biomass, herbaceous plants, agricultural crops and municipal solid waste and manures, contain different amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives. The amount and relationship between these contents determine the overall digestibility of the biomass during pretreatment process. a) Explain two (2) purposes of pretreatment process. (4 marks) b) Show the effect of pretreatment on lignocellulose structure before and after pretreatment with the aid of an illustration. (10 marks) QUESTION 3 PO2, POS, POG, C02, C3, C4, C3 a) Inhibitors could reduce the activity of enzymes during enzymatic hydrolysis. i. Compare substrate inhibition with product inhibition. (4 marks) ii. Sketch the hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulase enzyme. (10 marks) ») Nannochloropsis sp is considered as a potential oleaginous model microalga because of the great photosynthetic efficiency and high lipid content. Recommend four (4) cultivation factors that need to be considered for this type of microalgae to increase the lipid content. (10 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknolog! MARA CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL 3 EH/DEC 2016/CBE697 ©) Pyrolysis has been applied in charcoal production and recently, fast pyrolysis has become of considerable interest to produce bio-oll. If empty fruit brunches (EFB) fiber is to be used as the biomass for the production of bio-oil, suggest suitable process characteristics and technology requirements of the pyrolysis process. Your answer must include any pretreatment required, the configuration of the reactor used (with detailed illustration), reaction temperature & vapour residence time and product collection and separation. (16 marks) QUESTION 4 P02, POS, PO6, CO3, C6, C5 Perlis is a small state located in the north of Malaysia. Its main agricultural activities are from paddy and sugarcane planting. a) Design an integrated biorefineries based on these agricultural activities in a form of integrated process flow diagram. All raw materials and conversion processes used as well as the intermediate and final products produced must be stated in the diagram. (8 marks) b) Predict four (4) challenges in the development of integrated biorefineries. (8 marks) QUESTION 5 P02, POS, PO6, CO3, C5 Bioethanol is one of the important alternative sources for transportation fuels which can aid fuel supplies and reduce the use of crude oil. The data on the energy performance and environmental effect of the bioethanol, through its life-cycle spans are required for its Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Figure 1 and Table 2 shows the production system boundary and the life-cycle inventory analysis on the material and energy inputs, air emission, waterborne emission, and solid wastes involved in the life cycle of cassava-based bioethanol production based on 1L of 99.5% bioethanol respectively. a) Interpret two (2) possible environmental impacts at each stage of the life cycle in the bioethanol production. (16 marks) b) Suggest two (2) recommendations to complete the LCA. (4 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL, 4 EHIDEC 2016/CBE697 ‘Anhydrous ethanol Figure 1 Bioethanol production system boundary Table 14 Life-cycle inventory for production of 1 L anhydrous ethanol aes I ie peo awe a ‘nay a ee ee an om nm ox Seat) om oo tar os cnet ae os oan oS nets ere ss ase maim ate ar om aus Sotme “0 az ‘ee me cas one ast Sime na oe te te Sin om ‘an ME ins an tas m0 cnr tao pore sas imp Sate a0 co” Praha) od 0 as (20 marks) © Hak Cipta Universit Teknologi MARA END OF QUESTION PAPER CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL, EHIJUN 2016/CBE697 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : BIOREFINERIES COURSE CODE CBE697 EXAMINATION JUNE 2016 TIME 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1 This question paper consists of five (5) questions. 2 ‘Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3 Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 4. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of i) the Question Paper ji) an Answer Booklet ~ provided by the Faculty 5. ‘Answer ALL questions in English. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 4 printed pages (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL, 2 EHIJUN 2016/CBE697 QUESTION 1 P02, POS, PO6, CO, C1, C2 The development of biorefineries today is aligned with the Kyoto Protocol treaty which was negotiated in December 1997 at the city of Kyoto, Japan. a) Describe the biorefineries concept explicitly. (4 marks) b) With three (3) statements, explain Kyoto Protocol and its relation to biorefineries. (6 marks) QUESTION 2 P02, POS, POS, CO2, C2, C3 Cellulosic materials are particularly attractive as feedstock for biofuel production because of their relatively low cost, great abundance and sustainable supply. It is composed of carbohydrate polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose), which are tightly bound to an aromatic polymer (lignin). Due to this binding, pretreatment process is always essential prior to the conversion to desired biofuel. a) Describe the two (2) objectives of pretreatment process. (4 marks) b) Physicochemical pretreatment is one of the pretreatment methods that is widely used in the industry. Differentiate steam and ammonia fiber explosion pretreatment methods according to process principle and condition employed, the main effect to biomass, inhibitor formation, advantage(s) and disadvantage(s). (10 marks) QUESTION 3 P02, POS, PO6, CO2, C3, C4, C3 a) Algae are simple plants that can range from the microscopic (microalgae), to large seaweeds (macroalgae). Differentiate these two in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics, suitable cultivation method, suitable harvesting method, potential product(s) and the conversion process(es) (10 marks) b) Wood chips is used as the feedstock in a biorefineries to produce bioethanol Organosolv pretreatment is employed prior to the enzymetic hydrolysis and followed by the fermentation of C6 sugar. However, the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis is quite low. Analyze five (5) possible causes that contribute to this outcome from the substrate related factor point of view and give two (2) possible suggestions to overcome this setback. (14 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA, CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL, 3 EHIJUN 2016/CBE697 ©) Table 1 shows the composition of two types of lignocellulosic materials which can be used in pyrolysis process to produce bio oil. To obtain maximum bio oil production, select one (1) of these lignocellulosic materials and justify your selection. You are also required to suggest the suitable pyrolysis type, pretreatment method, particle size, operating conditions during the pyrolysis process and products collection method that will give maximum bio oil production. a Table 1 [Lignoceliulosic materials | Cellulose | Hemicellulose (dry wt) | (%drywt) | (% dry wt) Rice straw 32 24 Hard wood stems 40-55 | 20-40 5-10_ + (76 marks) QUESTION 4 P02, POS, POG, CO3, C6 Phase III biorefinery or also called as the Integrated Biorefineries are biorefineries that are utilizing multiple type of feedstock, having multiple efficient conversion processes and producing multiple major products such as transportation fuels, chemicals, and power. Therefore, Integrated biorefineries have the ability to optimize the use of the feedstock and also the production economics. In order to evaluate their potential benefits and drawbacks, carry out a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of the Integrated Biorefineries. Provide minimum of two (2) points for each factor in the analysis. (16 marks) QUESTION 5 P02, POS, POG, CO3, C5 Bioethanol is one of the important alternative sources for transportation fuels which can aid fuel supplies and reduce the use of crude oil. However data on the energy performance and environmental effect of the bioethanol, which its life-cycle spans through several life stages including cultivation, harvesting, transportation, and conversion are required. In this perspective, life-cycle assessment (LCA) is widely known to be an effective technique to thoroughly and fairly evaluate the environmental impacts of product or process and can appropriately be applied to evaluate biofuels. Figure 1 shows the life cycle impact assessment results for bioethanol production from cassava. This plant use coal as fuel to supply heat and energy and it produce huge amount of wastewater. Complete the LCA of this biorefinery by developing the system boundary and inventory analysis based on Figure 1. You must also interpret the life cycle impact assessment results by providing two (2) conclusions and recommendations respectively. (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA. CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL, 4 EHIJUN 2016/CBE697 cutrophication acidification LLL photochemical oxidatio: human toxicity ‘ozone layer depletion global warming| abiotic depletion 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Environmental impact contribution [BT Cassava Tarming O/ Cassava chip processing @ Eihanol conversion @) Transportatioa Figure 1 (20 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA, CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL, EHIJUN 2015/CBE697 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE BIOREFINERIES COURSE CODE CBE697 EXAMINATION JUNE 2015 TIME 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1 This question paper consists of five (5) questions. 2 ‘Answer ALL questions in the Answer Bookiet. Start each answer on a new page. 3 Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigitator. 4, Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of i) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet — provided by the Faculty 5. ‘Answer ALL questions in English. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 6 printed pages: (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL 2 EHIJUN 2015/CBE697 QUESTION 1 (P01, CO1, C1) a) Nowadays, biorefineries play a significant role in producing renewable energy and many everyday products. State four (4) advantages of biorefineries technology. (8 marks) b) Feedstock for biorefineries processing can be derived from many types of resources. Describe three (3) main groups of feedstock for biorefineries processing. (6 marks) QUESTION 2 (P02, CO2, C3, C4) a) The mechanisms for making the cellulose more accessible to enzymes depends on the pretreatment employed. Differentiate the three (3) mechanisms and give one example of pretreatment for each mechanism. (6 marks) b) Pretreatment is considered as one of the most expensive processing steps in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. It can be categorized into chemical or biological pretreatment. Compare and contrast these pretreatment methods. (8 marks) QUESTION 3 (P02, CO2, C4, C3, C3) a) Jengka Palm Oil Millis treating its palm oil mill effluent (POME) through an anaerobic digester. The biogas produced from the anaerobic digester is converted into electrci using a combustion engine and used as auxiliary electricity. i) If the biogas from the anaerobic digester is not sufficient, suggest a thermochemical conversion process that produces similar biofuel and the feedstock can be used. Justify your suggestions. (4 marks) li) Elaborate the thermochemical conversion process suggested in i) in detail. (10 marks) b) The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass can be conducted through separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Differentiate the two fermentation processes. (10 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL 3 EHIJUN 2015/CBE697 QUESTION 4 (P02, C2, C4, C4) Nannochloropsis sp. is regarded as highly productive microalga due to the high lipid content, which about 31-68% of its dry weight. Even though it is the smallest (1-2um) type in microalgae species, this spherical shaped microalgae has insoluble nonhydrolizable biopolymers in the outer cell walls, make them difficult to lyse. In its cultivation, it is recommended to cultivate this strain with 2% CO, and at increased temperature to further enhance the lipid production. a) Suggest and justify the type of biofuel can be produced from this type of microalgae. (2 marks) b) Suggest an appropriate flow of processes to produce the biofuel that you have suggested in a) starting from the suitable cultivation system. The selection of each processing step must suits the characteristics and requirements of the microalgae mentioned. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 (P06, CO3, C6, C5, C5, C5) a) Seberang Perak is one of the districts in Perak where the main economic resources are from the agricultural activities, namely oil palm and paddy plantation. As a researcher, you could see the opportunity to develop an integrated biorefineries there. The integrated biorefineries developed can convert the abundance biomass into liquid transportation fuels, high-value chemicals, other biobased products and power for local use. i) Suggest two (2) benefits of developing the intergrated biorefineries. (4marks) ji) Construct a process flow diagram of integrated biorefineries that utilize the oil palm, paddy and the waste biomass. Your process flow must include suitable pretreatment method(s) with four (4) feedstock(s), conversion process(es) and intermediate or/and final product(s) respectively (8 marks) ill) Integrated biorefineries systems are being evaluated for their feasibility to produce fuels and products for potentially large commercial markets. Suggest five (5) formulas to ensure successful implementation of the intergrated biorefineries. (10 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknolog! MARA, CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL, 4 EHIJUN 2015/CBE697 b) Alife cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to compare biorefinery system utilizing switchgrass as feedstock with a fossil reference system which produces the same products/services from fossils. The simplified system boundaries for the biorefinery and fossil reference systems are shown in Figure 1. The life cycle inventory was performed by using the LCA software tool SimaPro 7 and results are shown in Table 1. For the impact assessment, the green house gaseous (GHG) emissions (Table 2) and cumulative energy demand (Figure 2) were selected as major LCA indicators. Other impact categories were also assessed and the data are presented in Table 3. Assess and discuss the life cycle impact of both systems. Based on your discussion, provide appropriate conclusion and recommendation. (14 marks) | Fossil reference system =] \=e mr = Tee — od Raed ¥ T | = ia oa aa | Sales Geno For [ome] Es] [ew Loy = t Combustion] | Electric net] | Distribution |} Heating lar] | Distribution Paton] ES ISS] [mel | 4 r i Ss he a | Proc und series ransorton nas, lect et) Figure 1 Comparison between the production chain of the biorefinery and fossil reference systems (© Hak Cipta Universit Teknologi MARA, CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL, “Flow Cultivation Seed Fertilizers N P K Lime Herbicides Emissions from Land N20 CH, Processing and Transport Drying Pelletizing Transport kg/ha kgiha kgiha kgiha kg/ha kgiha gig g/gN Multter MJg/MJ Mttkm ear EHIJUN 2015/CBE697 Value 15 112 7 54 150 25 0.042 10 2.26 0.015 57.2 Table 1 List of material and energy inputs for cultivation, production, and delivery of switchgrass pellets (MJ=megajoule, t=tonne) Unitia Biorefinery 1-20 Biorefinery > 20 Fossil year year reference system GHG emissions Total kt CO, 605 126 281 co, kt CO, 8.6 58.2 266 NO kt CO, 64.2 64.2 6.56 CH kt CO, 4.86 4.86 8.91 GHG savings per year kt CO; 221 155 - per year % 79% 55% - per hectare tCO,hha 741 5.21 - Table 2 Total GHG emissions and savings of the biorefinery system for the first 20 years and after 20 years Impact Category Unitja__Biorefinery Fossil reference system Global warming Kt COZ 605 284 Ozone layer depletion kg CFC 105 31.2 Photochemical oxidation ktC2H4 0.06 0.28 Acidification kt S02 1.23 4.47 Eutrophication kt PO4 2.82 0.17 Table 3 Results of the impact assessment (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL, 6 EH/JUN 2015/CBE697 Pula ™Nonrenewable energy = Renewable energy Figure 2 Cumulative energy demand of biorefinery system and fossil reference system END OF QUESTION PAPER (© Hak Cipta Universit Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL, EHIDEC 2014/CBE697 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : BIOREFINERIES COURSE CODE CBE697 EXAMINATION DECEMBER 2014 TIME 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1 ‘This question paper consists of five (5) questions. 2. Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 4 Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of i) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet — provided by the Faculty DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 4 printed pages (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL 2 EHIDEC 2014/CBE697 QUESTION 1 (P01, CO4, C1, C2) 2) Define the following terms accurately and give appropriate example: a. Biorefinery b. Biomass. (4 marks) b) There are many differences between petroleum refinery and biorefinery and one of those differences is the feedstock. As biorefinery utilize biomass, petroleum refinery converts crude petroleum to produce various types of products. Identify another four (4) factors and explain the differences between petroleum refinery and biorefinery. fa ; (QUESTION 2 (P01, cot, C3, C4) ‘A Malaysian refinery company is planning to produce biofuel from wheat straw, empty fruit bunch (EFB), com residue or cassava residue. A Process Engineer is assigned to evaluate and decide which of the feedstock listed above will be used in the production of biofuel. in selecting the raw material, one of the important criteria needs to be considered is the pretreatment process. a) Based on the eral and chemical structure, assist the engineer to determine three (3) appropriate types of pretreatment for all raw materials listed above. By giving an ‘example of commonly used method for each pretreatment type identified, explain how these methods able to help in the pretreatment process. fee marks) b) From the feedstock listed above, choose the most suitable raw material that can be used in the biofuel production. Provide two (2) reasons for selecting this raw material. (3 marks) QUESTION 3 (P02, CO2, C5, C4) ‘About 98% of carbon emissions result from fossil fuel combustion. Reducing the use of fossil fuels would considerably reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other pollutants produced. This can be achieved by either using less energy altogether or by replacing fossil fuel by renewable fuels. Hence, the future trend is towards using alternate energy sources. However, large scale micro-algae production could have a wide variety of environmental impacts beyond the consumption of energy in the production process in terms of nutrient pollution and algal toxicity. © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL 3 EHIDEC 2014/CBE697 a) Draw the process flow diagram which shows all the necessary carbon mass flows in producing biodiesel enhanced by flue gas from algae pond. (10 marks) b) From your answer in part (a), analyze the efficient approach in order to increase the carbon dioxide uptake efficiency in the micro-algae pond. (4 marks) QUESTION 4 (P02, CO2, C3, C6, C5, C5, C4, C5, C2) a) Bicethanol is currently produced from sugar substances, starch-based materials and lignocellulosic materials. Enzymatic reaction or also known as enzymatic hydrolysis is a method required prior to fermentation process for the production of bioethanol. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis can be carried out separately or simultaneously with fermentation in the process of producing bioethanol. i) Identify two (2) processes in the bioethanol production where the enzymatic hydrolysis is being introduced in the production of bioethanol from starch-based materials. Describe the reason of having the enzymatic hydrolysis in these processes based on the structure of starch. (3 marks) ii) Evaluate three (3) benefits of conducting enzymatic hydrolysis simultaneously with fermentation process in the bioethanol production. (3 marks) b) In order to achieve zero waste production, a bioprocess engineer is responsible to develop a palm oil mill effiuent (POME) treatment system. This system should be able to produce biogas which can be a source of electricity, intended for internal use. i) Draw the process flow diagram which shows all the necessary process in producing biogas from POME in order to achieve the objective of the system. (5 marks) ji) Identify the biological reaction for biogas production in the process drawn in i). Describe the reaction involved. (3 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknolog! MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL 4 EHIDEC 2014/CBE697 ©) Thermal pathways for conversion of biomass to liquid fuels typically produce a solid carbon-rich residue known as bio-char. Processes that aim to convert biomass to liquid fuel typically seek to minimize bio-char production and to maximize the liquid fuel production. Thus, the most commonly proposed routes from biomass to liquid fuels are via gasification and fast pyrolysis with addition of catalyst. i) Differentiate three (2) main characteristics between gasification and pyrolysis. (4 marks) ii) Suggest one (1) type of bioreactor that suitable for catalytic pyrolysis of sodium carbonate (NazCO,) and describe the mechanism involved in the reactor with an aid of a diagram. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 (P06, CO3, C3, C4, C6) Integrated biorefinery have the capability of converting biomass into different types of products from series or combination of different conversion processes. At the same time, it must also able to process a variation of biomass in their production process. a) Construct a schematic flow diagram of an integrated biorefinery from four (4) different types of biomass groups with example. Complete the diagram with four (4) different conversion processes, intermediate products and four (4) different final products. (10 marks) b) Analyze four (4) factors to ensure a successful integrated biorefinery. (8 marks) ) Evaluate six (6) components required in developing the techno economic analysis which are related to integrated biorefineries. (12 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL EHIDEC 2013/CBE697 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI! MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : BIOREFINERIES COURSE CODE : CBE697 EXAMINATION : DECEMBER 2013 TIME : 3HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1 This question paper consists of five (5) questions. 2 ‘Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3 Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. » Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of ’) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet ~ provided by the Faculty DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 6 printed pages (© Hak Cipta Universit Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL, 2 EHIDEC 2013/CBE697 QUESTION 1 (P01, C01, C1, C2) a) Give an explicit definition of biorefinery and outline its role in achieving sustainable resources. (6 marks) ») Explain the concept of biorefineries as compared to the petroleum refinery. (8 marks) QUESTION 2 (P01, CO1, C3, C4) ‘A Malaysian refinery company is planning to produce biofuel from wheat straw, empty fruit bunch (EFB), corn residue or cassava residue. A Process Engineer is assigned to evaluate and decide which of the feedstock listed above will be used in the production of biofuel. In selecting the raw material, one of the important criteria needs to be considered is the pretreatment process. a) Based on the physical and chemical structure, assist the engineer to determine three (3) appropriate types of pretreatment for all raw materials listed above. By giving an example of commonly used method for each pretreatment type identified, explain how these methods able to help in the pretreatment process. (11 marks) b) From the feedstock listed above, choose the most suitable raw material that can be used in the biofuel production. Provide two (2) reasons for selecting this raw material. (3 marks) QUESTION 3 (P02, CO2, C3, C4, C3) Algae are the fastest-growing plants in the world. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can produce lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in large amount s over short periods of time. These products can be processed into both biofuels and useful chemicals. Liquid biofuels may offer a promising alternative to petroleum based transportation fuels. There are two global liquid transportation biofuels which are bioethanol and biodiesel. a) Discuss the characteristics of microalgae that make them an efficient candidate for solar energy converters. (2marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Toknolog! MARA CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL, 3 EHIDEC 2013/CBE697 b) Describe four (4) factors of algae biomass cultivation that make it a potential source to produce biofuels. (4marks) ©) Demonstrate the flow production of biodiesel from algae and state the involved biodiesel transesterification reaction equation. (8 marks) QUESTION 4 (P02, CO2, C3, C6, C5, C5, C6, C6, C5) a) Bioethanol is currently produced from sugar substances, starch-based materials and lignocellulosic materials. Enzymatic reaction or also known as enzymatic hydrolysis is a method required prior to fermentation process for the production of bioethanol. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis can be carried out separately or simultaneously with fermentation in the process of producing bioethanol. i) Interpret the process involve at each stage of degradation curve (3 marks) ii) Evaluate three (3) benefits of conducting enzymatic hydrolysis simultaneously with fermentation process in the bioethanol production. (3 marks) b) In order to achieve zero waste production, a bioprocess engineer is responsible to develop a palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment system. This system should be able to produce biogas which can be a source of electricity, intended for internal use. i) Draw the process flow diagram which shows all the necessary process in producing biogas from POME in order to achieve the objective of the system. (5 marks) ii) Identify the biological reaction for biogas production in the process drawn in i). Describe the reaction involved. (3 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL 4 EHIDEC 2013/CBE697 ¢) Pyrolytic behavior of algal biomass can be analyzed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere. Figure 1 below shows the thermogravimetric behavior of algae biomass under different heating rates. First stage of thermal degradation happened at 30-200 °C, while the second stage is at 200-600 °C which corresponds to the pyrolysis process occurred. The temperature recorded for the third stage is from 600- 800 °C, Weight loss (%) 0 200 400 00 800 ‘Temperature (°C) Figure 1 Thermal degradation curve of algal biomass i) Interpret the process involve at each stage of degradation curve. (4 marks) li) Evaluate the significance of the increased heating rate in shifting degradation curve towards higher temperature as shown in Figure 1. (6 marks) The efficiency of pyrolysis can be enhanced by using catalyst. Discuss the production of hydrocarbon fuels by catalytic pyrolysis. (4 marks) QUESTION 5 (P06, CO3, C3, C4, C6) Integrated biorefineries are capable of maximizing the utilization of feedstock material by converting into different products using a number of efficient pathways. a) For integrated biorefineries producing biofuel and bioproducts from whole crop namely corn, construct a set of possible pathways involved in the form of process flow diagram. (10 marks) (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknolog! MARA CONFIDENTIAL,CONFIDENTIAL 5 EHIDEC 2013/CBE697 b) Analyze four (4) challenges in developing integrated biorefineries. (8 marks) c) Evaluate six (6) components required in developing the techno economic analysis which are related to integrated biorefineries. (12 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER (© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL