Network Theorems-ll || INTRODUCTION Chapter 2, we have studied elementary network theorems like star-delta transformation, mesh analysis and. analysis. There are some other methods also to analyse circuits. In this chapter, we will study superposition -m, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem and maximum power transfer theorem. We can find currents voltages in various parts of the circuits with these methods. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM states that ‘In a linear network containing more than one independent sources and dependent sources, the lant current in any element is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced by each independent ~eacting alone, all the other independent sources being represented meanwhile by their respective internal yea! _ The independent voltage sources are represented by their internal resistance if given or simply with zero _ ie., short circuits if internal resistances are not mentioned. The independent current sources are sented by infinite resistance, i.e., open circuits. ‘The dependent sources are not sources but dissipative components—hence they are active at all the times. \ dependent source has zero value only when its control voltage cr current is zero. A linear network is one whose parameters are constant, i., they do not change with voltage and current. jon Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 3.1. Ry Ry Fig. 3.13.2__ Electrical Networks Steps to be followed in superposition theorem Ry Rs 1. The current flowing through R, due to constant Ig voltage source V is found to be say 1,’ (with proper v R Ry ction), representing constant current source with infinite resistance, i.e., open circuit. 2. The current flowing through R, due to constant Ry Ry current source of J amp is found to be say 1,” (with Te proper direction), representing the constant voltage source with zero resistance or short circuit. 3. The resultant current J, through Ry is found by superposition theorem. ater ge Example 3.1 Determine the current in the 10-Q resistor. 29 19 10a Yaa 52 ol Fig. 33 Solution Step I: When the 10-V source is acting alone 20 193 109 sa + 10V Fig. 3.4 By source transformation, 10A 19 102 $7a Fig. 35 Since we have to find current through the 10-Q resistor, the parallel combination of resistances of 1 Q and 7 Qis combined into an equivalent resistance of 0.875 Q. Tv wad i 0875. Fig. 3.6Network Theorems-ll 33 By curent-division formula, 875 1 = 10x Thy og7s =O8AY Step II: When the 4-A source is acting alone 20 19 10Q psa 352 Fig. 3.7 By source transformation, 22 5Q 1Q 10Q > 20V Fig. 3.8 | Again by source transformation, 19 102 72 +) 2.868 Fe 0.875. Q 102 } 286A Fig. 3.9 By current-division formula, 0.875 " = 2.86 x ——— = 0.23 I" = 286% agg = 028 AWY Step III: By superposition theorem, rarer’ = 0.8 + 0.23 = 1.03 A (L) “Example 3.2. Find the current through the 6-Q resistor. 1 10V 22 4a 102 sa (1)34 S60 Fig. 3.103.4 Electrical Networks Solution Step I: When the 4-A source is acting alone 4a 102 By source transformation, 102 Fig. 3.12 Again by source transformation, 3.33A(} 120 5Q 6Q Fig. 3.13 By series-parallel reduction technique, f 3.33A(4 3.532 6a Fig. 3.14 By current-division formula, 10v 20 109 52 6a 2 3 52. 6QNetwork Theorems-Il 3.3 source transformation, 0833.4 »D 129 5a 6a ossaa(q 330 6Q r Fig. 3.16 By current-division formula, 3.53 643.53, 031 A(T) =-031 A) | Step II: When the 3-A source is acting alone I” = 0.833 x 20 109 5Q 3A 6Q Fig. 3.17 By series-parallel reduction technique to the left of the 3-A source, i 3.53.2 fsa 62 Fig. 3.18 ase S355 AO Step IV: By superposition theorem, T=04'+r" 1.23-0.314 1.11 =2.03 A(L) 3.3. Find the current in the 1-Q resistor. > 1A ar 22 32 ave 12 qa 3A Fig. 3.193.6 _ Electrical Networks Step I: When the 4-V source is acting alone 20 r 39 4v—— 12 Fig. 3.20 4 —— =133A(y) 2+1 2) Step Il: When the 3-A source is acting alone Fig. 3.21 By current-division formula, 2 3x =2A() 142 Step II: When the I-A source is acting alone iA 22 32 1Q | Fig, 3.22 The circuit can be redrawn as shown i 32 22 19 1A\ Fig. 3.23 By current-divisi Step IV: By superposition theorem, rerar’ = 133+2+0.66=4A (1)“Example 3.4 Find the voltage Vay. 6Vv sa 54D yiov 7 Fig. 3.24 Step I: When the 6-V source is acting alone 6V> ~ From Fig. 3.25, Vas’ = 6.V Step II: When the 10-V source is acting alone 5Q Vas’ a 10Vv a Fig. 326 Since the resistor of 5 (is shorted, the voltage across itis zero. Vag” = 10. Step III: When the 5-A source is acting alone Due to short circuit in both the parts, Vag” =0V Step IV: By superposition theorem, Van = Vas" + Van” + Van 6+10+0=16V Example 3.5. Find the current through the 4-Q resistor. { 6V as Network Theorems-Il 3.7 sa sad Vas Fig. 3.27 5A 29 2A 40 Fig. 3.28 Step I: When the 5-A source is acting alone By current-division formula, r 20 4a Fig. 3.2938 Electrical Networks Step Il: When the 2-A source is acting alone By current-division formula, 2 244 =0.67 AL) 2x 2a Fig. 3.30 Step III: When the 6-V source is acting alone Applying KVL to the mesh, jo -2r"" 6-41” =0 rata 20 » 4Q Step IV: By superposition theorem, r [aPaisr” = 1.67+0.67-1=134A() Fig. 3.31 Example 3.6 Find the current through the 6-Q resistor. 6Q 8a es rT a 10V Fig. 332 Step I: When the 15-V source is acting alone From the figure, ay “6 V, = 15-67 Applying KCL at Node 1, Vy, _ 15-61" reese gay 3a = 15-6r 38/ = 15 15 r 38 A(>) Step I: When the 10-V source is acting alone 6Q vi —r Fig. 3.34From the figure, Network Theorems-II 39 pe’ E 6 Applying KCL at Node 1, 43r= 841") = -61" +10 381” = 10 10 f= 38S) Step III: By superposition theorem, : rarer’ 151025 = gag 73g AOD 3.7 Find the current I, 5Q 19 i 20Vv 30a *\ al, ac: Fig. 3.35 Step I: When the 30-A source is acting alone From the figure, 5Q vy 12 +h » a1 Applying KCL at Node 1, cs y Vinal i 2 1, =30+V,-41! Fig. 3.36 . If +4l/ = 30~5I¢ 101, = 30 ep i{=3A0) Step Il: When the 20-V source is acting alone Applying KVL to the mesh, es An 20-51,” = 11,” — 41,” = 0 ne 20 = 101,” Lf=2A(9) — 20V== al,” Step III: By superposition theorem, yale +l! =34+2=5A(>) Tis 5573.10 Electrical Networks Example 3.8 Find the current |, \ AVe 102 th 2A 22 SV Fig, 3.38 Step I: When the 5-V source is acting alone From the figure, Ve, V,= 5-101" Applying KVL to the mesh, 7 5-101)’ -4V, - 21; oasty 20 5~ 104" —4 (5 ~ 10h) ~ 24; ale 5-101/ — 20+ 401’ - 21,’ =0 oy 281 = 15 Figs3 r= B cosa = 5g =0- a Step Il: When the 2-A source is acting alone From the figure, Ve 4Vs 1" <> Applying KCL at Node x, wastyy o a fi Fig. 3.40 1 Step III: By superposition theorem, h = 0.535 + 0.1428 = 0.678 A (1) Example 3.9 Determine the current through the 10-Q resistor. loa 10V5. 100V =~ 5a Fig. 3.41Step I: When the 100-V source is acting alone 100 10/ + 10V, - Sf =0 100 - 10/' + 10(5/') - 5’ = 0 Step I: When the 10-A source is acting alone From the figure, 10a V, -10V, Applying KCL at Node 1, Step Ill: By superposition theorem T= 7+r" 20,90 STF = maw “Example 3.10 Find the current lin the circuit. 17V 3a 10a 10; From the figure, PW sav, Network Theorems-I_ 3.11 ) SV3.12 Electrical Networks Step I: When the 17-V source is acting alone From the figure, V, = -21 Applying KVL to the mesh, ~29 - 17-31 -5V,=0 29-17-31 - 5(-2F) = 0 Sr=i7 17 r=FAo) Step II: When the I-A source is acting alone Applying KCL at Node x, Ve Vea SMe +a 21 2 = 8 8 acy 3 5 Step III: By superposition theorem sy I=f+r" 20 Fig. 3.45 are vd)sa = 20V Step I: When the 5-A source is acting alone From the figure, 19 OW 49 4 SA Fig. 3.48Network Theorems-I__ 3.13 20 V i ve Step I: When the 20-V source is acting alone 1a ‘a3 Applying KVL to the mesh, wt ae a siny vn ‘ Step III: By superposition theorem, Fig. 3.49 3.12 Find the current in the 6-Q resistor. +19 — 2,

Fig. 3.51314 Electrical Networks Step II: Example 3.13 Find the current I,. 49 cay 82 1, 120V—= RA =40V Fig. 3.53 tr, 4 104, 8Q Step I: When the 120-V source is acting alone igen ome el Applying KVL to the mesh, 120V == 120-41, - 101 - 81, = 0 120 = 2217 Fig. 3.54 1 = 545 A(>) Step II: When the 12-A source is acting alone From the figure, 4" Yi 10h” gQ 1” Applying KCL at Node 1, a 12A Lyfe id= Fig. 3.55 els 12 bay BOA Step III: When the 40-V source is acting alone Applying KVL to the mesh, ~41,"" — 101” ~ 81,” - 40 = 0 221," hy 101,” 8a 2 42 == 40Vv 82A (>) Step IV: By the superposition theorem, +h? +i” Fig. 3.56 43 ~ 1.82 0.73 A (>)Network Theorems-Il_ 3.15 [Example 3.14 Find the voliage V,. ie 62 iV, eu bs 30 S49 Bvt tiv SA Fig. 357 Step I: When the 18-V source is acting alone From the figure, a +Vy- ea Applying KVL to the mesh, 30 18 -3/-61-3V,=0 18V=> ») 18-31-61-3 GN) =0 1 18 = 187 T=1A Fig. 3.58 Vi=3V Step I: When the 5-A source is acting alone From the figure, Pe V=-V,” Y 62 Applying KCL at Node 1, y-3v" an ioe) 308 6 +i a 240 e 3M 3°°6 7 Fig. 3.59 Step III: When the 36-V source is acting alone, From the figure, »” 62 3y" Applying KVL to the mesh, <> 36 + 3V,” -61-31=0 - T ry (-yer % 36+3V,""-6 -3 =0 3 3 36 + 3V," +2V," + V," 36V vy" Step IV: By superposition theorem,3.16 Electrical Networks 3.3. THEVENIN’S THEOREM Itstates that ‘Any nwo terminals of a network can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source and an equivalent series resistance. The voltage source is the voltage across the two terminals with load, if any, removed. The series resistance is the resistance of the network measured between two terminals with load removed and constant voltage source being replaced by its internal resistance (or ifit is not given with zero resistance, i, short circuit) and constant current source replaced by infinite resistance, i., open circuit.’ @ ) Fig. 3.61 Explanation The above method of determining the load current through a given load resistance can be explained with the help of following ci A A Ry Ry Rr Ry + Ry R, Ry Vn B OB (@ b) A A . Rs Rr R Ry Rm Vint =) Re . I B B © @ Fig. 3.62 Steps to be followed in Thevenin’s theorem ©]. Remove the load resistance Ry. 2. Find the open circuit voltage Vp, across points A and B. 3. Find the resistance Ry, as seen from points A and B with the voltage source V replaced by a short circuit. 4. Replace the network by a voltage source Vp, in series with resistance Ry). 5. Find the current through R, using Ohm’s law. I Vin a Ry +R, Example 3.15 Find the current through the 10-Q resistor. 102 309 1oA(+ 5a 202Network Theorems-Il__3.7 = 100 Calculation of Rry se 309 5a: 200 Fig. 3.65 Ry = 5+ (201130) = 172 Iik: Calculation of 1, 179 A lov oD 0a I B Fig, 3.66 —_ co37a 17+10 3.16 Determine the current through the 24-Q resistor. 309, 2a 242 S50Q 5Q Fig. 3.67 Step I: Calculation of Vin Step I: Calculation of Vrq AVin B 302 emoving the 10-@ resistor from the circuit, oe For Mesh |, + + ® sla wad | 5Q 202 Cc applying KVL to Mesh 2, voy - hh Fig. 3.64 ig the current source of 10 A with an open circuit and the voltage source of 100 V with a short circuit,3.18 Electrical Networks h= 3py5 788A Writing Vp, equation, Vy, + 30/, — 20, Vin 220V = 20 (8.8) — 30(2.75) = 93.5 V Step Il: Calculation of Ry Replacing the 220-V source with short circuit, 30.0, 20a 50.0 5o Fig. 3.69 ‘The circuit can be redrawn as shown: 302, 202 A B 50.0 52 Fig. 3.70 Rr = 301150) + (20115) =22.75 0 Step III: Calculation of I, A 240 B 4a. 5Q Fig. 3.71 | 935 ay 1 22.15 +24 10 82 Example 3.17 Find the current through the 3-Q resistor. aa sov Fig. 3.72Network Theorems-Il__3.19 I: Calculation of Vy ing the 3-2 resistor from the network, ing KVL to Mesh 1, 50-2, - 1, - 1.) - 80, - h) = 0 4 11), - 94, = 50 AL) lying KVL to Mesh 2, h- Sh ~ 8, -) -(h-1)) = 0 91, + 181, = 0 2) Eqs (1) and (2), 127.094 1 = 385A Vy equation, Fig. 3.73 Vim Sly — 8(- I, Vay = Sly +8 (h-h) 5(3.85) + 83.85 ~ 7.69) = -11.47 V = 11.47 V (the terminal B is positive w. 5 4a 5a 22 Fig. 3.74 The circuit can be redrawn as follows: A 4Q 52 19 82 B3.20 Electrical Networks Converting the upper delta into equivalent star network, = 22 cone 44245 00 4x5 = 1829 tes 18 Bye eee wOSI a 44245 °° AC Fig. 3.76 Be Fig. 3.7 The simplified network is drawn as follows: A 1829 1739 8910 : I et Fig. 3.78 Ryy = 1.82 + (1.7311 8.91) = 3.27 Step HII: Calculation of I, 3.27.o equivalent star network, Network Theorems-I]__ 3.21 8 Find the current through the 20-Q resistor. 120V |p {F Sva- 200 150 10Q 5Q jase 5a 20V E Fig. 3.80 pI: Calculation of Vn, moving the 20-9 resistor from the network, ie 1g KVL to Mesh 1, if % = 120-151, = 5(I, ~ 1) - 10, - 5) 45V=> 2A 301, - 15f,=-75 (1) an 15a plying KVL to Mesh 2, ‘8 - 20~Sly~ 10; ~~ 5-1, yt =\nnt -15/, + 20, 100 52 ng equations (1) and (2), sD I 1 Ss tk L Sore 20V & Vip equation, Fig. 3.81 45 — Vy - 10 (1, - 1) Vp, = 45 - 101, - 5) e 5 — 10 [-3.2-(-1.4)] = 63 V ep II: Calculation of Rr, cing all voltage sources with short circuit, qa Rr, 15Q 10Q t B 5Q 5Q Fig. 3.82 g the delta formed by resistances of 10 Q, 5 Q and 15Q3.22 Electrical Networks ‘The circuit can be simplified as follows: A Rm 250. 4 16.252 250 Fig. 3.85 Ryy = (16.25 11 2.5) + 2.5 = 4.672 Step IMI: Calculation of 1, 670 A 68V— 202 B 63 4.67+20 Example 3.19 Find the current through the 3-Q resistor. 2a 6A so 330 +4a2Vv Fig. 387 Step I: Calculation of Vr, Removing the 3-2 resistor from the network. Writing equation for Mesh 1,: =6 Applying KVL to Mesh 2, 5 42- 12-1) - 6, =0 =12 1, + 18 fy = 42 Substituting value of 7, in Eq. (2), 1 I= 633A Writing Vi, equation, Vy, = 6 =38V Il: Calculation of Rry (1) tm sath >) , Network Theorems-Il_ 3.23 RQ = 42V it 6Q Vm by Fig. 3.88 ing voltage source by short circuit and current source by open circuit, Ill: Calculation of ly, A 2Q 62 in) B Fig. 3.89 Ry = 6112=4Q 38V Fig. 3.90 38 I= =543A UO a43 ne 3.20 Find the current through the 30-Q resistor Is 609 30.2 150 => BA 40. Fig. 3.91 Step I: Calculation of Vy, Removing the 30-Q resistor from the network, 1s 60.2 i leas 150 => » f)I34, ) 40.2 50V A bh ~ Fig. 3.923.24 Electrical Networks Meshes 1 and 2 form a supermesh. Writing current equation for supermesh, L-1,=13 (1) Writing voltage equation for supermesh, 150 — 15, — 60, — 40/, 15/, + 100/, Solving Eqs (1) and (2), (2) Writing Vp, equation, 40, — Vi, Step I: Calculation of Rr, Replacing the voltage sources by short circuits and the current source by an open circuit, 152. 609 Rm AY B 402 Fig. 3.93, Ry) = 7511.40 = 26.09 Q Step III: Calculation of I, 26,090 A are ») 300 We Se, Fig. 3.94 26.0930 = 125.4 Example 3.21 Find the current through the 20-Q resistor. 100 | Sal 5a 202 == 100V Fig. 3.95 Step I: Calculation of Vp, Removing the 20- resistor from the network,109 5Q Vin Fig. 3.96 Il: Caleulation of Ry, Ml: Calculation of I, Vy, = 100 V 5a 5Q 109 A Rm B A Rn Be Fig. 3.97 3.22 Find the current through the 10-Q resistor. 109 20 20 SV 19 10V T 19 Fig. 3.99 19 100 Network Theorems-I ng the voltage source by a short circuit and the current source by an open circuit, 3.253.26 Electrical Networks Step I: Calculation of Vi, Removing the 10-@ resistor from the network, Ay B 3 Mm & 29 20 sv +) a +) va h L Applying KVL to Mesh 1, -15 = 2-1 (y=) - 10- 41, AD) Applying KVL to Mesh 2, 10-(h-1)-2h =F, -h +4l, (2) Solving Eqs (1) and (2), Writing Vp, equation, (-6) +2 (1) =-10 V = 10 V (the terminal B is positive wart. A) Step I: Calculation of Ry, Replacing voltage sources by a short circuit, Rn, AB 22 2a 19 12 10 Fig. 3.101Network Theorems-Il 3.27 werting the star network formed by resistances of 2, Rm 1 Q into an equivalent delta network. A | B k= 2424 2-80 R R=2414+ 2% 240 1a 2 Ry=2414 i =49 1Q R, * a ; G Fig, 3.102 sO 4Q 4Q 1Q 12 o Ry, A+ B 8Q 08a 08a Ry A B 1,33 Q Fig. 3.103 Step Ill: Caleulation of I, 10V=3.28 Electrical Networks Example 3.23. Find the current through the 1-Q resistor. 1A 22 3Q 19 })3a Fig. 3.105 Ws Step I: Calculation of Vy es Removing the 1-Q resistor from the network, Writing the current equation for Meshes | and 2, >) h=3A 20 b 39 L=1A aa . . : AG Writing Vy, equation, 7 4-2()-h)-Vy,=0 i Vm, = 4-23 - 1) er =4-2C-4)=12V 5 Fig. 3.106 Step I: Calculation of Ry Replacing the voltage source by a short circuit and the current source by an open circuit, 29 32 al Rn ail Fig. 3.107 Ry =22 Step Il: Calculation of I, 20 A DF h B Fig. 3.108 fo 241Network Theorems- 3.29 3.4 NORTON’S THEOREM Itstates that ‘Any two terminals of a network can be replaced by an equivalent current source and an equivalent parallel resistance.’ The constant current is equal to the current which would flow in a short circuit placed its the terminals, The parallel resistance is the resistance of the network when viewed from these open- Circuited terminals after all voltage and current sources have been removed and replaced by internal resistances, fae 1 1 1 1 Network i rl 1 (a) 0) Fig. 3.109 Explanation: ‘The method of determining the load current through a given load resistance can be explained with the help of the following circuit A A R, R, R, Ry Ry Isc B B @ b) A A R, 1 OB B © @ Fig. 3.110 _ Steps to be followed in Norton’s theorem 1. Remove the load resistance R,, and put a short circuit across the terminals. 2. Find the short-circuit current [yc oF ly. 3. Find the resistance Ry as seen from points A and B by replacing the voltage source by a short circuit. 4. Replace the network by a current source /yc in parallel with resistance Ry. 5. Find current through R, by current-division formula. so 1, = tscRw o” Ry th, 19 aoa 102 150 “Example 3.24 Find the current through the 10-Q resistor. ava Fig. 3.1113.30 Electrical Networks Step I: Calculation of Ise 50 Applying KVL to Mesh 1, 2-=0 () “et =2 15Q rn Meshes 2 and 3 will form a supermesh. 1 fs. 4) Writing current equation for the supermesh, 2Vv Z h-h=4 (2) 7 Applying KVL to the supermesh, _ 5h - 151; =0 (3) ig 242 Solving Eqs (1), (2) and (3), A >>> 1 h=2-(3)=5A Step Il: Calculation of Ry Replacing the voltage source by a short circuit and current source by an open circuit, i 5a A 1a ~=— Ry 15a B Fig. 3.113 Ry = 115 + 15) =0.95.Q Step III: Calculation of I, A I sa} 0.952 102 B Fig. 3.114 5x a =043A 10+0.95 ~~ Example 3.25 Find the current through the 10-Q resistor 8a 12Vv Sie epee FS 22 WQ 5aStep I: Calculation of Ise Applying KVL to Mesh 1, Network Theorems-I 3.31 8Q Sl, + 20-21, -h) = 0 20v Th - 2h = 20 ) 20 i Applying KVL to Mesh 2, sa =) _) ac 2-1) -8h,-12=0 oy Ty 2h, + 10h = 2) 9 B Solving Eqs (1) and (2), Fig. 3.116 : Step II: Calculation of Ry Replacing voltage sources with short circuits, BQ 5Q 20 ——Ry Fig. 3.117 Ry = (5112) +8=9.43. Step IM: Calewlation of I, A 0.67A )) 9.432 10Q Wh B Fig. 3.118 9.43 7 N= 087% Fas = 0.33 A(T) 62 202 3.26 Find the current through the 10-Q [ rin Fig. 3.119, “T 1a 3a S100 Step I: Calculation of Ise 20v 6Q 20 Fig. 3.119 A 10V 32 Isc By 4 B 20V3.32 Electrical Networks Applying KVL to Mesh 1, 10-61-11, Th - Applying KVL to Mesh 2, =1(h-h)-2h-Hh-h) = 0 =f + 6l,~3,=0 Applying KVL to Mesh -3(h-h)-20=0 3h- 3h; Solving Eqs (1), (2) and (3), Al) a Step Il: Calculation of Ry Replacing voltage sources 6a ith short circuits, 20 19 Fig, 3.121 Ry = (Gl 1) +2]113 = 1.46. Step I: Calculation of Ise 20 WA A tin S 13.17A(} 1460 swe bp Fig. 3.122 1,2 13.17% Tao = 1.68 A(T) Example 3.27 Find the current through the 10-Q resistor. 19a 202 302 AWNetwork Theorems-Il__ 3.33 Step I: Calculation of Iyc Applying KVL to Mesh 1, A Isc BB 202 302 50-20 (/, -h)- 40 =0 201-20 = 10.41) “Applying KVL to Mesh 2, cov » 200 p) 200 ») 40 - 20 (I, - 1) - 201, - 20 (I, - ) = 0 7 201, + 601; ~20/,= 40.2) Ai aov 2 & \pplying KVL to Mesh 3, T -20 (I, - 1) - 30F, - 100 = 0 Fig. 3.124 201, + 50, = GB) Solving Eqs (1), (2) and (3), : he Igc= 1, = 081 A Il: Calculation of Ry Replacing all voltage sources by short circuits, Rw 202 30Q AB 20a 22a Fig. 3.125 Ry = [(20 1130) + 20] 120 = 12.3.0 ‘Step Il: Calculation of 1, it 12.3 O81 A ft 12.39 10Q 1, = 081 = 045 “iaae19 OAS A B 3.28 Obtain Norton’s equivalent network as seen by Ry. Fig. 3.126 30a 0 0a Ry tf 120 602 3002 3.127 Step I: Calculation of Is Applying KVL to Mesh 1, oe 120 - 301, — 60 (1, ) =0 300 NWQ A Isc B 901, ~ 601; = 120 ...(1) Applying KVL to Mesh 2, L 60 (Ih — fy) + 40 — 10/) — 30 (I -) = 0 » oo ») 208 |) p10v = 60/, +100; ~ 301, = 40 (2) - Applying KVL to Mesh 3, a -30 (I~ 1) + 10 = 0 30/, - 30/, = -10 ..3)3.34 _ Electrical Networks Solving Eqs (1), (2) and (3), Step I: Calculation of Ry Replacing voltage sources by short circuits, 300 109 Fig. 3.129 Ry = (30 11 60) + 10] 130 = 150 Step III: Norton’s equivalent Network A 467A » Isa Re B Fig. 3.130 Example 3.29 Find the current through the 8-Q resistor. sv sat 29 4a (24 Sea Fig. 3.131 Step I: Calculation of Isc . sv A sad 129 42 2A Vise B Fig. 3.132 ‘The resistor of the 4-Q source gets shorted as itis in parallel with the short circuit, Simplifying the network by source transformation, 2a iN A ov ») h 42a +) sci hh. B Fig. 3.133Network Theorems- 3.35 Meshes 1 and 2 will form a supermesh. Writing current equation for the supermesh, h-h=2 (1) Applying KVL to the supermesh, . 60 -12/,-5=0 121, = 55 +-Q) Iving Eqs (1) and (2), 1, =458A 1,= 658A Ise = 1, = 6.58 A Ti: Calculation of Ry, lacing the voltage source by a short circuit and the current source by an open circuit, A 122 4Q =— Rv B Fig. 3.134 Ry=124=3Q Mk: Calculation of h, Ua 6.58A(4 3.2 8a Fig. 3.135 1, = 658% = 1.98 Pe 348 3.30 Find current through the 1-Q resistor. 20 19 293.36 Electrical Networks Step I: Caleulation of Ise 20 Fig. 3.137 By source transformation, Applying KVL to Mesh 1, 3-31-21 -h)+ 5I,-2h A) Applying KVL to Mesh 2, -1-2(h-h) 4b, - 2) 30 Applying KVL to Mesh 3, 2 (h-)-2(h-h) =0 3v2 21, - 2h +41, = 0 3) Solving Eqs (1), (2) and (3), Step I: Calculation of Ry oes POT SLA Ne Sg AwS20 7 B 22 Fig. 3.138 Replacing the voltage source by a short circuit and the current source by an open circuit, 24 29 Ry 30 22 Wop 20 29 22 A 30 20 A 129 19 B wv Fig. 3.139 Ry=222Network Theorems-ll 337 Step IMI: Calculation of 1, A 059A 229 19 i B Fig. 3.140 59x =041A iat THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREM WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES \a resistive circuit containing dependent and independent sources, we shalll often find it more convenient to ine either the Thevenin or Norton equivalent by finding both the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit and then determining the value of Ry, as, Rn= Yn Isc Dependent sources are active at all the times. These have zero value only when its control voltage or nt is zero. Ry, may be negative in some cases which indicates negative resistance region of the device, as voltage increases, current decreases in this region. Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem are the dual of each other. If we apply source transformation to network, we will obtain the other network. For example, if we transform the Norton equivalent network, obtain a voltage source Ry, Ic in series with resistance Ry). This gives the Thevenin equivalent network. Vin = Rin Ise 3.31 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent network for the given network at terminals A and B. Ya A 4st h 2 sv L B Fig. 3.141 Step I: Calculation of Vp, From the figure, 8-Vy La y, me 4 ‘a “Applying KCL at Node A, +2 =0 31 8-Va ; 43.38 Electrical Networks Writing Vy, equation, Vin= Step I: Calculation of Isc From the figure, -V, foe = Applying KCL at Node A, 1 4+2h = Ise Ige= 3h; Fig, 3.143 Step III: Calculation of Rr, Ry = 33.0 Example 3.32 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent network for the load R,, in the network. vY 19 av, 22 2A R 2v—- Fig. 3.144 Applying KCL at Node x, Went vy 19 4V, V,-2=4 QA V,=6V 2a Writing Vj, equation, 2A Von Vm = Ve+4V =5Y, A a ‘ B =5x6=30V . Fig. 3.145 Step I: Calculation of Isc 3 Applying KCL at Node x, =2, Vita =2.73ANetwork Theorems-H 3.39 A: Calculation of Ry, i Ry = = 10.98 2 et Ta 3.33 Find the Thevenin equivalent network for the terminals A and B. io nent pin 102 Sh : 102 sv B 4 Fig. 3.147 I: Calculation of Vip, lying KVL to the Mesh, 5-101, -10f, =0 ih 19 f I= 5 3 0.25A wast . e 109 Yn iting Vy, equation, sv e Vy, = 10K, + 8; tC_1_______i, 18/, Fig. 3.118 =18x0.25=45V I: Caleulation of Iyc lying KVL to Mesh 1, 5 = 10h, +101, —h) 5 = 20/,- 101, . 8h i ‘ 1 = 41, -2 lying KVL to Mesh 2, 81, —h- 10-1) =0 181, = iy ng Egs (1) and (2), Mk: Caleulation of Ry, Vin R, — mee 3.34 Find Ry, and Vp, between A and B. 19 123.40 Electrical Networks Step I: Calculation of Vr 1=0 The dependent source 2/, depends on the controlling variable /,. When /, = 0 , the dependent source vanishes, ie, 19 2 A 2 Rv V; 19 2 Fig. 3.151 1 Vp = 12x — =6V I+1 Step I: Calculation of Isc From the figi rom the figure, iv A : tM A Applying KCL at Node 1, Y-2 WY ale aye 221, Rv Uy 12 I" B Fig, 3.152 Step Il: Calculation of Ry, Example 3.35 Find the current in the 9-Q resistor. bly 4Q. 62 390 20Vv Fig. 3.153, Step I: Calculation of Vy Applying KVL to the Mesh, 20-41, + 61, ~ 61, 20Network Theorems 3.41 Ik: Caleulation of Ise 6, <> oA L 42 62 Isc 20v SB Fig. 3.155 the figure, 1.=0 ‘dependent source 6/, depends on the controlling variable 1, When [, 61,=0 _ : “ 0 Isc = 48 Isc 20v—= 20v B B @) . @) Fig. 3.156 Te 2 =5A III: Calculation of Ry, Ry = Y= 60 fae IV: Calculation of 1, 6a A 30V> ) a uh B Fig. 3.157 30 f= 22K 1 649 3.36 Find the current in the 10-Q resistor . 109 10V. sa (1a3.42__ Elecirical Networks Step I: Calculation of Vip, From the figure, Writing Vj, equation, Step Hz Calculation of Isc 100V Fig, 3.160 100 + 10V,-V,=0 100 V.=-— V Eeene Also, Vi, = Sse + 10) 100 =F = 5Ise +50 45 A Step IV: Calculation of 1, enceee| ie Fig. 3.161Network Theorems- 3.43 3.37 Determine the current in the 16-Q resistor . 100 6a Ie 40> 4) 0.8fy ze Fig. 3.162 I: Caleulation of Vy, 109 62 A $ 40V> }) 08l, Vin OB Fig. 3.163 the figure, MY y Fig, 3.164 Le ue ig. 3. tlie = O.1V, +03, =4 Il: Calculation of Rp, Ry = = 2-240Yr 3.44 Electrical Networks Step IV: Calculation of I, Ir B Fig. 3.165 he ath cathe es Example 3.38 Find the current in the 6-Q resistor. 12 QV, ae eae Ve nw $)3a 6Q Fig. 3.166 Step I: Caleulation of Vz, Applying KCL at Node 1, Writing Vp, equation, Step I: Calculation of Isc From the figure, Also 18+ V,+2Y, 18 +3V,=0 Step III: Calculation of RyyNetwork Theorems-Il 3.45 IV: Calculation of I, 30 A ZV ) ea Ie B Fig. 3.169 =z =3A aoe 3.39 Obiain the Thevenin equivalent network for the given network at terminals a and b. 32 vy, 42 SV, a 2A 4 20 b Fig. 3.170 Step I: Calculation of Vy 3Q oy, 49 5V5 ‘Applying KCL at Node x, $7 V, wes v.=4V 2A 20 Vr 1g Vi, equation, Vim = V,— 5V,=-4V, Sb -l6V Fig. 3.171 (the terminal a is negative w.rt. b) Step I: Calculation of Ise Fig. 3.172 4 Uses flowing towards Node x) Ry, = Ve Isc 163.46 Electrical Networks Example 3.40 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent network for the given network 302 150Y 100 WA