CHAPTER 6: DIVISORS AND LINE BUNDLES Version of April 4, 2005 Invariant divisors. If X is a normal variety, we denote by Div(X) the group of Weil divisors on X, i. the free abelian group generated by the codimeusion one irreducible subvarieties. ‘Lhe group of Cartier divisors is denoted by Cart(X). Each Cartier divisor determines a Weil divisor > ordy(D)-V. codim(V}=1 where ordy(D) is the order of vanishing of an equation for D along the subvariety V. Since X is normal, this gives an embedding Cart(X) © Div(X). The support of a Weil divisor D is the union of the codimen- sion one subvarieties which appear in D with nonzero coefficient, If f is a rational function on X,, then we denote the principal divisor corresponding to f by div(f). The quotient of Div(X) by the subgroup: of principal divisors is the class group CI(X). The inclusion Cart(X) Div(X) induces an embedding Pic(X) — C1(X) Each Weil divisor D determines the subsheaf O(D) of the constant sheaf K(X), where K(X) is the function field of X. This is defined by T(U,O(D)) = {f € K(X) \ {0} | div(f) + Dis effective on U} U {0} Note that D and # define the same sheaf if and only if D = . More- over O(D) ~ O(E) if and only if D and E have the same class in cx) A Qdivisor on X is an element of the Q-vector space Div(X}o Div(X) &z Q. By tensoring with Q we get also Pic(X)o > Cl(X)a If D = Yo, a;D; is a Q-divisor on X, then [DJ] = -_,|a;|D;, where | denotes the largest integer < x. Similarly, [D] =)", |a;|D; where |:r| is the smallest integer > . If D and E are Q-divisors on X. then multiplication of rational functions induces a multiplication map T(X,O(|D])) @T(X,O(/E])) > P(X, O(|D + EI), A Q-divisor is called Q-Cartier if some multiple is integral and Cartier If U is an open subset of X whose complement has dimension at least two, then the natural restriction maps Div(X) — Div(U) and UX) > CMU) are isomorphisms. If i: U > X is the inclusion, then we have i,O(D|x) = O(D) for every Weil divisor D on X From now on we suppose that X = X(A) is the toric variety corre- sponding to a fan A in a lattice N of rank n. We put Ty. Let Ti,..+,7a be the rays of A, and for every i let v; be the first lattice 12 point along 7. Each 7 determines a prime divisor Dj = V(r;) which is invariant under the torns action. We denote by Divr(X) the group of T-Weil divisors (or, simply, of T-divisors): this is the subgroup of Div(X) generated by the D, We start by computing the principal divisor corresponding to a tax tional function of the form y" Lemma 1. [fu € M, then div(y") = yu 0) De. a Proof. We may replace X by U;, U...UU;,, as the complement of this set in X has dimension at least two. Moreover, it is enough to prove the assertion on each U,,. We may choose a basis €1,...,€, of N with This gives U,, ~ Spec(klfl) x (*)"" such that y" corresponds and proves the lemma. The action of T on X induces an action of T’ on K(X) such that (t+ f)(e) = f(t-'z). We also have an action of T on Div(X) induced by D 1D := {tx | x € D} for every prime Weil divisor D. Note that we have div(tf) = t{div(f)). We say that a subsheaf F of K(X) is T-invariant if for every invariant open subset U of X, and for every f in F(U) we have tf € F(U) for every t € T. It is clear that it is enough to check this for all U = U;, Moreover, if this is the ease, then for all such U and all t € T we have tf € F(U) if and only if f € FU). If F = O(D) for some Weil divisor D, U is an open invariant subset and f is in K(X), then ¢f is in (U,O(D)) if and only if f is in TU, O(f'D)). Therefore O(D) is T-invariant if and only if for every 4 €T we have tD = D. This is case if and only if D lies in Divy(X). ‘A Cartier 7'=divisor is a Cartier divisor such that it corresponds toa T-Weil divisor. As we have seen, this is equivalent with the fact that O(D) C K(X) isa T-invariant sheaf, We denote by Cartr(X) the subgroup of Cart(X) consisting of Cartier T-divisors. It follows from Lemma 1 that every principal divisor of the form div(y") is a Cartier ‘-divisor. ‘Lhe next lemma shows that on an affine toric variety every Cartier ‘’-divisor is of this form. Lemma 2. Ifo is a pointed cone in N, then for every Cartier T-divisor D onU, there is u € M such that D = div(y") Proof. Note first that (Us, O(D)) is contained in k{M], Indeed, since the Weil divisor corresponding to LD) is supported on the complement of T, the domain of any f in [(U,,O(D)) contains T. We have seena that a vector subspace of k|.M| is preserved by the action of T if and only if it is an M-graded subspace. We may write U, = Uy x (k*)", where a” is a cone in a lattice A of rank equal to the dimension of a. Since D is a T-divisor, we can find a T-divisor D’ on U!, such that D is the pullback of D! via the projection U, + Uy. ‘V'herefore we may reduce to the case when o has dimension 1. Since the M-graded module F(U,,O(D)) is locally free of rank one over O(U,) and since « spans Ng, we deduce from Chapter 3 that this module can be generated by a homogeneous element. ‘Therefore T(U,,O(D)) is generated by some y~", so D = div(y") Remark 1. If w is in M, it follows from Lemma 1 that di on U; if and only if a is contained in w!. ‘Therefore the M/M(c) is uniquely determined by div(y") (x") is zero of win Suppose now that X is a non necessarily alfine torie variety. A Cartier T-divisor D is defined by specifying an element u(o) in M/M(o} for each cone a € A, defining divisors div(y-™°)) on U,, (the minus sign is taken to conform to the literature). Equivalently, y““”) generates the fractional ideal O(D) on U, ‘These must agree on overlaps; Le. when 7 is a face of ¢, the canonical map from M/M(o) to M/M(r) must take u(a) to u(r). In short {Cartier di ns} = lim M/M(o} 7 Ker(@.a0/09 > i M/M NVs — @£,Z-D; — CX) —40 In particular, rank(Pie(X)) < rank(CI(X}) = d— dim Vs, where d is the number of edges in the fan. In addition, Pic(X) is free abelian if A contains a cone of dimension equal to dim Vi Proof. First note that X \ U, D; = Ty is affine, with coordinate ring the unique factorization ring k[M], so all Cartier divisors and Wei divisors on ‘I'y are principal. ‘This gives an exact sequence 1Z» D; + OMX) > CUT) = 0. Next, note that if f is a rational function on X such that div(f) is a T-divisor then f = \- y" for some u € M and A € A"; indeed, this follows by applying Lemma 2 for 'y and using the fact that every invertible function on k|M| is of the form x" for some u € M. Moreover. Lemma 1 shows that w is uniquely determined by div() up to addition of an element in in M Vx. If £ is a line bundle, its restriction to Ty must be trivial, so £ = O(D) for some Cartier divisor supported on U, Dj; indeed, writing £ ~ OE) for some Cartier divisor Z, take a rational function whose divisor agrees with E on Ty, and set D = E = div(f). Hence D is T-invariant. The exactness of the upper row follows easily. The group Cartr(X) is torsion free since it is a subgroup of @M/M(o) If A contains a cone o of dimension dim(V,), then M(a) is MV¢- the embedding M/M 9 Vi — Cartr(X) must split, so the cokernel Pic(X) is torsion free. Remark 2. It follows from Lemma 2 and Proposition I that the Picard group of any affine toric variety is trivial, Exercise 2. Let A be the complete fan in Z? with rays along v) = 2e)— €2, Up = —€; + 2eo, and vy = —€) — €. Show that a); + ag)2 + a,D4 is a Cartier divisor on X = X(A) if and only if a; = ay = ay (mod 3) Show that Pic(X) =Z-3D, ~Z, CUX) = (Z- Dy + Z- D2)/Z-3(Dy — Dy) ~ Z 0 2/32. In particular, CI(X) can have torsion Exercise 3. Let A be a fan and Vs C Nex the vector subspace spanned by A. If X = X(A), then the following are equivalent) Ais simplicial ) Every Q-divisor on X is Q-Cartier. ) Pic(X) @Q > CX) @ Q is an isomorphism; ) rank(Pic(X)) = d— dim Va. Exercise 4, If U; is the affine toric variety corresponding to a simpli- cial cone o, show that Cl(U,) is a finite abelian group of order equal to mult(a) ( ( ( 1 2 3. 4 Exercise 5. Given a fan A and X = X(A), the following are equiva- lent: (1) A is nonsingular. (2) Every Weil T-divisor on X is Cartier. (3) Pic(X) = CX). Exercise 6. Start with the fan over the faces of the cube with the vertices at (1, £1, £1) in Z*, Let A be the fan with the cones spanned by the same generators, but with the ray through (1,1, 1) replaced by the ray through (1,2,3). Show that Pic(X(A)) = {0} Remark 3. The variety X = X(A) in the previous exercise is com- plete, but not projective. Note that the only etfective Cartier divisor is the zero one. Indeed, every Cartier divisor is principal, hence it is equal to div(f) for some f. If the divis ive, then f is a regular function on X, and therefore it is constant. By taking a nonzero Cartier divisor on X, we get an example of a Cartier divisor which can’t he written as a difference of two effective Cartier isors, Divisors and polyhedra. A (J-/'-divisor D is an element of T —Div(X}o = ®L19- Di Given such D = 0", a;Dj, we define the rational polyhedron Pp :={u€ Mg| (u,v) +a; 20 for 1 Uplv) for every v € [Al} divisor, then we have Exereise 8. Let A’ and A be fans in N’ and NV, respectively, and 6: N’ N be a group morphism inducing a morphism of fans. If f: X(A!) — X(A) is the corresponding morphism of toric varieties, show that for every Q-Cartier Q-T-divisor D on X(A), the pull-back f*(D) is defined and ty.p) = vpod on |A'|. If: M > M' is the dual of @, then 34(Pp) C Pp-(o). Moreover, if da(|A’|) = [A] (for example, if coker(¢) is finite and f is proper), then Pp = (6%) "(Pp-in)) Proposition 2. /f Pp is nonempty and we write Pp = Q+C, for a polytope Q and a cone C, then C= Mgeao”, 80 KC AM] = O(X). In particular, Pp is a polytope for every Q-T-divisor D if and only if this holds for some D with Pp nonempty (for example, for D = 0); this is the case if and only if |A| spans Np as a conver cone. Proof. We write D = )2,a;D;. We have seen in Chapter 2 that since Pp is defined by (u,v;) > a, for every i, C is defined by (u,v;) > 0 for every i, This condition is equivalent to the fact that u is in NygcaoY, The last assertion follows from that fact that |A| generates Nz as a convex cone if and only if Near” = {0} Remark 4. If |A| spans Ng as a convex cone, then Pp is bounded, so there are only finitely many points in Pp WM. Therefore T(X,O(D)) is finite-dimensional. In particular, we recover the finite-dimensionality of F(X, O(D)) in the case of complete toric varieties,Let D be a Q-T-divisor on the toric variety X = X(A). The multi- plication of rational functions induces on Rp = Omenl(X,O(|mD|)} a structure of graded k-algebra Exercise 9 ((El)). Show that if D is a Q-Cartier Q-T-divisor on X then Ap is a finitely generated k-algebra. In fact, if Pp is nonempty and o is the cone over Pp x {1} in Mg x R, show that there is a canonical isomorphisin Rp = hla (M x Z)| Exercise 10. If £ is an invertible sheaf on X, i.e. an element of Pic(X). let £ denote the corresponding geometric line bundle, whose sheaf of sections is £1 (1) If Dis a Cartier T-divisor on the toric variety X and £ = O(D) show that L has a natural action of /'y such that the projection aw: L + X is equivariant. (2) This action induces an action of Ty on P(X, £) such that the section y" is an eigenvalue corresponding to the character of Ty corresponding to —u (3) If £;,...,£, are in Pic(X) then the geometric vector bundle 1, @... L, and the projective bundle P(L, ®... L,) have natural structures of toric varieties such that the projections to X are morphisms of toric varieties. Exercise 11. Show that if £;,....£, are line bundles on a toric variety X, then the ring @maimyenrT(X, Lf" @...@ L"") is a finitely generated k-algebra. Exercise 12. If ) and £ are U-7-divisors on a toric variety X, show that the natural multiplication map T(X,O(|D})) @T(X,O(|E})) > T(X,O(|D + EI) is surjective if and only if every lattice point in Pp.r is the sum of lattice points in Pp and Pp. Recall the definition of volume for line bundles (see [Laz| for moti- vation and details). If £ is a line bundle on a complete variety X of dimension n, then rx. gm vol(X, £) := tim sup 2") mace me /nt8 It can be shown that vol(X,£™) = m" - vol(X,£).. This allows the extension of the definition to Q-Cartier Q-divisors: if D is such a divisor and if m is a positive integer such that mD is a Cartier divisor, then vol(X, D) = vol(X, O(mD)}/m" A QCartier Q-divisor D is called big if vol(X, D) > 0. For example, if D is ample then vol(X, D) = (D") > 0. Exercise 13. Let D be a Q-Cartier Q-T-divisor on a complete toric variety X of dimension n. Show that vol(X,D) = nl -voly(Pp). In particular, D is big if and only if dim(Pp) = n. Recall the definition of Iitaka dimension (see |Laz| for details). If £ isa line bundle on the complete variety X, then it is known that if m is divisible enough, then the dimension of the image of the rational map defined by T(X,£") does not depend on m. This dimension is called the litaka dimension of £ and is denoted by s(X,£). By convention, if T(X, £") =0 for every m, then «(X,£) = — ‘The litaka dimension of £ can be alternatively described as follows, If x(X,£) =r > 0, then there are A, B > 0 such that Asm! te(vy) + (1 ~ t)eb(ve) whenever vy, vy and fv, + (1 t)r are in the domain of y. We will consider functions defined on [AJ which are linear on each of the cones in A. We assume that each maximal cone in A has dimension n, For every such cone g, let u(o) in Mg be such that u(v) = (u(o),v) for v ina Lemma 3. If all cones marimal in A have dimension n, then is concave if and only if for every maximal cone o in A and every v € |A|me hane (2) (ufo). v) > vv) Proof. If (2) holds for every maximal cone, then for vj, v2 and tv, + (1 —)vy in [A] choose a maximal cone o in A such that fo +(1—t)e2 is in o. Since (v4) < (u(a), v1) and Y(v2) < (ula), v9) we ded Wltoy + (1 = t)v2) = (ula), toy + (1 = te) > thoy) + (1 = t)d(ea), so u is concave. Conversely, if u is concave and if o is a maximal cone in A and is in |A|, choose w in the interior of o. For some 0 < # < 1 we have tv + (1— fw ino and (ula), to + (1 — tw) = Pltu + (1 = thw) > lv) + (1 = to(w) = ti(v) + (1 A{u(o), w). This implies (u(a),v) > Y(v). We say that w is whenever v is not in Suppose now, in addition, that |A| is conv strictly concave if the inequality in (2) is stri @ (note that this definition depends on the fan) Lemma 4. Let y) and A be as in Lemma 3. If |A| is conver and w is concave, then for every maximal cone a we have @) Welally=wed}= Ur u(r}=u(or the union being over the mazimal cones t in A such that u(r) = u(a). In particular, is stricily concave if and only if u(a) # u(r) for every two distinct maximal cones « and 7 in A. Proof. It is enough to prove the first assertion. If C, is the set on the left-hand side of (3), we see that for every maximal cone 7 such that u(r) = u(a) we have 7 CC, Since |A| is convex and ¢ is concave, we deduce that C, is convex. Moreover, we deduce from the concavity of « that for every maximal cones ¢ and 7 we have u(a) — u(r) in 7’. This shows that if v in C, lies in the interior of a maximal cone 7, then u(r) = u(a). Suppose now that v is an arbitrary point in C,. The convex hull of a and v is contained in C,. Since a is a maximal cone, this convex hull contains points arbitrarily close to v which lie in the interior of some maximal cone in A. ‘Therefore 1 lies in some maximal cone + snch that u(t) = ula).1a Remark 5. If || is convex, but not necessarily n-dimensional, and if v: |A| > Ris linear on each cone in A, then we call y strictly concave if it is so when we consider A as a fan in its linear span. Proposition 3. Let D be a Cartier T-divisor on the toric variety X(A). The line bundle O(D) is generated by its sections if and only if for every marimal cone in A we can find u(a) in M such that up(v) < {u(o), 0) for every v in |A|, with equality if v is in o. If each mazimal cone in A has dimension n, then this is equivalent with wp being concave Proof. O(D) is globally generated if and only if for every maximal cone in A there is u(z) in M such that D + div(y"®)) is effective and its restriction to U, is zero. Indeed, it is clear that if this is the ease, then O(D) is globally generated. Conversely, if O(D) is globally generated. then for every maximal cone o there is a section of O(D) which does not vanish at zr. As T'(X,O(D)) is spanned by elements of the form {y" it follows that there is u(a) in M such that D-+-div(y"?) is effective on U, and its support does uot contain r,. Therefore its restriction to U,, is zero, as ry lies in every invariant subvariety of Uy. The divisor D+div(y") is zero on U, if and only if ¥ip(v) = (u,v) for v in @. Moreover, D + div(y") is effective if and only if vip(v) < (u,v) for every v in |A|. This completes the proof, as the last assertion follows from Lemma 3 We see that if O(D) is globally generated, then we can recover tp from the polyhedron Pp: Vo) = iy (4) From now on we assume that the support of A is convex (so it is a rational polyhedral convex cone) Exercise 15. Given a fan A in N, show that [A] is convex if and only if there is a proper morphism of toric varieties f = 6,: X — Y, where Y is an affine toric variety. Moreover, we may take 6 to be a surjective group homomorphism. We will always assume that |A| has maximal dimension n (and there- fore every maximal cone in A has dimension n). Note that since |A| is convex, we may always reduce to this case, after replacing N by the intersection of V with the linear span of A. If D is a Q-T-divisor on X = X(A), by Proposition 2 we can write Pp as the Minkowski sum ofun a polytope Q and |A|Y. As ||’ is a pointed cone, we have a canonical choice for Q, namely the convex hull of the vertices of Pp. We show now that under these assumptions on A, we can describe explicitly the vertices of Pp when O(D) is globally generated. Lemma 5. Suppose that |A| is a conver cone of dimension n and let D be a T-Cartier divisor such that O(D) is globally generated. If for every maximal cone ¢ in A, uo) in M is such that p(v) = (u(a),v) for every v in, then the vertices of Pp are the points u(a) (note that these points might not be distinct). Proof. Since all maximal cones in A have dimension n, Proposition 3 says that O(D) is globally generated if and only if for every maximal cone a in A we have u(a) in Pp. For such a, let v be in the interior of a. Note that for every u in Pp we have (u,v) > (u(a),v), with equality if and only if u = u(a). Therefore u(a) is a vertex of Pp Suppose now that w isa vertex of Pp. We can find v in Ng such that (u,v) > (w,v) for every w in Pp, with equality if and only if u = w. In particular, we have (u,v) > 0 for every w in |A|Y, so v lies in |A|. If @ is a maximal cone containing v, then {w,v) > (u(a), v) since w is in Pp, using the definition of Pp. On the other hand, (u(a),v) > (w,v) since u(o) is in Pp and by the choice of v. We deduce that w = u(o) Remark 6. It follows from the above lemma that if X is complete and O(D) is globally generated, then Pp is a lattice polytope, Exercise 16. Show that if |A| is convex, and D and E are Q-Cartier Q- T-divisors such that for some m both O(mD) and O(mE) are globally generated line bundles, then Poy = Pp + Pe Exercise 17. If X = X(A) is an arbitrary toric variety and D is a Cartier T-divisor, then the sections y",...,y"" in T(X,O(D)) gener- ate O(D) if and only if for every maximal cone @ is A one can choose u(a) among the u; as in Proposition 3. If || is convex and has dimen- sion n, then this is the case if and only if {u;,...,1-} contains all the vertices of Pr Let D be a Cartier T-divisor on an arbitrary toric variety X(A). Consider a linear system ¥; generated by the sections y",...,\"" of O(D) such that ¥ generates O(D). By Exercise 17, for every maximal cone a in A we can choose u(a) among the uj, as in Proposition 3. The linear system © determines a morphism fe: X(A) > PL, ae (x(a) to the projective space P’~! x""(x))2 Consider P'~" as the torie variety defined by the fan in N’:= Z/ Dye; with maximal cones 7; generated by the classes @ of e; for i # j. Note that fy is a morphism of toric varieties. Indeed, if we take (Z")* > M such that the element e? of the dual basis of Z” is mapped to uw, then the dual of the composition M’={u= Suef € (ZY | Sou =0} 6 (ZY 4M gives the group morphism 6: N N’ which is a fan morphism in- ducing fy. ‘To see this, note that if o is a maximal cone in A and if u(a) = up, then 4(v) = Dy, (wu —u(o),v)e% for every v in o. Therefore 6(o) is contained in 7). Moreover, if T;,...,T; are the homogeneous co- ordinates on P'~! and if V; is the affine open subset defined by T; # 0. wwe deduce that the induced morphism U, — V; corresponds to MILT; |1Si oY AM, T/T; > x" This shows that fo = 0, Ample divisors. Let D be a Cartier T-divisor on X(A). We assume that |A] is convex, of dimension n, and for every maximal cone a in 4 we choose u(a) in M such that wp(v) = (u(o),v) for every v ino. Proposition 4. {f|A| is a conver cone of dimension n, then O(D) is very ample if and only if Up is strictly concave and for every macimal cone o in A, Sq := 0M is generated by {u— ula) | we Pp MI. Proof. By Proposition 3, we may assume that O(D) is globally gen- erated. We have O(D) very ample if and only if there is a finite- dimensional vector subspace V C P(X, O(D)) such that the corre- sponding morphism X — P(V) is a locally closed embedding. Note that after possibly enlarging V, we may assume that it is generated by NM... 3x" for some uy... yt, in Pp OM. Suppose that uy,...,u, are lattice points in Pp and let f: X(A) > P* be the corresponding morphism, We denote by T),....T. the homogeneous coordinates on P’! We prove first the “if” part. Ifo and 7 are two maximal cones, let j and £ be such that u; = u(a) and uy = u(r). We see that f maps U, to the open subset V; defined by Z #0 and Uy M f-'(Ve) =U; since ¢ M (u; — u)+ = 4 17 by the strong concavity of vip. Letting o vary, we see that f-"(V;) = U-. ‘Lhe corresponding morphism of affine varieties U, + Vp is induced by AID/Te [1S ise] HS], Ti/Te > x“1a This is a closed immersion if and only if {uy—u(r) | 1 < i Spec(&{S**]) is an open immersion, By Corollary 4 in Chapter 4, we see that ¢ 9 N is a face of SY. Since o has dimension n, it follows that $, = S**. We deduce that the normalization morphism Spec(k|S**|) — Spec(k|5|) is an open immersion, so it is an isomorphism. This shows that 5, is generated by the u; — u(a), and completes the proof. Lemma 6. Let f: X = X(A) — Y be a morphism of toric varieties which is a locally closed embedding. If Y is affine and the support of A is conver, then X is affine. Proof. Let ¢ be the morphism of fans such that f = 9,. Ifo = [A], then wwe have a proper, surjective morphism of toric varieties g: X + Uy (note that if ¢ is not a pointed cone, then we follow our convention for defining the toric variety associated to a degenerate fan). We have lo N(a}) = 0, so we get an induced morphism of toric varieties h: U, + ¥ such that f = hog. Since f is a locally closed embedding, so is g, which implies that g is an isomorphism. Therefore X is an attine variety. Corollary 1. /f|A| is an n-dimensional conver cone, then a Q-Cartier T-divisor on X(A) is ample if and only if vp is strictly concave. Proof. Note that both conditions are invariant under multiplying D by a positive integer, so in particular we may assume that J is a Cartier divisor. By Proposition 4, it is enough to show that if wp is strictly concave, then there is a positive integer m such that for every maximal4 cone o in A, S, is generated by {u— mu, | w€ mPp OM}. Write D = 4, aD,. If wis in S,, then w+ mu(a) is in mPp for m > 0. Indeed, (u, vj) > 0 if y; is in o and (u(o),v,) +a; > 0 for all i, with strict inequality if v; is not in o (since U(v;) < (u(o),0,) in this case). All semigroups S, are finitely generated, so we may choose a positive integer m with the required property. Note that if |A| by Corollary 1, ever convex (in particular, if X(A) is complete), then ample line bundle on X(A) is globally generated. Remark 7. It follows from Lemmas 4 and 5 that if D is an ample Q- Cartier Q-T-divisor on X(A) and |A| is an n-dimensional convex cone. then the vertices of Pp are the distinct vectors u(a), where o varies over the maximal cones of A Remark 8. If X = X' x (k*)", p: X > X" is the projection, and D’ is a divisor on X', then p*(D’) is ample if and only if D’ is ample. We deduce that the assertion in Corollary 1 holds for every A with |A| convex, not necessarily n-dimensional, We describe now the connection between ample divisors and the construction of toric varieties from polyhedra. Suppose that D is an ample Q-Cartier Q-T-divisor on the complete toric variety X(A). We have associated to D the rational polyhedron Pp in Mg. The dimension of this polyhedron is n. Indeed, if v in Ng and a in R are such that (u,v) =a for every u in Pp, then we must have (u,v) = 0 for every u in [A|’. Therefore v is in [A] (—[A)). If —v lies in the maximal cone ag, then v is not in ¢. On the other hand we have vp(v) = a = (u(a),v) , a contradiction with the fact that vp is strictly concave. We claim that A is the normal fan to Pp, so X(A) is the toric variety corresponding to Pp. Since the vertices of Pp are the u(a), where o varies over the maximal cones in A, we see that each maximal cone 7 in the normal fan to Pp corresponds to precisely one o € A, such that 7 ={v€ Nel (u(o).v) < (u,v) for every wu € Pp} Note that if v is in 7, then (u,v) > 0 for win |A|Y, so v lies in |A|. We deduce that + = a by the strict concavity of tp. ‘Therefore A is the normal fan to Pp Conversely, suppose we start with an n-dimensional rational poly- hedron P in Mp which does not contain any affine subspace of Equivalently, if we write P = Q + C for a polytope Q and a cone Cthen C’ is a pointed cone, Let X = Xp be the toric variety correspond: ing to the normal fan Ap of P, so |Ap| = CY is an n-dimensional convex cone. We define w: |Ap| > R by Uv) = minyep(u,v). Note that Y(Ng) © . By definition of the normal fan, ifr is the maximal cone of Ap cor- responding to the vertex w of P, then Y(v) = (w,v) for every v in 7. This shows that there is a Q-Cartier Q-T-divisor D = Dp on X such that y= Up. Moreover, if w and 7 are as before, then w = u(r). It fol lows from the definition of that vp is concave, hence strictly cor as u(a) # u(r) for every distinct maximal cones and r. Therefore Dis ample and P = Pp, as the two polyhedra have the same vertices and the same cone in the Minkowski decomposition. "Lhis gives a bijection between rational n-dimensional polyhedra P in ‘Mg which do not contain an affine subspace of Mp and quasiprojective toric varieties X = X(A) with |A| convex and n-dimensional, together with an ample Q-Cartier Q-T-divisor D on X. If P corresponds to X and D, then P = Pp. Note that D is a Cartier divisor if and only if all vertices of P are in the lattice. ve Remark 9. Suppose that ? is an m-dimensional rational polyhedron in Mg, with m B by o(v) := min,ep(u,v), this gives an ample divisor Dp on X(Ap) which is the pull-back of the divisor corresponding to P! on X(Ap)). We use Corollary 1 to characterize f-ample divisors. Recall that if f:X + Y isa morphism of varieties, a Q-Cartier divisor D on X is called f-ample if Y has a cover by affine open subsets U; such that the restriction of D to each of the f~'(U;) is ample. In fact, the definitionle is independent on the affine cover. Moreover, if f is proper, then J is ample if and only if its restriction to each fiber of f is ample (see, for example, Proposition 1.41 in {KM]). Suppose that @: A’ — N induces a morphism of fans between A’ and A such that the corresponding morphism of torie varieties [ = 4: X(4’) > X(A) is proper. Corollary 2. With the above notation, if D is aQ-Cartier Q-T-divisor on X(A’), then D is f-ample if and only if for every maximal cone a in A, the restriction of yp to o-!(0) is strictly concave. Proof. Let o be a maximal cone in A. Note that since f is proper. for every maximal cone ¢ in A, f-!(U,) is a toric variety whose fan has support 671(a), so it is convex. Since D is f-ample if and only if its restriction to each f—'(U,) is ample, the assertion in the corollary follows from Corollary 1 (see also Remark 8). We have seen an example of a three-dimensional complete toric va- riety X having no nontrivial fine bundles. In particular, X is not projective. Using the description of ample line bundles in Corollary 1 it is easy to give examples of smooth complete toric varieties which are not projective (in this case the variety has many nontrivial line bundles, as its Picard group is isomorphic to Z*-", by Proposition 1) Consider the fan A in Z* with rays passing through v1 = —e1, w en, eq, U1 = Cr + er + ea, Us = V+ UH, Us = V+ Us, and vy = v2 +04. The cones in A are the cones through the faces of the triangulated tetrahedron below 3 Exercise 18. Show that X = X(A) is complete and nonsingular. On the other hand, show that if v is a strictly concave function on Na. then P(e) + (ws) > Ylvs) + Hes) P(v2) + Yue) > Yer) + Yer) br) > W(v2) + (v5)which add to a contradiction, Deduce that X is not projective Exercise 19. Prove the toric version of Chow's Lemma, that for any complete toric variety there is a proper, birational morphism of toric varieties f: X’ + X, such that X’ is projective. Carry this out for the preceding example. Exercise 20. Show that every complete toric surface is projective. Ample versus very ample line bundles. We discuss now how far is an ample line bundle on a toric variety from being very ample. In this subsection, all toric varieties will be complete. Proposition 5. /f L is an ample line bundle a smooth projective torie variety X = X(A), then £ is very ample. Proof. Let D be a Cartier T-divisor such that £ ~ O(D). If ¢ is a maximal cone in A and e;,...,¢, are the primitive generators of the rays in a, then they form a basis of the lattice N. We denote by ejs--.+€%, the dual basis of M. For i 0. Therefore there are positive integers m; such that u(a;)—u(a) = me} for every i. We have w := u(a) + +(u(o,) — u(a)) in Pp AM and uj — u(a) = ef. Hence o” is generated by {u— u(a) | uw € Poe M}. This holds for every maximal cone @, so O(D) is very ample by Proposition 4. Exercise 21. Let M = Z* and P the convex hull of (0,0,0), (1,1,0) (1,0,1) and (0,1, 1). Let X be the corresponding toric variety and D the Cah jer T-divisor such that P = Pp. Show that O(D) is not very ample; in fact, it determines a morphism f: X — P* that is a double cover branched along the four coordinate planes. Recall that if X is a normal variety, a very ample line bundle £ on X is called normally generated if the homogeneous coordinate ring of X — P(F(X,L)) is normal, Equivalently, for every m > 1 the multiplication map Sym"T(X,£) + T(X,£™) is surjective. Remark 11. If £ is an ample line bundle on a projective variety X and Cis globally generated, but not very ample, then there is m such thatIs the natural multiplication map Sym"T'(X,£) + P(X,£") is not sur- jective. Indeed, let m be such that £" is very ample and suppose that the multiplication map is surjective for m. Consider the commutative diagram x — —-PIT(X,£); ten| | P(P(X,£")) 44 P(Sym"P(X, £)). where fc and fem are the morphisms defined by the complete linear systems of £ and £", respectively, j is induced by the multiplication map and i is the Veronese embedding. As fem. i and j are closed immersions, so is fz, a contradiction. Exercise 22. Let D be an ample Cartier T-divisor on the complete toric variety X = X(A). For P = Pp, we take o to be the cone over Px {1} in Mg x (1) Show that if we consider on kia M1 (M x Z)] the N-grading given by deg(y"") = m, then we have an isomorphism X = Proj(kla n (M x Z))) (2) Show that O(D) is normally generated if and only if for every positive integer m, any lattice point in mP is the sum of m lattice points in P. (3) If this is the case, then X P(P(X,O(D))) is arithmeti- cally Cohen-Macaulay, ie. the homogeneous coordinate ring is Cohen-Macaulay. Remark 12. There are examples of very ample line bundles on pro- jective toric varieties which are not normally generated (see [BG], Ex- ample 5.1). ‘Lhe next proposition gives a uniform bound in terms of dimension for a multiple of an ample tine bundle on a toric variety to be very ample (and even normally generated). ‘The following proof is due to Nakagawa (see also [EW] and |BGT]). Proposition 6. If £ is an ample line bundle on a projective toric variety X of dimension n > 2 and if m > n—1, then the natural multiplication map T(X, £) @T(X,£") + F(X, £"*") is surjective. In particular, for every m > n—1 the line bundle L™ is normally generated, so in particular, it is very ample.19 Proof. It is enough to prove the first assertion. Let D be a Cartier T-divisor such that £~ O(D), and let C’ be the cone over Pp x {1} in Mg xR. By Lemma 8 in Chapter 2, we may write C’as a union of cones C; such that each cone C; is generated by (n+ 1) linearly independent elements uy ‘Uynsi in (Pp OM) x {1}. Moreover, we may assume that there is no lattice point different from the u;; in the interior of the convex hull of u:1,-..,tin41- Indeed, if there is a lattice point w in the interior of this convex hull, then we may replace the cone C; by the maximal cones in the star subdivision C,(u). As u is in Pp 0M. after repeating this finitely many times we achieve our requirement. Let m > n—1 and consider u in (m+ 1)Pp A.M. We need to show that u lies in (Pp MM) + (mPp A.M). We can find a cone C; as above such that (u,m +1) lies in C;. There are nonnegative real numbers DaiyersyAngi stich that wh ne Mamysu LA smtl ja ja If for some j we have \; > 1, then we may write w= uj; +u, where ul = Ata +o. F(A) = Dts +--+ Angattingt, 80 w is in mPp NM, Suppose now that Aj <1 for every j. This implies m+1=)3;; < n+l, som=n-1. Let w= }(1—Aj)u,j, 80 w is in M. Moreover, as S0,(1 — Aj) = 1, we see that w lies in the interior of the convex hull of uj1,---;tin41, 8 contradiction. ‘his completes the proof. Exercise 23. Show that if £ and M are ample line bundles on a projective n-dimensional toric variety X, then for every m > n the multiplication map T(X, £) @T(X,£L" @ M) > T(X,L"*! gM) is surjective. It is known that the embeddings of a projective toric variety defined by larger multiples of a given ample line bundle satisty suitable stronger properties. For example, it is shown in [BGT] that if £ is ample and m > dim(X), then the homogeneous coordinate ring of the embedding given by £” is Koszul. In particular, the ideal Ly defining X in the projective space is generated by quadries, Moreover, it is shown in |He and |SS| that if p > 1 and m > dim(X)+p—1, then the embedding given by £" satisfies the property Ny, ie. the first p steps in the minimal free resolution of 1 over the homogeneous coordinate ring S of the projective space are as follows: S(—p— 1)” > ... + S(-2)* Ix + 0.20 Note that the property quadries, says precisely that Jy is generated by We have seen that every ample line bundle on a smooth torie variety is very ample. It is not known whether the following stronger assertions are true. Problem. Let £ be an ample line bundle on a smooth projective torie variety. (1) (Oda) Is £ normally generated ? (2) (Sturmfels) If £ is normally generated, does it follow that the image of X by the morphism given by L has the ideal generated by quadries ? Remark 13. Suppose (1) above has a positive answer. If £ and M are ample line bundles on the smooth projective toric variety X, then the line bundle O(1) on P(L @ M) is ample. Applying (1) for O(1) gives the surjectivity of the multiplication map T(X,£) @T(X,M) 4 P(X, £8 M). Equivalently, if D and E are T-divisors such that £ ~ O(D) and M ~ O(E), then every lattice point in Pp + Pp is a sum of lattice points in Mp and Pp, Remark 14. If X is a projective toric variety of dimension n and L£ is an ample line bundle which is normally generated, then it is easy to give upper bounds on the degree of the equations defining the embedding X — P(X, £)). In fact, the ideal Ix defining X is (n+ 1)-regular in the sense of Castelnuovo-Mumford, so in particular the degrees of its minimal generators are < (n + 1) (see [Eis], Chapter 20 for equivalent definitions of Castelmovo-Mumford regularity). Note that Iy is (n+ 1)-regular if and only if the homogeneous coordinate ring of X is n- regular. Since X is projectively normal, this is equivalent with the vanishing of H'(X,£~*) for 1 m. Given such m, the arqument in the above remark shows that the ideal Ix of X in P(F(X, £)) is min{n + 1,m}- regular. ive toric varietya More generally, suppose that X > B* is a morphism of toric vari- ties which is a closed immersion. Find lower bounds for the reqularity of the ideal Ix. Recall that a general conjecture of Eisenbud and Goto [EG] predicts that if r = deg(X) — codim(X,P%) — 1, then Iy ts r- regular, Note that if X is projectively normal, then the conjecture is satisfied. Indeed, this follows from the fact that X is arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay: after n successive hyperplane sections, the assertion is reduced to the case of a reduced set of points, when it can be easily checked Restriction of divisors. Let X = X(A) be a toric variety. If D is a Cartier T-divisor on X and 7 is a cone in A, we describe the restriction of O(D) to V(r). We have previously considered inverse images of Cartier T-divisors by torie morphisms, but recall that the inclusion V(r) + X is not toric, unless it is the identity. Note first that we may assume that V(r) is not contained in the support of . More precisely, we may replace J by a linearly equivalent divisor with this property. Indeed, let a be a cone in A containing 7. Since D is Cartier, we can find u(a) in M such that the restriction of D! =D +div(y)) to U, is zero. In particular, we see that no prime divisor containing V(r) is in the support of D’. Therefore we may assume that V(r) is not contained in the support of D. In this case we have a restriction Dly(,) that is a Cartier divisor. We describe it locally: suppose that is a cone containing 7 and let u(a) in M be such that Dip, = div(y™)|p,.. The hypothesis on D implies that u(a) lies in r4. Therefore the restriction of lyin to V(r), is the principal divisor corresponding to x") (recall that the torus in V(r) is Spec(kiM 9 7+|)) We see that Ppiy,,, = Pp 7+. Moreover, if projection, then we have vp = Uiyi., °P We compare now the coefficients of the prime divisors in D and Divi). A prime T-divisor in V(r) is of the form V(7) for some + in A containing + and such that dim(y) = dim(r) +1. Recall that we denote by v1,...,ug the primitive generators of the rays in A Let 1, be the set of those i such that 1; is on a ray in 7 but not in rT. We take the generator ¢ of N,/NN, such that the classes 7 for i € I, are positive multiples of e. Let s; be such that 7 = se. We denote by a; the coefficient of D; in D and by b, the coefficient of V(7) in Diy) If o and u(a) are as before, then (u(a), v4) and (u(a),€) = —b. and therefore N — N/N, is the2 for every i in J, Example 1. If X is smooth, then J, consists of only one i. Moreover the coefficient of V(7) in Dly() is equal to the coefficient of D; in D. Exercise 24, Show that if + is simplicial, then there is only one i in J, and unult(r) mult(7) Recall that if D is Cartier divisor on X’ and C is a complete curve in X, then the intersection number (D- X) is the degree of Dic. b, =a Exercise 25. Suppose that an (1 — 1)-dimensional cone 7 is the com- mon face of two nonsingular n-dimensional cones 7/ andy". Let v).....Un—1 be the primitive generators of the rays in 7 and let vf and v” be the primitive generators of the other rays in 7 and 7, respectively. (1) Show that there are (unique) integers a},...,a,—1 such that Ute" = ayy +... + anata (2) Show that for 1 < k 0 for every complete irreducible curve C’ on X. ‘Lhe next proposition shows in particular that unlike on general varieties, every nef divisor on a complete toric variety is globally generated (see also {Re| and [Ma| for different proofs). Proposition 7. Let X = X(A) be a toric variety such that |Al és conwer, and let £ be a line bundle on X. ‘The following are equivatent: (1) £ is globally generated. (2) £ is nef. (3) For every complete invariant curve C CX, we have (L-C) > 0. Exercise 27. Let D be a I'-Cartier divisor on the toric variety X = X(A), where |A| is convex and of dimension n, The line bundle O(D) is globally generated if and only if for every maximal cones o, 0’ € A2a with dim(o No’) = n—1, we have (u(a).v) > (u(o’),v) for every v € 0, Similarly, O(D) is ample if and only if for every o and a! as above, (u(o),v) > (u(o"),v) for every v in the interior of o Proof of Proposition 7. We may assume that |A| has maximal dimen- sion. The implications (1)=(2)=(3) are trivial, so it is enough to show (3)(1). Let o and o! be two maximal cones in A with dim(o No" n—1, and let 7=0 Na’, Suppose that D is a Cartier T-divisor such that O(D) ~ £. Let u(a) and u(a") be such that Dly, = div(y~™?)) and similarly on Uy. We write D + div(y") = S2,a;D,, where the D; are the prime ‘L-divisors. ‘lake j such that the primitive vector v; corresponding to Dy is ino’ \ a. Note that a; = (u(o) — uo"), v)) Tt follows from the description of Dly(,) that there is a positive inte- ger s such that (D-V(r)) = aj/s; (note that s; = 1 if X is smooth). If (D-V(7)) > 0, we deduce (u(o), x») > (u(o"), 04) for all j such that v, is in o! \ a. By Exercise 27, we see that O(D) is globally generated, A similar argument proves the following proposition (the torie Nakai criterion). Proposition 8. If £ is a line bundle on the torie variety X = X(A), with |A| conver, then £ is ample if and only if (CC) > 0 for every complete invariant curve CCX The following is a consequence of the proof of Proposition 7. We state it for future reference. Corollary 3. Let X = X(A) be an n-dimensional smooth toric variety, and let D be a T-divisor on X. If C = V(7) is a complete invariant curve in X, and if o, of are the distinct mazimal cones in A with oo'=r, then (D-V(z)) = (ula) — ufo’), v') = (u(o’) — ula), 0) where v and v' are the primitive generators outside 7 of 0, respectively a’. Proposition 7 implies that on a torie variety whose fan has convex support there are no nonzero numerically trivial line bundles. Recall that a line bundle £ on X is numerically trivial if (C-C) = 0 for every complete irreducible eurve C on X Corollary 4. If £ is a line bundle on the toric variety X = X(A) with |A| conver, and if (C-C) = 0 for every complete invariant curve on X, then £~ Oxor Proof. We may assume that |A| has maximal dimension. If D ia a T-Cartier divisor with £ ~ O(D), then by Proposition 7 both OD) and O(—D) are globally generated. Therefore both yp and —tp are concave, so Up is linear. This means that D is a principal divisor, and L~ Ox Remark 15. It follows from Proposition 7 shows that if we have a proper morphism of toric varieties f: X(A’) — X(A), then a line bundle Z on X(A') is f-ample if and only if for every invariant curve C on X that lies in a fiber of f we have (LC) > 0. Indeed, it is enough to note that if ¢ is a cone in A and C is a complete curve in f-\(U,), then C lies in a fiber of f. Exercise 28, Let X = X(A) be a complete toric variety. (1) Show that the morphisms of toric varieties f: P! + X are in bijection with the elements v in N. The morphism f is constant if and only if the corresponding v is zero (2) IE f as above corresponds to v and D is a Q-Cartier T-divisor then deg(f*D) = =(iin(v) + ¥p(-v)) Nef versus ample line bundles. Let X = X(A) be a toric variety such that |A] is convex. We have seen that every ample line bundle on X is globally generated, Moreover, a line bundle is globally generated if and only if it is nef. We show now that every nef line bundle is the pull-back of a suitable ample line bundle. In fact, we can explicitly describe the morphism involved. Let D be a Cartier T-divisor on X such that O(D) is globally gen- erated. We assume that the origin lies in the affine span W of Pp, Note that we can achieve this alter replacing J by a suitable linearly equivalent divisor: for example, if J is effective then the origin lies in Pp. By Remark 9, on the toric variety X’ defined by the (possibly degenerate) normal fan Ap, there is an ample Cartier divisor D’ such that Up = Up: od, where 6: Ng > Np/W*. Proposition 9. The projection 6 gives a morphism of fans inducing a morphism of toric varieties f: X — X’ which is proper, surjective and fiOx = Ox (1) We have f*(D') = D and if C © X is an irreducible curve, then f(C) is a point if and only if (D-C) = 0. (2) Each maximal cone o in A determines a mazimal cone o' in NY. such that f"Ur)= Yo Ur u(r}=ulo)25 where the union is over the maximal cones 7 in A satisfying u(r) = u(a). (3) If X is complete, then f is the Stein factorization of the mor- phism foipy defined by O(D) Proof. The fan Ap is the inverse image by 6 of a nondegenerate fan A’ in Ng/W+. Recall that by Lemma 5 in Chapter 6 the vertices of Pp are the u(o), where o varies over the maximal cones in A. For every snch , we have a maximal cone a in A’ such that a = {v € Ng | (u(o),v) = Yp(v)}/W* Moreover, every maximal cone in A’ arises in this way. We have 6(7) C a, so gives a morphism of fans and induces a morphism of toric varieties f: XX’. Since X is complete, f is proper. Moreover, ¢ is surjective so Corollary 3 in Chapter 4 implies that f is surjective and f,Ox = Ox We have Up: 06 = tp and therefore f*(D') = D (see Exercise 8) ince D is ample, if C C X is an irreducible curve then f(C) is a point if and only if (D’- f(C)) = 0. By the projection formula this is equivalent with (DC) = 0. "The inverse image of Vy = U is the union of those U, such that (7) Co’, We have 6(v) in o* if and only if dp(v) = (u(a),v), 80 the assertion in (2) follows from Lemma 4. Suppose now that X is complete. Since f,Oy = Ox and f*E = D. the projection formula gives a canonical isomorphism T(X,O(D)) = T(X’,O(E)). We have the commutative diagram X —+ PIT(X, O(D))} | | X'—> P(T(X',O(D"))), where the horizontal arrows are the maps foip) and foc defined by the complete linear systems of O(D) and O(D’). Since D! is ample. fon» is a finite map, which shows that f is the Stein factorization of Tow) Differentials and the Euler exact sequence. We recall first the definition of differentials with logarithmic poles. Let X be a smooth n-dimensional variety and D = DL, +... + Da be a reduced divisor with simple normal crossings. This means that for every x in X. if Diy. Dig, ate those D, passing through , then there is a system of26 algebraic coordinates y:,..., J around x such that D,, is detined by Yp for 1

O(log D). Proof. The map M + 9 @oy K(X) which takes u to d(y")/y" is additive, so it induces the Ox-linear map a. ‘To check that a is an isomorphism onto (log D), it is enough to do it over each affine open subset U,. Let ¢1,....€q be a basis of N’ such that a is generated by €1,-+-s€n- Alter reordering the D; we may assume that D, corresponds toe, for’ < m. If t; = 7, we see that (log D)ly, is free with basis dt dy, ata, h ty mt Since t41,-.+yfy ave invertible on Up, it follows that a is an isomor- phism over U,. This completes the proof. sty, We give another description of 4 as the kernel of a morphism of vector bundles (see [BC]). This generalizes the familiar Euler exact sequence on the projective space. Corollary 5. If the linear span of |A| is Ng, then there is an exact sequence of vector bundles on X : 0% + BL,O(-D,) > Pie(X) 82 Ox ~ O Proof. Consider the following commutative diagram 0 0 | | 0 ——+ 0, ———> M ®z Ox ——+ 04,,0p, 0 | | 0—> 01.,0(-D;) ——> Z! @z Ox ——> O1.,Op, 0 i | Pic(X) @z Ox Pic(X) @z Ox | { 0 0 ny) 30.28 in which the two rows and the middle colnmn are exact. ‘The first horizontal row is deduced from the proposition, the middle column is obtained by tensoring with Oy the short exact sequence 0 M > Zt 5 Pic(X) = 0. and the definition of the morphisms in the first column is forced by commutativity. The Snake Lemma implies that the first column is exact. Since X is smooth, Pie(X) = Cl(X) so it has rank d— Pie(X) is free, hence Pic(X) ~ Z&-") . Moreover. Corollary 6. If X is a smooth toric variety and if Dy,...,Da are the prime I'-divisors on X, then the total Chern class of X is given by [a +e(0(D,)) Proof. IX = X'x(k*)" and if p; and py denote the projections onto the two factors, then Ty © (p1)*(Tx) © O%, since Ty» ~ Ox. Therefore e(Tx) = (p1)*c( Tyr), so we can reduce the assertion to the case when the linear span of |A| is Nz, when it follows from the exact sequence in Corollary 5. Corollary 7. ‘The sheaf of top differential forms on a smooth toric variety X is given by Ny ~ O(—D, ~...~ Da) Proof. We may reduce the statement to the case when the linear span of |A| is Vg. In this case the isomorphism follows by taking determinants in the exact sequence in Corollary 5. Remark 16, If u,...,1, are in M, then dy" A... Ady" is a rational n-form on X, Let e1.....€, bea basis for N and let us denote t; =v" If we write u; = -""_,a;,c%, then we see that BN WOE = deta; nn x xn t ta Using the commutativity of the upper left square in the diagram in the proof of Corollary 5. ee that 4A... corresponds to the section +1 in I'(Ty,O(—D,—...—D,)). Therefore the n-form dy" A...Ady"™ corresponds by the isomorphism in Corollary 7 to the rational section tdet(aj,;) >" of O(—D; —...— Da), For a general normal variety X of dimension n, if U is a smooth open subset such that codim(X \ U, X) > 2 (for example, if U is the smooth locus of X), then a canonical divisor on X is a Weil divisor K’y on X such that O(Kx)|u ~ 9. Equivalently, if i: U + X is the inclusion,29 then 1,7, = O(Ky). It is clear that such a divisor is uniquely defined up to rational equivalence, and the definition does not depend on the choice of U. If X is an arbitrary toric variety, it follows from Corollary 7 that we may take Ky = —D;—...— Da. [tis known that in general, if in addi- tion X is Cohen-Macaulay and projective, then O(K'x) is the dualizing sheaf in the sense of |Hal, Chapter III.7 (see [KM], Proposition 5.75) This applies in particular in the case of a projective toric variety, ‘Lhe following is the toric version of Fujita’s Conjecture. For gener- alizations to singular varieties, see [Ful and |Pal Exercise 29. Let X = X(A) be an n-dimensional, smooth projective i sor such that (D-V(r)) > n cf y (n= 1)-dimensional cone 7 in A. If O(Kx + D) is not globally generated (respectively very ample), then X =P" and O(D) ~ O(n) (respectively O(n + 1)). Toric Fano varieties. Let X = X(A) be a complete toric variety. X is called Q-Fano if — Ky is an ample Q-Cartier divisor, and it is calle Fano if, in addition, it is Gorenstein, ie. Ky is Cartier. Our goal to deseribe those rational polytopes P in M such that Xp is a Q-Fano or Fano variety and Dp = —Kx,,. Suppose first that X = X(A) is a complete toric variety which is Q-Gorenstein, ie. Ky is Q-Cartier. If v1,...,v are the primitive generators of the rays in A, let Q be the convex hull of the v;. Note that the origin lies in the interior of Q: otherwise there are u in Mp and a in R such that (u,v) > a for all i, and 0 < a. This implies that all v; lie in the half-space {v | (u,v) > 0}, hence so does |Al, a contradiction. By definition, the polytope associated to —K’y Pay = {uin Mg | (u,v;) 2-1} is the polar of @. We deduce the following Proposition 12. Let P a rational polytope in M of dimension n tk(M). The corresponding toric variety Xp is Q-Fano and Dp -Kx,, if and only if there is a polytope () containing the origin in its interior and such that its vertices are primitive lattice vectors, and P=Q. Proof. Suppose that Q is such a polytope and let P be the polar of Q. If wi,..., w, are the vertices of Q, we know that the rays of the normal20 fan to P are the rays through the w;. Since each w; is a primitive lattice vector. and since Upp(wy) = min{ (u,w;) [ue Pf = 1 for every i, we see that Dp =—Kx,,. In particular, Xp is Q-Fano. As we have already seen the converse, the proof is complete, If X is a O-Gorenstein toric variety, the smallest positive integer 1 such that rA’y is Cartier is called the index of X. Exercise 30, Let X be a Q-Fano toric variety and let P = Pky Show that if @ is the polar of P and r is the index of X, then the origin is the only lattice point in the interior of Q which lies in rN. In particular, if X is Fano, then the only interior lattice point of P is the origin. We turn now to Fano varieties. If Q and P are as in Proposition 12. then the corresponding toric variety Xp is Gorenstein if and only if P’is a lattice polytope. ‘This suggests the following detinition. An n- dimensional polytope P in Mg is retlexive if it contains the origin in its interior, and both P and its polar P” are lattice polytopes. Note that if P is reflexive, then so is P®. Proposition 13. Let P be an n-dimensional rational polytope in Mr. ‘The corresponding variety Xp is Fano and Dp = —Ky,, if and only if P is a reflexive polytope. Proof. ‘Vhe assertion follows from Proposition 12. ‘Ihe only thing that needs to be proved is that if / is reflexive, then the vertices of 2° are primitive lattice vectors. Indeed, the vertices lie in N’ since by definition /* is a lattice polytope. Moreover, if v is such a vertex of 2° and if u is a vertex of the corresponding face of P, then (u,v) = —1 Since w is in M, we see that v is primitive Exercise 31. Let X = X(A) be a complete toric variety and let v;,..+,04 be the primitive generators of the rays in A. (1) X is Q-Gorenstein (or Gorenstein) if and only if for every max- imal cone o in A there is u(c) in Mo (respectively, M) such that (u(o), 0) = —1 for every 0; that lies in o. (2) X is Q-Fano (or Fano) if and only if for every maximal cone o in A there is u(c) in Mg (respectively, M) such that (u(o), 05) = =1 ify; is ino, and (u(o),v;) > -1 if v; is not in 0. If we do not put any conditions on the singularities of Q-Fano toric varieties, then there are infinitely many non-isomorphic Fano varieties in a given dimensiona Example 2. For a > 2, consider the polar polytopes (-1,a) (0.1) (1,0) (-1,-1) 3D (-a,1) Qu We see thhtt Q, contains the origin in its interior and its vertices are primitive lattice vectors, so the toric variety X, corresponding to #, is a Q-Fano toric variety. It is clear that all these varieties are pairwise non-isomorphie: the singular locus of X, cousists of one point of multiplicity a. Note that if to the normal fan of P, we add the ray through (—1,0). then the resulting toric variety is isomorphic to the Hirzebruch surface K,. Moreover, the induced proper birational morphism #, — X, is the contraction of the unique irreducible curve C, on F, with (C2) = —a. Direct computation shows that the index of X, is equal to a/2 if a is even, and it is equal to a if a is odd. Theorem 1. ({BB|) Given n and r, there are only finitely many iso- morphism classes of Q-Fano toric varieties of dimension n and index bounded by r. The idea of the proof is to use the assertion in Exercise 30 to give an upper bound for the volume of @ in terms of r and n (we use the notation in that exercise). Finiteness then follows from the fact that there are only finitely many lattice polytopes with bounded volume, In fact, the result in |BB| is stronger. There is an invariant of the singu- larities of X (see Chapter 8 for the definition) called the discrepancy of X and denoted discrep(X’) which is always greater than —1 for toric varieties. Moreover, if r is the index of X, then r- discrep(X) is an integer. It can be shown that if discrep(X) > —1++ (which is the case. for example, ifr is the index of X), then the conclusion of Exercise 30 still holds, and the same argument shows that there are only finitely many isomorphism classes of such varieties in a given dimension. We refer for proofs to [BB|22 ‘Lhe above theorem shows in particular that in every dimension there are only finitely many reflexive polytopes (up to lattice isomorphisms) As we have indicated, finding explicit bounds for this number depends on having explicit bounds on the volume of a reflexive polytope (or equivalently, on having bounds for ((—x)") if X is a Fano tor y of dimension n), For such bounds and for conjectures improving them we refer to |De| For example, in dimension 2 there are 16 reflexive polytopes, of which 5 are nonsingular (ie, they correspond to nonsingular toric varieties). In dimensions 3 and 4 the numbers are 4,319 and respec- tively 473,800, 776 for arbitrary reflexive polytopes, of which 18 and respectively 124 are nonsingular. Below are the 5 nonsingular two- dimensional polytopes, and their polars. (-1,1) a) (0,1) (-1,0) (1,0) (0,-1) (1,-1) Xp ial (-1,2) (0,1) (1,0) (2,-1) P; Xp>P* Cazaaa (-1,2) an) (1) (1,0) (-1,0) (-1, £1) (0,-1) (2,-1) P: Xp~Bly,P? Qa (=1,2) 1) (QL (1,0) (1,0) (-1.0) (-1,0) (1,1) (0,11 1) P; Xp Bly xP? iad 0,1) (-1,1) (0, 1) (0,1) 1.1) (1,0) (1,0) _ (19) (-1,0) | (0,-1) 1,-1 1,-1 0-1) ) ‘ Q=P : Ap = Blanze Neto that Beanie the lattice ist case, P® and P differ by an automorphism of Solutions and hints for selected exercises4 Erercise 3. The equivalence (2}¢9(3) is obvious, while (3)<>(4) fol lows from Proposition 1. Moreover, it follows from this proposition that in order to check that every Q-divisor is Q-Cartier, it is enough to consider Q-T-divisors. In this case the assertion is equivalent with say- ing that given any in A, if v,...,v, are the primitive generators of the rays in o then the map Mg — ©f_,Q-D, given by u > D{u, vi), is surjective. ‘his is equivalent with the fact that the v, are linearly independent over Q, which is the case for every @ in A if and only if A\is simplicial. Therefore we have (1)¢9(2). Exercise 4. We may assume that o spans Vg; the assertion follows from Proposition 1 for X = U, and the fact that if 6: is an injective morphism of free abelian groups, then the cokernels of é and 6° have the same order. Exercise 5. The equivalence (2}4(3) follows from Proposition 1 and (1)=9(8) is obvious. By Exercise 3, if (3) holds, then X is simplicial. Moreover, for every cone o in A we have Cl(U,) = {0}. 80 0 is nons gular by the previous exercise. Exercise 8, If o! and are cones in A’ and A, respectively, and if Diu, = div(y-“)|p,, then f*Dlp,, = div(y-*™), 80 vyeqo up od. We deduce that if u’ is in My, then u’ is in Ps-(p) if and only if (w',v') > Wp(d(0")) for every v! in |A’|, and the last two assertions follow. Exercise 9. Ifm > 1, then (u,m) lies in ¢ if and only if wis in mPp Pnp. Therefore we get the identification of Rp and kla M (M x Z)| in degrees > 1. If D=)5,a,D;, then Pp is defined by (u,v;) > —a; for all i. There- fore (u,0) is in o if and only if (u,v,) > 0 for every i. This is equivalent with the fact that x" is in NgexO(U,) = O(X), 80 (Rp)o = O(X). Exercise 11. If O(1) is the tautological quotient bundle on Y = P(L; ©... @L,), then TY, O(m)) = P(X, Sym"(L10.. .BL,)) = ition (X LEO... .OLF), and the assertion follows from the previous two exercises. Exercise 13. We may assume that D is Cartier. Since h?(X,O(mD)) = lmPp MI and [mPp A MI lim 2 moo voln(Pp), the assertion follows.a5 Exercise 14. If dim(Pp) = r, then it is enough to use the fact that if D is Cartier, then tim LY(X.O(mD)) marco m = vol,(Pp) > 0. Exercise 16. It is enough to show that every vertex of Pps is in Pp + Pg. For a maximal cone in A we denote by u(a) and w(c) the elements in M such that Up(v) = (u(a),v) and vp(v) = (w(a)v) for « ino. By Proposition 5 every vertex of Pp,g is of the form u(o) + w(c) for some maximal cone o in A, hence it is in Py + Pe. Exercise 17. ‘The first assertion follows as in the proof of Proposi- tion 3. If.X is complete, this condition says that for every maximal cone a in A, u(c) is in {u,..., 1p}. Since the vertices of Pp are precisely the u(c), we get the second assertion. Exercise 22. Since O(D) is ample, we have an isomorphism X ~ Proj(fp), s0 (1) follows from Exercise 9. (2) follows from the definition of normally generated line bundles and Exercise 12. If Q(D) is normally generated, then (1) shows that the affine cone over X C P(I(X, O(D))) is an affine toric variety, hence it is Cohen-Macaulay by Theorem 1 in Chapter 3. Exercise 23. Since £ and M are ample, the vector bundle L@ M is ample, i.e, the line bundle O(1) is ample on Y = P(L@ M). Applying Proposition 6 for O(1) and the fact that P(¥,O(0)) © @inj-P(X, LR M2), wwe see that we have a surjective map induced by multiplication of sections (F(X, £) @ PX, £L" @ M))@(E(X,M) @ P(X, £°7)) + P(X, L78M). On the other hand, another application of Proposition 6 for £ shows that the map P(X, £) @P(X,L") > P(X,£"*1) is surjective. ‘hese two facts imply our statement, Exercise 24. Use Exercise 14 in Chapter 5. Exercise 27, Given two points v and v’ in |A| that do not lie in the same maximal cone, we can find v,...,0, on the line segment 00" such that each segment T;Tm1 is contained in the union of two maximal cones whose intersection has dimension n — 1 (we put vp = v and v,+1 =U) Lhe assertion follows from the fact that the restriction of Up to Tw is (strictly) concave if and only if so is the restriction to each of the segments U;0 pci26 Exercise 29. ‘Vhe following argument is due to S. Payne. We give the proof for the globally generated case, the very ample case being analogous. If is a maximal cone in A, we denote by u(a) and w(a} the elements in M corresponding to D and Kx, respectively. It follows from Exercise 27 that if O(Kx + D) is not globally generated, then there are n-dimensional cones ¢ and a! spanned by the primitive vectors Ute eUaat and v',01,...,0n-1, respectively, such that () (ula) + w(a), 0") < (u(o!) + w(o"), v) We can write v +0! = Yj av;, where the a; are integers. Let a = min,{a;}, and suppose that a = ay. There is a cone o” = a"(() in A such that o/ No" is spanned by 04,...,0e-1, Pest +-y Una. 0. For sim plicity, we denote u(a), u(a’) and u(a”) by u, u! and uw", and similarly for w. Let b= (D-V(aNo’)) and c= (D-V(a'No")), so by hypothesis we have b, c > n. By Corollary 3 we have b= (uw, v’) = (u' — u,v) and c= (u" —u', 7). D is ample by Proposition 8, so (w” — u,v) > 0. with equality if and only if v is in 0”. Via the above formulas for b and c, we rewrite this as b +ac > 0. On the other hand, (4) gives b+(n-asb+ Soa <1 Since b > n we get a < —l, and if = —1, then 6 =n and a; =a for all i, We deduce also 0 —1 with equality if and only if v, is in o. Note that ru(a) is in N and therefore (ru(a), v) is an integer. On the other hand, u(o) lies in Q® and v is in the interior of Q, so (u(a),v) > 0. Since v lies in a, we deduce that a = 0.a REFERENCES [BB] A. A. Borisov and L. A. Borisov, Singular toric Fano three-folds (Russian). Mat. 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