9 ETHICS Intellectual Property (IP) is the right of a person to own his original creative works. Persons who gather, produce and disseminate creative work include authors, singers, journalists, inventors, film makers, photographers and sculptors. Intellectual property protects the manner in which the creative work is expressed. Creative works include ideas, literary work, painting, music, recording, invention, logo, brand name and design. ‘The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the seventeen (17) specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world.” Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their work. There are two rights of the owner that protected by Intellectual Property Laws. These are = economic right = moral right Economic Right is the right of the owner to receive payment when his work is used by a third party. Royalty is a payment made for the use of property especially a patent, copyrighted work, franchise or natural resource. The amount is usually a percentage of the revenues obtained through its use. Moral Right is the right to have or not to have the owner’s name shown prominently on any copy or public display of work, to use a fictitious name or to oppose any violation of his integrity and reputation through misuse of his work.Types of Intellectual Property a) Patent for Invention - a patent gives the holder an exclusive right to commercially exploit the invention for a certain period of time (usually 20 years). b) Trademarks for brand identity - a trademark is a distinctive sign which is used to distinguish the products or services of one business from those of another business. c) Industrial Design for a product - the industrial design right protects the form of appearance style or design of an industrial object such as equipment or furniture. d) Copyright for material - granting exclusive right for ideas, literary work and artistic material. Copyright is the exclusive legal right of the owner for his creativity of work. A copyright gives the owners exclusive rights to duplicate, publish and sell their materials. Exclusive rights grant the holder of Intellectual Property the exclusive ability to take certain action rather than the ability to exclude a third party from taking that action. Copyright protection is designed to ensure that persons who create content are financially compensated for their work. Copyright is denoted by the symbol. © The use of another person’s work without his consent or crediting the source constitutes a copyright infringement. Copyright infringement includes:= Software piracy is the unauthorized copying, use or illegal copying of software that is copyrighted. = Making illegal copies by typing, photocopying, or scanning information into a computer. = Recording live music or videos without permission. = Broadcasting or performing copyrighted material to the public. = Copying or burning CD’s or DVD’s for sale. Plagiarism is the use of another person's creative idea and displaying it as one’s own without acknowledging the source. Some of the guidelines to avoid plagiarism include: = give credit whenever you use another person’s idea, opinion, theory; any facts, statistics, graphs, drawing, any pieces of information that are not common knowledge; quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written words. = indicate when to another person’s spoken or written words. = use several different sources of information. = make your own notes from source documents. = develop your own ideas. A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Citations have several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used. The forms of citations generally subscribe to‘one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford, Harvard, MLA (Modern Language Association of America), American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), and other citations systems, because their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because they do not fulfill the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of one's ideas. ETHICAL STANDARDS The ethical standards relating to intellectual property are affected by three categories of people namely consumers or users, producers or owners and publishers or distributors. Consumers or owners are individuals who access and use the copyrighted material. A consumer who wish to use another person’s work must: = seek permission from the producer through the publisher to use copyrighted material. this permission may attract a fee. = acknowledge the source of information. Producers or owners maintain ownership and control of the creative work. They engage in contractual arrangements to establish the terms and conditions for the work to be published and marketed. The owner also receives compensation (royalty) for the published work Publishers or distributors enter into agreements with the producers to print, record or film the material. They secure financial rewards through the distribution of material and safeguard the work against unethical use.USE OF REFERENCING FORMATS In higher education whenever you include a fact or piece of information in an assignment or essay you must also include where and how you found that piece of information. Even if you ‘just know it' - it has to have come from somewhere. This is because in higher education assignment writing you are not just being tested on what you know, but rather what you are able to find out and what you think it means. Details about where you found the information utilised to write your assignment are kept in two chapters right at the very end, called the reference list and bibliography. The reference list is where you list the direct quotes or paraphrased findings of another author. The bibliography is where you list sources you've read for background information, but did not directly include in your work. In addition, a small mention to the author and publish year, within brackets, must be given in the main body of your assignment wherever you make a reference. The reference and bibliography consists of a list of sources used to obtain information for preparing a document. Information may be obtained from: = books ternet websites = articles (newspapers, magazines) A referencing style is a set of rules telling you how to acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and works of others in a particular way. Referencing is a crucial part of successful academic writing and is key to your assignments and research The American Psychological Association (APA) style is the recommended format to be used for referencing CXC-CSEC documents.