Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Obligation
Obligation
1. Determinate things—that which is particularly designated or physically segregated from all others of the same
class
2. Indeterminate thing—example is 10,000 pesos.
It is important to know whether a thing is determinate or generic because as a rule the loss of a determinate
thing through a fortuitous event extinguishes the obligation
1. Diligence of a good father of a family – ordinary care that an average person exercises in taking care of his
property.
2. Deliver the thing – actual or constructive
3. Deliver the fruits ( 3 kinds) :
a. Natural --products of the soil and animals
b. Industrial - produced by land through intervention of labor
c. Civil -- that is produced thru juridical relation such as the rent of the building, lease price, life annuities.
The creditor has the right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to deliver it arises
(personal right). If the things has been delivered to him, he shall acquire REAL right over it
Personal right – right to demand the delivery of the things and its fruits.
Real right – ownership or possession. Enforceable against the whole world upon the receipt of the
object.
4. Deliver the accessions and accessories even if they are not mentioned.
a. Accessions – produced by a thing or attached thereto.
b. Accessory – that is joined or included with the principal thing for the latter’s better use. Essential
part of the thing.
1. Compel the debtor to make the delivery ( determinate thing)/obligation be complied with in good faith at the
expense of the debtor ( indeterminate thing, obligation to do)
2. Demand damages
In obligation to do, the creditor cannot compel the debtor because it will amount to involuntary servitude.
1. Fraud
2. Negligence
3. Delay
4. Contravention of the tenor of the obligation
NOTES – Obligation and Contracts SORIANO jkycpa
Damage – harm done and the sum of money that may be recovered.
Kinds of damages :
a. Actual or compensatory – value of the loss suffered and profits not realized. Proof is required.
b. Moral ( court discretion)
c. Nominal (court discretion)
d. Liquidated damages – agreed by the parties to be paid in case of breach.
e. Exemplary damage – correction for public good ( court discretion)
Fraud – deliberate or intentional evasion by the debtor of the normal compliance of his obligation
Kinds of fraud:
Waiver of an action for future fraud is void because it will encourage commission of fraud.
Thus, the debtor will still be liable for damages if he commits fraud in the performance of his
obligation despite the waiver.
Waiver of an action for past fraud is ok because it happened already. Such waiver is an act of
liberality on the part of the creditor.
The test of negligence is whether the defendant used that reasonable care and caution which an ordinary person would
have used in the same situation.
1. Culpa contractual – example is breach of contract of carriage as when the a passenger in the bus is hurt during
trip.
i. Master servant rule applies. The negligence of the employee is the negligence of the master.
2. Culpa aquiliana – quasi-delict. Master-servant rule does not apply.
3. Culpa criminal – negligence that results to crime or DELICT.
NOTES – Obligation and Contracts SORIANO jkycpa
Fortuitous event – one that is inevitable. Example, act of GOD and act of MAN.
General rule : No person shall be liable for fortuitous event. His obligation will be extinguished.
Exceptions:
1. The debtor is in delay or he has promised to deliver it to two or more person who do not have the same interest
2. When there is stipulation
3. When the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk. Example, the liability of the insurer.
Receipt of principal payment without reservation as to interest, shall give rise to the presumption that the
interest has been paid or covered.
Receipt of later installment without reservation as to prior installments shall give rise to the presumption that
the prior installments have been paid.
These presumptions however are disputable. Meaning, evidence may be introduced to the contrary.
1. By Attachment – the creditor may ask the court to set aside a property belonging to the debtor and ordered
it to be sold and the proceeds applied to the payment of the obligation
2. Accion subrogation. The creditor will take the rights of the debtor.
3. Accion pauliana. Cancel the acts the debtor may have done to defraud his creditors
Exceptions:
1. Law prohibits the transmission of the right. Rights of the general partners are not transmitted to the heirs upon
his death.
2. Stipulation
3. The right by nature is not transmissible—when the right is strictly personal.
An obligation with a period is one where there is a day certain when the obligation will arise or cease.
C ondition:
while period must necessarily come (day certain) and only refers to future event.
Designating a period shall be presumed to have been established for the benefit of the creditor and debtor.
At the benefit of the debtor, he cannot be compelled to pay before the maturity date. He can pay anytime he wishes
At the benefit of the creditor means the creditor can at any time demand or accept payment when he wishes.
The debtor loses his right to make use of the period if it is for his benefit under the ff circumstances:
Alternative obligation is one where several prestations are due but complete performance of one of them is sufficient .
The right of choice belongs to the debtor unless it has been expressly given to the creditor.
When the debtor or the creditor communicated his choice, the obligation ceases to be alternative and becomes simple
obligation.
I f all prestations are lost thru debtors fault (debtor has the right to choose), the debtor shall pay the value of the last
thing that was lost plus damages.
NOTES – Obligation and Contracts SORIANO jkycpa
If the other things were lost due to fortuitous and the last one was lost thru the debtor’s fault, the debtor shall just pay
damages; if it was lost thru fortuitous event, obligation is extinguished.
If things were lost thru debtors fault (creditor has the right to choose), the creditor may claim any of those subsisting or
the price of those which were lost thru debtors fault plus damages. If all things were lost thru debtors fault, creditor may
claim the price of any of them plus damages.
Facultative obligation. Only one prestation is due but the debtor may render another in substitution. If the principal is
impossible or void, the debtor is not required to give the substitute.
IMPORTANT NOTE: A solidary creditor who has caused the extinguishment of an obligation by remission, novation,
compensation or confusion, or who has collected the debt shall be liable to the others for the shares corresponding to
them. A solidary creditor may not do anything prejudicial to his co-solidary creditors.
In case the debt has been totally paid by any of the solidary debtors before the remission of a proportionate share in an
obligation corresponding to the other solidary debtor, the latter is still responsible to the paying co-debtor.
X, Y and Z are solidary creditors. X makes a demand against A. A must pay to X. if A pays to other creditor, his payment is
valid only with respect to other creditor’s share. A can still be held liable if the other creditors did not receive their share
from the receiving co-creditor.
So long as the debt has not been collected, a creditor may proceed against any of the solidary debtors or some or all of
them simultaneously.*
Interest from the date of payment accrues to the benefit of the paying solidary debtor.
If an insolvent debtor cannot reimburse his share to the paying debtor, such share shall be borne by all his co-debtors, in
proportion to the debt of each.
Payment by a solidary debtor after the obligation has prescribed does not entitle him to reimbursement.
The solidary debtor making the payment can recover what he paid from the guilty debtor ( price of the thing, damages
and interest)
A solidary creditor cannot assign his right to a 3rd person without the consent of the other solidary creditors (bound by
mutual trust and confidence).
Joint indivisible obligation. Debtors or creditors are jointly bound bound but the prestation or object is indivisible :
1. Creditors must act collectively: all of them must make the demand unless one is authorized to act for the others.
2. The demand must be made against all the debtors since compliance is possible only if debtors act together.
3. A renunciation made by a joint creditor extinguishes only his own share. In such case, the obligation is converted
into a monetary obligation to pay the value of the thing
4. If one of the debtors does not comply with his undertaking, he has to pay damages.
5. If one of the debtors is insolvent, the others shall not be liable for his share.
Indivisibility of an obligation refers to subject matter or object not capable of partial performance. Examples:
Penal clause attached to an obligation is an accessory undertaking on the part of the debtor which provides that in case
of non-compliance, debtor assumes a greater liability. This is to insure performance.
Proof of actual damages is not necessary in order that penalty may be demanded. It is sufficient that there is breach of
contract.
General rule: Penalty takes place of the damages and interest in case of non-compliance
Exceptions:
Creditor cannot demand fulfillment of the obligation and the payment of penalty at the same time unless the
right has been granted to him.
Payment must be made in legal tender in the Philippines. However, parties may stipulate currency other than
Philippine legal tender.
Legal tender:
Inflation effects:
The value of the currency at the time of the establishment of the obligation shall be the basis of payment.
NOTES – Obligation and Contracts SORIANO jkycpa
Effects of deflation or inflation shall only be applied if there is an official pronouncement or declaration by competent
authorities
Promissory notes, bills of exchange or other mercantile documents shall produce the effect of payment only when they
have been cashed or actually realized or when through the fault of the creditor they have been impaired.
Exceptions:
2. CAPACITY TO ALIENATE THE THING. The guardian of the incapacitated or the incapacitated person himself
when he regains or attains his capacity may annul the payment.
Payment made by the debtor after the court has ordered him to retain debt is not valid. He can be required
to pay again to the creditor who asked for the retention of debt.
If a third party pays with the consent of the debtor, the third party is subrogated in the rights of the original creditor. He
is now the new creditor.
If he pays without the knowledge and against the will of the debtor, he is not subrogated. He can recover the payment
to the extent of the amount that was beneficial to the debtor.
If a third party doesn’t want to be reimbursed, it shall be deemed as a DONATION, which requires the consent of the
debtor. If the debtor does not consent, it is still valid to the creditor who has accepted the payment. Third party is not
subrogated.
1. It has kept the thing delivered. Valid to the extent of the amount kept.
2. To the amount beneficial to him
3. By the creditors conduct the debtor believes he can pay to the 3rd person.
4. Payment in good faith to a 3rd person in possession of the credit
If there was no stipulation as to the place of payment, it would be at wherever the thing might be at the time the
obligation was constituted if the obligation is to give a determinate thing.
If the obligation is to give a generic thing or an obligation to do, then at the domicile of the debtor
Dation in payment is where the ownership of property is transferred to the creditor to pay a debt in money. It partakes
the nature of a sale with the creditor in effect buying the property of the debtor.
Dation is actually objective novation (changing the object), a thing is substituted in place of paying the obligation in
money.
Debtor/creditor cannot apply payment to the debt not yet due unless the period is for his benefit or that he is allowed
by stipulation
Cession requirements:
1. 2 or more creditors
2. The debtor is insolvent
Effects:
All properties are assigned to the creditors, except those exempt from execution. Title is not passed, however, creditors
are authorized to sell the properties and have the proceeds applied to their claims.
The debtor may withdraw the sum or thing consigned before the creditor accepts the consignation or before the judge
has declared that the consignation has been properly made.
The debtor may withdraw the sum even after the creditor accepted the consignation only with the consent of the
creditor. The effects would be:
Creditor has the right to proceed against the 3rd person who has caused the lost of the prestation.
Condonation or remission – forgiveness of indebtedness. To extinguish the obligation, consent of the debtor is required.
1. IF the remission involves an immovable property , the remission and the acceptance must be in public
instrument
2. If the remission involves personal or movable property, the remission and acceptance must be in writing if the
value of the property exceeds 5,000.
3. If the value is 5000 or less, remission and acceptance may be in any form. The remission however if made orally,
requires the simultaneous delivery of the thing or the document representing the right remitted
The private document is presumed to have been delivered voluntarily by the creditor to the debtor if it is found in the
possession of the debtor
If it is a contract of deposit (different from bank deposit)/ commodatum, the period is for the benefit of the
depositor/lender meaning he is the one to oppose or claim compensation.
Reservation of right is needed for compensation to take place against the credit assignee (i.e, if the debtor
consented to the assignee, he cannot set up against the assignee the compensation that would pertain to him
against the assignor unless he reserved his right to the compensation).
If the debtor was notified but did not consent, he can claim compensation against the assignee for debts due
before before the assignment but not of subsequent ones.
NOTES – Obligation and Contracts SORIANO jkycpa
If the debtor has no knowledge of the assignment, he can set up compensation for debts due as of the date he
learns of the assignment.
Creditor has the right to proceed against the original debtor if the former acted in bad faith, meaning he
knows that the new debtor is insolvent when he initiates the substitution or that, the insolvency is of public
knowledge.
The original and new obligation must be valid for novation to be valid.
Novation is still valid even if there is a defect in the original obligation (voidable). Here, a novation cures
whatever defects present in the original obligation.
If the original obligation is subject to a condition, the new obligation shall be subject to the same
condition.
The original creditor shall be preferred over another creditor subrogated for the partial payment of the
credit.
Novation executed by any of the solidary creditor shall render him liable to the others for the share in
the obligation corresponding to them.
A debtor who is adjudged to be insolvent and subsequently discharged by the court shall be released
from the obligation of all debts.
In order to be discharged, one has to comply with the law requirements in the: (1) surrender of
property (2) rendition of an account of assets and liabilities (3) not guilty of fraud.