anda are IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015 Indian Standard vert it drei & few fess ais ( ena at ser) — tf afear a 3 tal AR CaRRT Fre) Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) ;for Buildings and Structures— Code of Practice eS & Part 3 Wind Loads © Third Revision ) les 91.10.10 © BIS 2015 adie are =Bi BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS ara way, 9 aegTEMe TH Anh, we feect-110002 MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG. NEW DELHI-110002 swonu.standar swnw.bis.orgin rdsbis.in Price Group 14 April 2015Structural Safety Sectional Committee, CED 37 FOREWORD ‘This Indian Standard (Part 3) (Third Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards after the draft finalized by the Structural Safety Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council ‘A building has 1 perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these functions are the uty ofthe building for the intended use and occupancy, structural safey, fire safety and compliance with hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and daylight standards, The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements prescribed foreach one ofthe above functions. The minimum requirements pertaining co the stactural safety of buildings are being cavered in loading codes by way of laying down minimum design loads, which have to be assumed for dead fads, imposed loads, wind loads and other external loads, cp Gctre would be required to bear. Strict conformity to foadng standard, its hoped, will not only ensures the etal safety ofthe buildings and structures which are being designed and constructed in the country i thereby reduce loss of life and property eaused by unsafe structure, bu also climnaes the wastage case by assuming unnecessarily heavy Joadings without proper assessment. “This standard was first published in 1957 fr the gudange civilenBincer, designers and architect associated With the planning and design of buildings. 1 included the provision3 or the basic design loads (dead Toads, lve loads, wind loads and seismic loads) tobe assumed tthe desiguraf the buildings. In its fist revision in 1964, the \wind pressure provisions were modiied onthe ass of studies wind phenomenon and its effect on structures, "undertaken by the special Committe in consultation witb fidian Meteorological Departmen, In addition to this, new clauses on wind loads or butterfly ype stucture@vere included; wind pressure coefTicints for sheeted roofs, both covered and sloping were modified; scismict¥oad provisions were deleted (Separate code having been prepared) and metric system of weights ang measnygngats was adopted. With the increased adoption ofthis XGdard, a nae of comments were received on provision of ive loads adopted for different occupancies, Subsequent Committee recommended the formulation ofthis standard the lowing fe parts daring he secon feson of 15 875 1987: Part | Dead loads Part 2 Imposed Toads Part3 Wind loads Part 4 Snow loads art 5 Special loads and load combinations ‘This standard (Part 3) deals with wind loads to be considered when designing buildings, structures and components thereat: In this current revision, the Committee recommends the following modifications/inclusions by taking into account ‘the recent improvements that have been made in the wind engineering descriptive, through R &: D efforts nationally and internationally a) Aerodynamic roughness heights for individual terrain categories have been explicitly included, and are used to derive turbulence intensity and mean hourly wind speed profiles. b)_ The previous classification of structures into B and C classes has been deleted and accordingly the ‘modification factor, k is renamed as terrain roughness and height factor. ©) The values of , factor corresponding to previous class A type structure only, are retained in this standard. 4) An additional modification factor, termed as importance factor has been included for cyclonic regions. ©) Simple empirical expressions have been suggested for height variations of hourly mean wind speed and also turbulence intensity in different terrains, (Continued on third cover)IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015 Indian Standard DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES — CODE OF PRACTICE PART 3 WIND LOADS (Third Revision ) 1 SCOPE, L.A This standard (Part 3) specifies wind forces and their effects (static and dynamic) that should be taken {nto account when desigaing buildings, stractures and components thereof force coefficients, etc, are given in 6 an@)7. wind 1.4 This standard also applies to buildings or other structures during erection/construction and the same shall be considered carefully during various stages of erection/construction. In locations where the strongest winds and icing may occur simultaneously, loads on structural members, cables and ropes shall be calculated by assuming an ice covering based on climatic and local experience. LS In the design of special structures, such as chimneys, overhead transmission line towers, etc, specific requirements as specified in the respective Codes shall be adopted in conjunction with the provisions of this Code as far as they are applicable ‘Some of the Indian Standards available for the design of special stractures af Title Qe tor asign of inte (eed < Assessment of loads (dhind revision) @ IS No. 4998 : 2015 o 533 (under print) Code of practice for design and construction of steel chimneys Mechanical aspects Structural aspects Code of practice for design, installation and maintenance of ‘overhead power lines : Part 2 Lines above 11 kV, and up to and including 220 KV, Section I Design Code of practice foruse of structural steel in overhead transmission line towers: Part I Materials, Loads and permissible stresses, Section 1 Materials and Loads (owth revision) (under print) Criteria for structural design of reinforced concrete natural draught cooling towers Guidelines forthe evaluation ofthe response of occupants of fixed structures, especially buildings and off-shore structures, 10 low- frequency horizontal motion (0.063 to 1H) 802 (Part Sec 1): 201% 11504 ; 1985 14732 : 2000 NoTEs 1 This standard does nt apply to buildings or srucues wih unconventional shapes. unusual locations. and abnormal “rvionmental conditions that have no heen covered in this Code. Special investigations are necessary in such cases to ‘stablih wind loade and their effects. Win tnnel studies may also be required in such situations. 2 In the case of tll tractus with unsymmetrical geomet, the designs may have to be checked for torsional let de 0 wind peste18 875 (Part 3) : 2015, 2 REFERENCES ‘The following standard contains provisions, which through reference inthis text, constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standard indicated. ISNo. Title 15498: 2004 Guidelines for improving the cyclonic resistance of low rise houses and other buildings/structures 3 NOTATIONS 31 The following notations shall be followed unless otherwise specified in relevant clauses. Notations have been defined in the text at their first appearance. A few of the notations have more than one definition, having, been used for denoting different variables: surface area of a structure or part of a teach A = effective frontal are A, = the effective frontal area ofthe built height <5 OD 6 = bread ofa structure oF seuctralG@enber normal tothe Wind steam in he Rizo plane, é background factor, drag coeticient fore coefficient; som free cot transvere force Seca; frictional drag coefficient pressure coefficient; ester presse coefficient = intemal pressure coefficient, = eroutwind force spect eoecent = drag force coefficient of the building conesponding tothe sea Ay C = coefficient, which depends on 0, used inthe valuation of facta d= depth of a structure or structural member parallel to wind stream in the horizontal plane: wake width; diameter of eylinder or sphere; wind energy factor; along wind load on the building/structure at any height 2: force normal to the surface; first mode natural frequeney of the building! structure in along wind direction in Hz: fist mode natural frequency ofthe building/ structure in across wind dection in Hz; vortex shedding frequency; normal foree: transverse foree; frictional foree; gust factor: {x = peak factor for resonant response; {= peak factor forupwind velocity fluctuations: ‘h = heeightof structure above mean ground level: height of development of a velocity profile terrain cabory: 1, = height tor fo resonant response H = heigl? above mean ground level on the Gpography feature; 1 turbulence intensity; ‘tuulence intensity at height J in terrain catepory f turbulence intensity at height : in terrain category f imterference factor: mode shape power exponent: Wind speed modification factors: hourly mean wind speed factor, force coefficient multiplication factor for individual members of finite length; area averaging factor; ‘combination factor; ‘wind directionality factor, Tength of the member or larger horizontal dimension of a building; L = actual length of upwind slope; L, = effective length of upwind slope: 1, = integral turbulence length scale atthe height he ‘mg = average mass perunitheightof the structure: M, = design peak along wind base bending moment; design peak across wind base bending ‘moments N = effective reduced frequency; a = design wind pressure:P, = design wind pressure at height 2; P, = design hourly mean wind pressure corresponding to V5 Pe = external pressure; Py = internal pressure; r= roughness factor which is twice the Tongitudinal turbulence intensity at eighth Reynolds number; level on a building/structure for the valuation of along wind load effects; factor, which depends on 17 and X, used for the evaluation of k; factor strouhal number; size reduction factor; regional basic wind speed; design wind speed at height = design hourly mean wind speed; design hourly mean wind speed at height z; hourly mean wind speed at height z; lesser horizontal dimension of a build orastuctural member; cs wo" = bay width ia mutti-bay building; = pea acceleration atthe top ofthe filing! structure in along wind diretion, ims; category: e & distance from the surtait or ex@OSt topography feature reléfiyé to the effective tength, a peak aceleratos wise top of db structure in across wind direction; ilding! ‘height or distance above the ground; acrodynamic roughness height for i terrain; effective height of the topography feature: inclination of the roof to the horizontal; damping coefficient of the building/ structure; 1 = shielding factor; § = factor to account for the second order turbulence intensity; © = solidity ratio; effective solidity ratio; average height of the surface roughness; upwind slope of the topography feature in the wind direction; and © = wind angle from a given axis. > pene see 4 TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply 4.1 Angle of Attack — An angle between the direction of wind and a reference axis of the structure. 4.2 Breadth — It means horizontal dimension of the building measured normal to the direction of wind. NOTE — Breadth and depth are dimensions measured in relation ote ection of wing whereas ength and wth ae ‘dimensions related to the pla, 4.3 Depth — It means the horizontal dimension of the building measured in the direction of the wind. 4.4 Developed Height — tis the height of upywand penettaton of the velocity profile in anew terrain. At large fetch lengths(suth penetiation reaches the sradient height, ahve whieh the wind speed may be taken tobe consti@tjAt lesser fetch lengths, a velocity profile of a smfller height but similar t that of the {ally develop profile ofthat terrain category has 10 ‘aken, with the additional provision thatthe velocity ofthis shorter profile equa to that ofthe ui- eatlier velocity profile at tha height 4.Scbffectve Frontal Area —The projected aca of ‘We Structure normal to the direction of wind. é& oy Es 4 Element of Surface Area — The area of surface yy Asn dunno cnr) ver which the pressure coefficient is taken 10 be ‘constant. 4.7 Force Coefficient — A non-dimensional ‘coefficient such thatthe total wind force on a body is the product of the force coefficient, the dynamic pressure of the incident design wind speed and the reference area over which the force is required. [NOTE — When the fore is inthe diestion of the incident Wind, the non-dimensional eoeticent will be ealled as drag cootiiet™. When the force is perpendicular the direction “incient wind, thenon-dimensional coefficient will be called 35 coefficient 4.8 Ground Roughness — The nature of the earth's surface as influenced by small scale obstructions such as tres and buildings (as distinct from topography) is, called ground roughness. 4.9 Gust — A positive or negative departure of wind speed from its mean value, lasting for not more than, say, 2 min over a specified interval of time. 4.10 Peak Gust — A peak gust or peak gust speed is, the wind speed associated with the maximum amplitude. 4.11 Fetch Length — It is the distance measured along the wind from a boundary at which a change in the type of terrain occurs. When the changes in terrain, types are encountered (such as, the boundary of a townIS 875 (Part 3) : 015 , the wind profile changes in character but such changes are gradual and start at ground level, spreading or penetrating upwards with increasing fetch length. 4.12 Gradient Height — I is the height above the ‘mean ground level at which the gradient wind blows as a result of balance among pressure gradient force, coriolis force and centrifugal force. For the purpose of this Code, the gradient height is taken as the height above the mean ground level, above which the variation of wind speed with height need not be considered. 4.13 High Rise Building (Tall Building) — A building with a height more than or equal to 50 m or having a height to smaller dimension more than 6. 4.14 Low Rise Building — A building having its hheight less than 20 m, 4.15 Mean Ground Level —'The mean ground level is the average horizontal plane of the area enclosed by the boundaries of the structure. 4.16 Pressure Coefficient — It is the ratio of the difference between the pressure acting at a point on the surface and the state pressure ofthe incident win tothe design wind pressure, where the static and desig ‘wind pressures are determined atthe height of the: considered ater taking into account the geogrhi location, terrain conditions and shielding ef pressure evefficientis also equal t [I-VI Vis the actual wind speed at any point o at height corresponding to that of V, The ere NOTE — Positive sign of the pressure ress ating ed trace ae sey Pressure ating aay fom the si 4.17 Return Period — ‘mumbeC@P years, reciprocal of which gives the piobabilit( extreme wind exceeding a given wind Speed in anyone year. 4.18 Shielding Fffeet — Shielding effect or shielding refers to the condition where wind has to pass along, some structure(s) or structural element(s) located on the upstream wind side, before meeting the structure or structural element under consideration. A factor called ‘shielding factor’ is used to account for such effects in estimating the force on the shielded structures. 4.19 Suction — It means pressure less than the atmospheric (static) pressure and is taken to act away from the surface 4.20 Solidity Ratio—Itis equal to the effective area (projected area of all the individual elements) of @ frame normal tothe wind direction divided by the area enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the wind direction, NOTE. — Solidi rato isto be called for individual frames. 4.21 Terrain Category — It means the characteristics of the surface irregularities of an area which arise from natural or constructed features. The categories are ‘numbered in increasing order of roughness. 4.22 Topography — The nature of the earth's surface as influenced by the hill and valley configurations, 4.23 Velocity Profile —The variation ofthe horizontal ‘component of the atmospheric wind speed at different heights above the mean ground level is termed as velocity profile 5 GENERAL 5.1 Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth, The primary cause of wind is traced (0 earth's rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation, The radiation effects are primarily responsible for convection either ups@esis or downwards. The wind ‘generally blows hogigeital to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vpfjeul components of atmospheric ‘motion are relguiyely small, the term “wind” denotes almost exclugjyS)y the horizontal wind; vertical winds always@dbhtified as such. The wind speeds are the aid of anemometers or anemographs wn @ Installed at meteorological observatories at heigi(s)generally varying from 10 to 30 m above eri fery strong winds (more than 80 kmph) are erally associated with cyclonic storms, ihunderstorms, dust storms or vigorous monsoons. A feature of the cyclonic storms over the Indian area is that they rapidly weaken after crossing the coasts and ‘move as depressions/lows inland. The influence of a severe storm after striking the coast does not; in general exceed about 60 km, though sometimes, it may extend. even up to 120 km. Very short duration hurricanes of very high wind speeds called Kal Baistki or Norwesters occur fairly frequently during summer months over North East India, 5.3 The wind speeds recorded at any locality are extremely variable and in addition to steady wind at any time, there are effects of gusts which may last for 1 few seconds. These gusts cause increase in air pressure but their effect on stability ofthe building may not be so important; often, gusts affect only part of the building and the increased local pressures may be more than balanced by a momentary reduction in the pressure elsewhere, Because ofthe inertia of the building, short period gusts may not cause any appreciable increase in ress in main components of the building although the walls, roof sheeting and individual cladding uni (lass panels) and their supporting members such as purlins, sheeting rails and glazing bars may be more seriously affected. Gusts can also be extremely {important for design of structures with high slendernessSA The liability of a building to high wind pressures depends not only upon the geographical location and proximity of other obstructions to air low but also upon, the characteristics of the structure itself, 5.5 The effect of wind on the structure as a whole is determined by the combined action of extemal and internal pressures acting upon it, In all cases, the calculated wind loads act normal tothe surface to which they apply, 66 The stability calculations as a whole shall be done ‘considering the combined effect, as well as separate effects of imposed loads and wind foads on vertical surfaces, roofs and other part of the building above general roof level. 5.7 Buildings shall also be designed with due attention to the effects of wind on the comfort of people inside ‘and outside the buildings. 6 WIND SPEED 6.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere to maximum at @ height called the gradient ‘There is usually a slight change in direction ( effect) bur ths ts Ignored in this stand, The variation with height depends primarily goths terri conditions. However, the wind speed aCyny heigh never remains constant and it hi ‘convenient resolve its instantane: ‘an average or mean value and afl around this average value. The on the average time emp] meteorological data and thig,Avera from few seconds to several minutes of fluctuating component of the wind speed which is called gust, depends on the averaging time. In general, smaller the averaging interval, more is the magnitude cof the gust speed. In general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundayS* 6.2 BASIC WIND SPEED Figure 1 gives basic wind speed map of India, as applicable to 10 m height above mean ground level for different zones of the country. Pasic wind speed is, based on peak gust velocity averaged over a short time. interval of about 3 s and corresponds to mean heights, above ground level in an open terrain (Category 2), Basic wind speeds presented in Fig. 1 have been worked out for a 50 year return period. Basic wind speed for some important cities/towns is also given in Annex A, 1S 875 (Part 3) : 2015 6.3 Design Wind Speed (V,) ‘The basic wind speed (V,) for any ste shall be obtained from Fig. 1 and shall be modified to include the following effects to get design wind speed, V, at any hheight z, for the chosen structure: a) Risk level, b). Terrain roughness and height of structure, ©) Local topography, and 4d) Importance factor forthe cyclonic region, can be mathematically expressed as follows: V,= Vi hy kak where V, = design wind speed at height z, in m/s; k, = probability factor (risk coefficient) (see 63.0); terrain oyphness and height factor (see 3.2) hy factor (see 6.3.3); and iance factor for the eyclonic region 6344). Windspeed may be taken as constant upto a height D weve, pressures for taldings less thn 10 high reduced by 20 perceat for evaluating stability abd ofthe framing ot sic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as applicable 10 m above ground level based on 50 years mean ei Risk Coefficient (ky Factor) — Figure 1 gives f in design and the corresponding k, factors for different class of structures for the purpose of design are given in Table 1. Inthe design of buildings and structures, a regional basic wind speed having a mean return period cof 50 years shall be used except as speci note of Table 1 6.3.2 Terrain, Height Factor (k, Factor) 6: Terrain Selection of terrain categories shall be made with due regard to the effect of obstructions which constitute the ground surface roughness. The terrain category used in the design of a structure may vary depending on the direction of wind under consideration. Wherever sufficient meteorological information is available about the nature of wind direction, the orientation of any building or structure may be suitably planned. ‘Terrain in which a specific stricture stands shall be assessed as being one of the following terrain categories: 4) Category 1 — Exposed open terrain with few fr no obstructions and in which the average18 875 (Part 3) : 2015 PAKISTAN MAP OF INDIA ‘SHOWING BASIC WIND SPEED ay BENGAL SEE nee ese entoa Fic. 1 Basic Winp Spex iw ws (Bast on 50-Years REruRN Pertop) hight of any object surrounding the structure jslessthan 1.5m, The equivalent aerodynamic roughness height, (for this terain is 0.002 1m, Typically this category represents open sea-coass and flat plains without tees. b) Category 2— Open terrain with well scattered obstructions having heights generally between 1,5 mand 10 m. The equivalent aerodynamic roughness height, (<);) for this terrain is 0,02 m.15 875 (Part 3) : 2015, This is the criterion for measurement of buildings/structures up to 10m in height with regional basic wind speeds and represents (or without a few isolated tall structures. The airfields, open park lands and undeveloped equivalent aerodynamic roughness height, sparsely built-up outskirts of towns and ) for this terrain is 0.2 m sularbs. Open land adjacentto sea coast may also be classified as Category 2 due 10 roughness of large sea waves at high winds. ‘This category represents well wooded areas, and shrubs, towns and industrial areas full or partially developed. ©) Category 3— Terrain with numerous closely anced Gtateeciloae vaviseTiielsiseTot Is likely thatthe, next higher category than this will not exist in most design situations ‘Table 1 Risk Coefficients for Different Classes of Structures in Different Wind Speed Zones (Clause 63.1) st Cass of Structure ‘Mean Probable iy Factor for Bae Wind Speed No Design Life of ms Structure in Years w ® o oo © o Apna alg ac amen 0 1a 1019 ro RABY Stas nota toe wet ng SRD ON Os a 0 gar cena ie or ar mn GS = & § i) Bins and secures pseing tw dee of S94 092 091 090 050 089 eee ee m Se eG GE ie in io inn NoTe— he aco isa on sists nes widget acont te dec ofelity eure nd pei fine Jenin ch newb xpos! QO (Ce ocr. Whar wind peed w sped ord pene, Koc itantyes pout Gower sed@r iy ln sna rep lace matt ena ees rer fetun periods ranging fom 10016 1 000 years inplying lower Fisk level) im association with larger ee of ex 1 have to be selected for exceptionally important structures, such 3, nuclear power reaciors and satelite qgpausication eas. Equation piven below may be used in such ease to estimate , factors for Aitferent periods of exposure and gkok probabil exceedance (ik level). The probability level of 0.63 is nrmaly considered sufficient Tor design of buildings ed structures win effects and the vals of, cmesponing to his isk level are given hove yy Xap Kaew where N= mean probable design life of structure in years Py = risk level in N consoeuive yeas (probability thatthe design wind speed is excceded atleast ance in N successive yess), nominal vale = O63 Np = extreme wind speed for sven values of N and Py: and Nigoas = extreme wind speed for N= 50 years and Py = 0.63, ‘and B have the following values fe ferent base wind sped rons: Zone a Be ms ms ms 3 2311832) 26002) » 233 (840) 39040) “4 244 (880) 5080) a7 244 (880) 57205) 50 247688) 63028) 58 252008) 76073) * Values of Aan B. in kmph, are given in racket.TS 875 (Part 3) : 015 tnd that selection of a more severe category will be deliberate 8) Category 4 — Terrain with numerous large high closely spaced obstructions, The equivalent aerodynamic roughness height, (0) foe this terrain is 2.0 m ‘This category represents large city centers, generally ‘with obstructions above 25m and well developed industrial complexes. 6.3.2.2 Variation of wind speed with height in different terrains (k, factor) ‘Table 2 gives multiplying factors (K,) by which the basic ‘wind speed given in Fig. 1 shall be multiplied to obtain the wind speed at different heights, in each terrain category. Table 2 Factors to Obtain Design Wind Speed Variation with Height in Different Terrains (Clause 63.2.2) Siege Fev ana High Maier ey Noe “Temin—Ternin_ _Tenain Ccuegary 1 category? Caegary3 Cate oo © © » > a i) 18 109 105 097 Qo i 210710 S00 ®) 90 se 9 8120017 vw) 1m 126124 wi) 150130138 vi) 2000132130 i) 2500 1M AR 2m os RS m0 133 x) 00135135 si) 490135135 x) $0 13513 NOTE — For intermediate ales of height ina given tein 6.3.2.3 Terrain categories in relation to the divection of wind ‘The terrain category used in the design of a structure may vary depending on the dieection of wind under consideration. Where sufficient meteorological information is available, the basie wind speed may be varied for specific wind direction 6.3.24 Changes in terrain categories ‘The velocity profile fora given terrain category does not develop to full height immediately with the commencement of that terrain category but develop gradually to height (1) which increases with the Fetch for upwind distance (x) 8) Fetch and developed height relationship — ‘The relation between the developed height (i) and the fetch (x) for wind-flow over each of the four terrain categories may be taken as sven in Table 3. b) For structures of heights more than the developed height (fi) in Table 3, the velocity profile may be determined in accordance with the following: 1) The less or least rough terrain, or 2) The method described in Annex B. ‘Table 3 Fetch and Developed Height Relationship (Clause 6.3.2.4) Fede ieveloped Tea Nee) 7 = Temin Taran Tenain enry | Category 2 Casgory 3 Category » @ Bs ooo DoW a 20 8 0 20 30 5 95 TemingS ii) 25 45 0 in 35 6 190 y 0 to 170300 80 Wo 350450) 20 1035000, so iso 50050 63.3 Topography (k, Factor) The basic wind speed V, given in Fig. 1 takes into account the general level of site above sea level. This does not allow for local topographic features such as hills, valleys, cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which can significantly affect wind speed in their vicinity. The effect of topography is to accelerate wind near the summits of hills or crests of cliffs, escarpments or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys or near the foot of clifls, steep escarpments, or ridges. 6.3.3.1 The effect of topography shall be significant at 4 site when the upwind slope (0) is more than about 3°, and below that, the value of &; may be taken to be equal to 1.0. The value of k, is confined in the range of 1.0 (© 1.36 for slopes mare than 3°. A method of evaluating the value of & for values more than 1.0 is sziven in Annex C. It may be noted that the value of k, ‘varies with height above ground level, at a maximum, near the ground, and reducing to 1.0 at higher levels 6.34 Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region (k,) ‘The east coast of India is relatively more vulnerable for occurrences of severe cyclones, On the west coast, Gujarat is vulnerable for severe cyclones. Studies ofwind speed and damage to buildings and structures point tothe fact thatthe speeds given in the basic wind, speed map are often exceeded during the eyclones. The effect of cyclonic storms is largely felt in a belt of approximately 60 km width at the coast. In order 10 censure better safety of structures inthis region (60 kim ‘wide on the east coast as well as on the Gujarat Coast), the following values of k, (as recommended in 1S 15498) are stipulated as applicable according to the importance of the structure: 18 875 (Part 3) : 2015 6.6 Off Shore Wind Velocity Cyclonic storms form far away from the sea coast and gradually reduce in speed as they approach the sea coast. Cyclonic storms generally extend up to about (60 km inland after striking the coast. Their effect on lands already reflected in basie wind speeds specified in Fig. 1. The influence of wind speed off the coast up to a distance of about 200 km may be taken as 1.15 times the value on the nearest coast in the absence of any definite wind data. The factor 1.15 shall be used ke ination ok structures of post1 (c) FOR é = 1, USE AVERAGE VALUES (ARROWS INDICATE DIRECTION OF WIND FLOW) Fi, 2 Bunpinas Wirt Owe Sipe Orervas1S 875 Part 3) : 2015, Clad Buildings Table 5 External Pressure Coefficients (C,,) for Walls of Rectan; (Clause 73.3.1) SULBNG] BuLONG] ELEVATION Pan WHO. | Ge FORSURFAGE —LOGAL eter | Bust me Es Hane" | Ret o bxpe ete = Deore tet] Ft my fe rer fez |e28 2s foe wea} Gf ; [tos |-os [oor [oz = ete] FO ed] 2, fr fas |-a6 [28 pro zw Lo ae) 8 80 05 [os |+o7 |-o4 Applies wo einer Nove, 1 his the height oF caves at lower side, the greater horizontal dimensions ofa uiling and ws the lesser horizontal dimension of baiting 21 and w are overall length and wi including overhangs1S 875 Part 3) : 2015 {due to the wind pressure on any fascia and to frietion ver the surface ofthe canopy. For any wind direction, only the greater of these two forces need 10 be taken, {nto account. Fascia loads should be calculated on the area of the surface facing the wind, using a force coefficient of 1.3. Frictional drag should be calculated using the coefficients given in 7.4.1 NOTE — Tables 10 to 15 may te used to get intemal and exteral pressure coeticientfor pitches and woughed ree rots for some specifi esses for which aspect ratios andro slopes hve been specified. However, while using Tables 10 ca 15 any significant departure from it should be investigated etl No increase sal e de for local eects except 3¢ ‘nce. b) wand ining For overhanging portions on sides@thr than side, the average pressure cog{iitients walls may be used, <> S 73.3.6 Curved roofs For curved roofs the external pressure coefficients shall, be as given in Table 18. Allowance for local effects shall be made in accordance with Table 6, Two values of C, have been given for elevated curved roofs. Both the Toad cases have to be analyzed, and critical load effecis are to be considered in design. 733.7 Cylindrical structures For the purpose of calculating the wind pressure distribution around a cylindrical structure of circular cross-section, the value of extemal pressure coefficients given in Table 19 may be used, provided that the Reynolds number is more than 10 000. They may’ he used for wind blowing normal to the axis of eylinders having axis normal to the ground plane (that is, chimneys and silos) and cylinders having their axis parallel to the ground plane (that is, horizontal tanks), = Saar rth spt are shown n Tb 2, mare provided that the clearance between the tank and the ‘ground is not less than the diameter of the cylinder. is height ofa vertical cylinder or Iength of a horizontal cylinder. Where there is a free flow of air around both ends, his tobe taken as alf the length when calculating HAD ratio. In the calculation of resultant load on the periphery of the cylinder, the value of C, shall be taken into account. For open ended cylinders, C, shall be taken as follows: 4) ~0.8, where A/D is more than or equal 100.3; and b) = 0.5, where J/D is less than 0.3, 7.3.3.8 Roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated ‘The external pressure coefficients for roofs and bottoms. of cylindrical clevatedructures shall be as given in Table 20, ure distribution given in Fig. 3 ther with the force coefficients given Alternately, the The ase external pressure costisients for Copfes coisas shown Tale 3 £10 Roofs with skylight he average extemal pressure coefficients for roofs 7331 Grandstands ‘The pressure coefficients on the roof (lop and bottom) and rear wall of atypical grandstand roof which is open oon three sides are given in Table 23. The pressure coefficients are valid fora particular ratio of dimensions. as specified in Table 21 but may be used for deviations up to 20 percent. In general, the maximum wind load ‘occurs when the wind is blowing into the open front of the stand, causing positive pressure under the roof and negative pressure on the roof. 33.12 Spheres ‘The external pressure coefficients for spheres shall be as given in Table 24. 7.33.13 Frames ‘When taking wind loads on frames of clad buildings it is reasonable to assume that the pressures or suctions, inside and outside the structure shall not be fully correlated. Therefore when taking the combined effect. of wind loads on the frame, # reduction factor of K,= 0.90 may be used over the building envelope when roof is subjected to pressure and internal pressure suotion, oF vice-versa,IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015 ‘Table 8 Pressure Coefficients for Monoslope Free Roofs (Clause 73.3.3) ROOF ANGLE h +p 4 wit0 ROOF [SOUIDITY RATIO] MAXIMUM (LAI INIMUM (LARGEST -ve) ANGLE ° PRESSURE (Pearse) SRL al Seer dents LOCAL COEFFICIENTS. O ISS) ° * +18 +44 5 A +24 +13 19 | Allvatues of @ 15 +24 +16 5 227 +48 20 +29 424 25 434 +23 30 +32 +24 5 =13 ~14 =18 219 A TAT “18 222 23 10 ~20 TBA 226 -27 Fs “24 725 229 -30 a “28 ~29 234 232 as 732 "32 =35 -35 5 738 736 238 36 Nores 1 For monoptch canopies the centre of pressure should Be taken to ata 0.3 w fom the windward ede 2.W and Late overall width and length incling overhanes, ”IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015 ‘Table 9 Pressure Coefficients for Free Standing Double Sloped Roofs (Clause 73.3.3) sop Ly SAT AR ° oa | 1 rs HO ve ROOF ANGLE: ++ ROOF ANGLE key pu & SOUDTYRATO Wx GARGEST - ve) AND WON RACEST vo) ° PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ‘a> loveRan SoeFAiewrs| LOGAL CORFIGIENTS 20 +07 +9 > +08 +7 215 | ava +05 we | d +07 a To |Atanesore | toa 4 tos oa =o +03 5 Qe +08 08 35 tos Pos ie 3 toa +0 toe (rat GQ? vis wa toa +45 foe ed t08 8 Ma toe 12 205 Q) HL@) vis 5 +04 +25 son BO | Hs we +05 +30 +085) Ms +19 +16 +07 20 “OF cob “13 “18 “08 12 os i189 n12 Woe f'O-08 “13 “18 =08 a I-08 ari a7 219 212 ve =o] -08 713 “15 -08 come | iia a7 29 213 =05 <07 713 “16 -08 208 o18 nar n19 214 ue =08 =08 714 a7 v4 -08 213 218 218 22 a -07 = 0.1 Py bd 2115 875 Part 3) £2018 ‘Table 13 Pressure Coefficients with effects of Train or Stored Materials (Clause 7.3.3.3) Wind © = 0°- 45%, or 135° - 180°, D, DEE" flllength DE, E part length. ‘PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, Cp END SURFACES ej|olo|e le el[ele o |-13 [+08 |-oe | o7 as |-05 |+04 | -03 | +09 ge |cos | o |coa |e. [-04 | #08 | +03 | -o8 seor_|-04 |-03 |-06 | -03 For at Value’ | For’: Cp Top=-1.6, Cp bottom = -0.9 of ‘Tangentially acting friction: R gg = 0.1 Pg bd 215 875 (Part 3) : 2015 Table 14 Pressure Coeff s for Troughed Free Roofs, a= 10° (Clause 7.33.3) ~" Roof slope a = 10° 45", D, 0’ E, E" full length. @ = 90°, D, D’ EE" part length, »; thereafter Cp= 0 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, C p 8 > o E & +03 | -o7 | +02 =09) 0 -02 | +04 -03 sor | -o1 ot | ot +0 For all value | Forf:Cp Top=0.4, Cp bottom = - 1.5 of8 | Tangentialy acting fiction : Regge =0.1 py bd] 23IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015 Table 15 Pressure Coeff is (Top and Bottom) for Troughed Free Roofs, a= 10° with Effects of Train or Stored Materials (Clause 7.33.3) D ec Oe TI = 480°, D, D E, £" full length. D, 0: E, E* part length. ‘by thereafter Cp= 0 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, C p e . > E & o | -o7 | +08 | -o6 +08 as | -o4 | +03 | -02 +02 oo | -o1 tor | -o4 +04 reo | -04 | -02 | -08 -03 For all {Sua! | Fort: Cp Top =-1.1, Cp bottom = 0.8 of | Tangentially acting friction : Regge = 0.1 pq bd m418 875 (Part 3) : 2015 ‘Table 16 External Pressure Coefficients (C,,) for Pitched Roofs of Multispan Buildings (ATI Spans Equal) with fr <" (Clause 7.3.34) WZ WIND, 4 K ° 4 YA t y KEES © yy Boor [wn fasveran lover J eNOSPaN [Local anete | ANctE | © RME [INTERNE - [COEFFICIENT iS TE SPAN [DIATE SPANS. So a c @|m SZ) Decrees 5 -o4 -03|-03 -03]-03 -o3 0 “oa “03 }703 03|:03 “oa 2 -07 -08|-04 -03 |703 “03|-03 -o5|-20 | -15 30 =02 -08|-04 -03 |-02 -03}"02 -o5 ro yos [08 |°06 “04 |-02 “oa |-02 “08 DISTANCE ROOF, win ANGLE ANGLE fh hs fe ° 2 3 DEGREES DEGREES uP TO4s 90 =08 "08 702 Frconl dag: When wind ange 0 =O horizons forces dt ction dag ae allowed fr the above wales, and ‘When wind angle @ = 9° fr fiona rag in accordance wih 74.1 [NOTE — Evidence on these tidings i fragmentary and any deprtre fom the ater avon should be investigated separatelyIS 875 (Part 3) : 2015, ‘Table 17 External Pressure Coefficients (C,.) for Saw Tooth Roofs of Multispan Buildings (AII Spans Equal) with fi < w" (Clause 73.3.4) y Wind | TIN Tf KN YJ y 8 iH y fe ‘ Y y ” iy YA |B i ae | K K \ N i Nw ZS A ROOF PLAN y=nero1w Yntonever Ipuess Been i @rE ‘WIND THER LOCAL Nate [FIRST Py Cire. _| enosran |E2¢Ahcienr Eine S o le 5 Degrees: aS ob x dim n|x z (SS|ZZ 0 [Ss -o7 [27-04 [oo -02|[-o1 <0 wa Mee | 4, "2 vs Simiar to 8°, hy, hz, ha, 270 | edge in the same order Jeded to be reckoned from the windword Frictional drag: When wing angle . horizontal forces de to fitionsl dag ate alowed for in the above values, and When wind angle » 90° slow for frictional drag in accordancs with 74.2. NOTE — Evidrace on dese hiding fagmentry and any deporte fom the eases sven shouldbe nvestigned separately. 2618 875 Part 3) 015 ‘Table 18 External Pressure Coefficients (C,,) for Curved Roofs (Clouse 7.33.6) c wan 4 me hy Kor 4 18) ROOF SPRINGING FROM GROUND LEVEL om i K No S yncoro ng a Em PORTION OF At Seow sone trex TaN exTENG vote << VY ©) DOUBLE CURVED ROOFS VALUES OF ©, Cy and Cp Hal © |G | Ce 03 | -08 | +01 |roos 02-08 | +oal «oa 03 | -10| +0a|+or5 oa] -11[+oe] - o5|-12| +07] - [NOTE — When the wind is blowing normal o gable ents, C maybe taken sega 1-0-7 forthe ful width ofthe oo over eagh of 12 tom the gable ends and 0. forthe remaining potion, yyIS 875 (Part 3) : 2015, Table 19 (ernal Pressure Coefficients Around Cylindrical Structures (Clause 7.3.3.7) GP © posmioN oF, ie PR ‘COEFFICIENTS Cpe Inveonees 2 & P pio, hiD=7 hID=4 awe | & 10 10 se | Sos os os 2 a ot on 5 -08 -08 -07 0 “18 oe o12 75 “28 “22 “18 0 228 122 fiz 10s “18 a7 “12 12 “08 “08 “07 13 “07 -08 “05 150 -08 205 “oa tes -08 205 “oa 180 08 205 “oa 2818 875 (Part 3) : 2015 o20b, P= G'(d-4b) bp,+ CG! (d~4b) 2h py, ‘The first term in each ease gives the drag on the roof and the second on the walls. The value of C;’ has the following value: » ,' = 0.01 for smooth surfaces without corrugations or sibs across the wind direction, G/' = 0.02 for surfaces with corrugations across the wind direction, and CC; = 0.04 for surfaces with ribs across the wind direction 2 3)For other buildings, the frictional drag has been indicated, where necessary, in the tables of pressure coefficients and force coefficients 74.2 Force Coefficients for Clad Buildings 74.24 Clad buildings of uniform section The overall force coefficients for rectangular clad buildings of uniform section with flat roofs in uniform flow shall be as given in Fig. 4 and for other clad buildings of uniform section (without projections, except where otherwise shown) shall be as given in Table 25. Is 875 (Part 3) : 2015, [NOTE — Structures that ae inthe sopreieal ow regime, ects oftheir sie and design wind velocity may nod fuer calculation 1 ensure thatthe greatest loads do noe occur at fone Wind speed below’ the maximum When the Now wil Be fb crtieal. The coefficients are for buildings without Projections, except where athervse shown, InTable 2s, bis used as ainda of hesrow regime 74.2.2 Buildings of circular shapes Force coefficients for buildings of circular cross-section shapes shall be as given in Table 25, However more precise estimation of force coefficients for circular shapes of infinite length can be obtained from Fig. 5 30 . ve) 2 & ” Simo [= ye ys Sab ber 20 a “ 1s = a co Eros — . a — In ‘ple os A KG ELEVATION a 0 oR 10 2530 Fecyrybh aly ———— |) Vas of verve bor h/ b= 14 4 12 4 Fi r PL Cr 2 10 | r 2 oe ° os 10 48 20 25 30 ab. ———>— by Values of Cr versus a/b forh/b< Fig. 4 Force Corrricient For RECTA’ 1 NGULAR CLAD BUILDING is UnironM FLow 3518 875 (Part 3) : 2015, ‘Table 25 Force Coefficients C, for Clad Buildings of Uniform Section (Acting in the Direction of Wind) (Clause 7.42.2) Ta Gj FOR HEIGHT BREADTH RATIO Pun share ms uptow2| 1 | 2 | 5 | 10} 2] © TUL SURFACES <6 eo | ROUGH or WITH. o7 o7 | 07 |o8 | os | 10 | 12 iy {| PROJECTIONS6 See ao Appendixd _[ SMOOTH 6 as | 05 | 0s | os | 05 | os | op z <10 os | os | os | os | os | os | a7 = . 210 oz | 02 | 02] 02 | 02 | o2 | o2 expose 2 = — <8 oe | os] os [ao 11 | 1s | a7 = S i iP os sofa }as | is Etpse is? p a4 | 04 | 04 | 05 | 08 | os 08] os} os} 10] 10 | 13 as | os | os | 08 | 06 | os 03 | 03 } 03 | 02 | 03 | o« 2 oz | 02 | 02] 02] 03 | 03 | os ‘Atvaties os | os | os} os | 06 | os | o7 i vate os |os| to} ss] 12] 15 | 19 tooth 36IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015 ~ (Continued) yb (Of FOR HEIGHT / BREADTH RATIO PLAN SHAPE mie uo 1 [2] 5 | | | o é <6 o7 |os}os|os | 10} 12 | 16 = ® nace 26 os |os|}os|os | os | os | o6 mei < <10 os |os}oo} so] 11} 13 | 18 —-h 2 210 os |os| os} os | os | os | os & nivae | 08 | 09 | oschrs | x2 | 13 | 10 tas MS KS Le | a avvauee — (vee 1@'| 09 | 14 | 12 | 19 | 16 ce & tia = 1148 OL & ry @ T] oO LP lelelulefule HE pp © 7 ; é Gen gS o4 |04| 04] 04] 05 | 05 | os = ei — re 6 Ny oO ~ ‘ All values C8 08 | 08 | 10) 11] 12] 14 news > <8 o7 |o7}os}oo| so] 11 | 13 * <8 04 04] 04/04 }05/05] 05 oan 371S 875 (Part 3) : 2015, Table 25 — (Concluded) a erroar ser ees aoe Le ee fee 6 <12 o7 |o7}os|o9] 10} 14] 13 ‘amen 22 o7 | or | o7 | gt o8 | 08 | 11 a -C) rover | sey | 0 fQ] v2 | 2] oa | 4 e a CY | nem FP sais |u2 0 | | ef ro CO 1L taking into account the avera roughness € When the le obtained from Fig. 5 ‘multiplication factor K (see 7.4.2.3 Free standing walls and hoardings Force coefficients for free standing walls and hoardings shall be as given in Table 26, ‘To allow for oblique winds, the design shall also be checked for net pressure normal to the surface varying linearly from a maximum of 1.7 G, at the windward edge to 0.44 C, atthe leeward edge. ‘The wind load on appurtenances and supports for hoardings shall be accounted for separately by using the appropriate net pressure coefficients, Allowance shall be made for shielding effects of one element on another, 7A2A, Solid circular shapes mounted on a surface The force coefficients for soli circular shapes mounted fon a surface shall be as given in Table 27. n 743 Force Coefficients for Unclad Buildings 7.4.3.1 This section applies to permanently unclad buildings and to frameworks of buildings while temporarily unclad. In the case of buildings whose surfaces are well-rounded, such as those with elliptic, circular or oval cross-sections, the total force can be more at a wind speed much less than maximum due to transition in the nature of boundary layer on them, Although this phenomenon is well Known in the case of circular cylinders, the same phenomenon exists in the case of many other well-ounded structures, and. this possibility must be checked, 74.3.2 Individual members 4) The force coefficient given in Table 29 refers to members of infinite length. For members of finite length, the coefficients should be multiplied by @ factor K that depends on the ratio /b where 1 isthe length of the member and b is the width across the direction of ‘wind. Table 28 gives the required values of K. The following special cases must be noted while estimating K. 381S 875 (Part 3) : 2015 14 12 06| 04) Cy = DRAG COEFFICIENT AS 02| VALU Wo 234 568 2 56 iy 2 3 4 66 8 “eS ¢ « gS 10.5 Vananion ot —h= ae > 3 xa Phon Cncutan Seems Rosy ER vale BO EL 7 ° & Table 26 Force cols ec ‘or Hoardings (< 15m High) 2.2) — ABOVE GROUND 20.25 (ONE EDGE ON GROUND (WIND NORMAL TO FACE) WIOTH TO HEIGHT RATIO, % DRAG COEFFICIENT Cy WALL ABOVE GROUND | WALL ON GROUND FROMO5TOS FROM 1012 12 0 Eq 13 16 32 14 20 40) 16 a0, 20) 175 ca 720 18 @0OR MORE T6OOR WORE 20) 31S 875 (Part 3) : 2015 1) when any member abuts on (oa plate or wall in such a way that free flow of air around that end of the member is prevented, then the ratio of Mb shall be doubled for the purpose of determining K; and ») Flat-sided members — Force coelicients for wind normal to the longitudinal axis of flat-sided structural ‘members shall be as given in Table 29. The force coefficients are given for two mutually perpendicular directions relative toa reference axis on, 2) when both ends of a member are So the structural member. They are denoted by Cj, and C, for the purpose of determining K. to the reference plane as shown in Table 29. SoerinvToN | pesoneronorawee [oy Wed CIRCULAR DISC < & = vonspgpen i “ vata, S © Os eo 04 {OfemspHenicas souD 12 seca.soun | S8F0R ves (Chen 94.22, 143.200) » ep 062 066 067 081 ORT 090 0951.00 40