Sinking and Sourcing Concepts

When choosing the type of input or output

Sinking = provides a path to supply common (-)
module for your system (or
DL05/DL06/DL105 I/O type), it is very Sourcing = provides a path to supply source (+)
important to have a solid understanding of S inking Input S inking Output
sinking and sourcing concepts. Use of (IE C: pos itive logic) (IE C: negative logic)
these terms occurs frequently in discussion Input Output
Load
of input or output circuits. It is the goal of + +
Input Output NP N
this section to make these concepts easy to S ensing S witch
-- --
understand, so you can make the right Common Common
choice the first time when selecting the type
P LC P LC
of I/O points for your application. This
S ourcing Input S ourcing Output
section provides short definitions, followed
(IE C: negative logic) (IE C: pos itive logic)
by general example circuits. Common Common
First you will notice that the diagrams on + Input Output
+
P NP
this page are associated with only DC --
S ensing S witch
--
Input Output
circuits and not AC, because of the refer- Load
ence to (+) and (-) polarities. Therefore, P LC P LC
sinking and sourcing terminology applies
only to DC input and output circuits. Input Sink/source I/O circuits combine sinking
and output points that are sinking or
S ink/S ource Input
and sourcing capabilities. This means that (IE C: pos ./neg. logic)
sourcing can conduct current in one direc- the I/O circuitry in the PLC will allow Common
tion only. This means it is possible to current to flow in either direction, as shown
connect the external supply and field at the right. The common terminal + -- Input
OR
device to the I/O point, with current trying connects to one polarity, and the I/O point -- + S ensing
to flow in the wrong direction, and the Input
connects to the other polarity (through the
circuit will not operate. However, the field device). This provides flexibility in P LC
supply and field device can be connected making connections to your field power
every time based on an understanding of S ink/S ource Output
supply. Please note:
sourcing and sinking. (IE C: pos ./neg. logic)
• Wire all I/O points with a shared common Common
The figure below depicts a sinking input. as either sinking or sourcing.
• Do not use an AC power supply on a DC Output + --
To properly connect the external supply, it P NP /NP N OR
sink/source I/O point. S witch -- +
must be connected so the input provides a Output
path to supply common(-). So, start at the Load
PLC input terminal, follow through the P LC
input sensing circuit, exit at the common
terminal, and connect the supply (-) to the
common terminal. By adding the switch
between the supply (+) and the input, the
circuit is completed. Current flows in the
direction of the arrow when the switch is
closed.
By applying the circuit principles to the four
possible combinations of input/output
sinking/sourcing types, there are four
Field device examples - 3 wire connections
circuits, as shown above. The common
terminal is the terminal that serves as the NPN (Sinking) PNP (Sourcing)
common return path for all I/O points in Field Device Example Field Device Example
the bank. 24VDC DC Sourcing Input Module 24VDC DC Sinking Input Module
+ – + –
Common Common
P LC + +
Input
(s inking)
+ Sensor
Output Optical Sensor
Optical
Input Input Isolator Output Input Isolator
S ensing
-- Current Sourcing Current Sinking
Configuration Configuration
Common – –
(NPN) Current Sinking (PNP) Current Sourcing
Field Device Field Device

30–2 Appendix 1 - 80 0 - 633 - 0405

 PLC
Overview

Sinking and Sourcing Concepts DL05/06

PLC

grouped into banks that share a common DL105

Common P LC return path. The best indication of I/O
PLC

terminals and Field Main P ath I/O

common grouping is on the wiring label. DL205
Device PLC
how to use them Circuit Sample DL05, DL06 and DL105 wiring
(I/O Point)
+ labels and their meanings are shown DL305
In order for a PLC I/O circuit to operate, below. PLC
current must enter at one terminal and --
exit at another. This means at least two R eturn P ath
DL405
PLC
terminals are associated with every I/O
point. In the figure at the right, the input Field I/O
or output terminal is the main path for the
current. One additional terminal must Input
S ensing Software
provide the return path to the power Input 1
supply. Together, the main path and the C-more
return path create a loop, or a complete Input 2 HMIs
circuit for current to flow.
Other HMI
If there was unlimited space and budget Input 3
for I/O terminals, then every I/O point AC Drives
could have two dedicated terminals. Input 4 AC s upply 12--24VDC INPUT DL405 input
However, providing this level of flexibility TB
module shown
+ 0
A
4 0
B
4 Motors
is not practical or even necessary for most
1 5 1 5
2 6 2 6
3 7 3 7
D4--16ND2
applications. So, most input or output -- Common AC or DC s upply 10.2-- 26.4VDC
4-- 12mA Steppers/
points on PLCs are in groups that share CA Servos
0
the return path (called commons). The 4
1
figure at the right shows a group (or 5
Motor
DC s upply 2 Controls
bank) of four input points that share a 6

-- +
Wiring labels
3

common return path. In this way, the four 7

CB
Proximity
Sensors
inputs require only five terminals instead and how to
4
0
5
of eight. Input S witch 1 Photo
NOTE: Assuming all input circuits have a similar
interpret them 6
2
7
Sensors

resistance, the current at the common terminal is DL205, DL305, DL405 - Most DL205, Output Load 3
Limit
four times greater than the current at any one of the DL305 and DL405 input and output Switches
L
inputs. This effect is especially important to note for
output circuits, where the current through a common modules group their I/O points into Encoders
terminal can reach several amperes. You will need banks that share a common return path.
to decide whether to fuse each output point individu- The best indication of I/O common
ally, or to put a fuse in the common terminal path. Current
grouping is on the wiring label, such as Sensors
the one shown at the right. The miniature
schematic shows two circuit banks with Pushbuttons/
Lights
eight input points in each. The common
terminals are labeled “CA” and “CB,” Process
respectively.
In the wiring label example, the positive Relays/
Timers
terminal of a DC supply connects to the
common terminals. Some of the symbols Comm.
you will see on wiring labels and their Input Bank (DL05)
meanings are shown at the right. TB’s &
DL05/DL06/DL105 — Most DL05, DL06 Wiring
and DL105 input and output circuits are Power

I/O Common Grouping Bar (DL105)

Two banks of four inputs and two banks of three outputs (DL05) Circuit
Protection

Enclosures

Appendix
Two banks of four inputs and one bank of two (DL105)

Part Index

w w w. a u to m at i o n d i re c t . c o m Appendix 30–3

ISO 9001/UL/CUL/EU/RoHS
Throughout the world, there is a wide
variety of regulatory codes, agency
approvals, and other types of certification
that may be required in order to install an
automation system. These requirements
vary and depend on your exact location
and situation. For example, there may be
national codes, state and local govern-
ment codes, and even wide-ranging
requirements such as the European Union
(EU) Directives. The following are some
of these codes and requirements, and
explanations of how they may affect you
as a PLC and industrial controls user.
ISO 9001
Some companies require their suppliers
to use products that are built by compa-
nies that adhere to a documented set of
quality-related procedures. ISO 9001 is
one of the standards in the ISO 9000
family of standards for quality manage-
ment systems. Koyo Electronics Industries
Company, Ltd., the manufacturer of most
of our PLC products, is an ISO 9001
certified company, as are many of our
other Federation members. Some copies
of the ISO certificates are available on
our Web site.
Underwriters Laboratories
(UL/CUL)
Underwriters Laboratories is one of the
world’s premier safety testing and certifi-
cation sources. Many applications require
UL approval for insurance and/or other
compliance purposes. There are several
areas of interest, but the most applicable
are: UL508, the standard for Industrial
Control Equipment; and UL1604, the
standard covering Hazardous Locations.
For more information on the Underwriters
Laboratories, check their Web site at
www.ul.com. There are several tables in
this section that show which of our prod-
ucts have a UL listing. (They also indicate
the cUL approval, which is required in
many applications in Canada.) Please
check our Web site for the most current
information.
European Union (EU) Directives
This area of certification and approval is
absolutely vital to anyone who wants to
do business in Europe. One of the key
tasks that faced the EU member countries
and the European Economic Area (EEA)
was the requirement to bring several
similar, yet distinct, standards together
w w w. a u to m at i o n d i re c t . c o m
PLC
Overview
DL05/06
PLC
into one common standard for all that are required for compliance.
members. The primary purpose of a Which DirectLOGIC products carry the DL105
PLC
single standard was to make it easier to CE label? As of March, 2002, selected
sell and transport goods between the DL05, DL06, DL205, DL305, DL405 and DL205
various countries and to maintain a safe Terminator I/O PLC systems manufac- PLC
working and living environment. The tured by Koyo Electronics Industries, Host DL305
Directives that resulted from this “harmo- Engineering or FACTS Engineering, when PLC
nization” of standards are now legal properly installed and used, conform to
requirements for doing business in the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), DL405
PLC
Europe. Products that meet these Low Voltage Directive, and Machinery
Directives are required to have a CE mark Directive requirements of the standards Field I/O
to signify compliance. A few key questions on the next page.
are always asked when the subject of CE
Software
is discussed. EC 61000-3-2 Power Factor
Which Directives apply to me? Several Correction C-more
HMIs
Directives apply to our products, and
The IEC 61000-3-2 standard is intended
Directives may be amended or added, as
to reduce the amount of disturbance a Other HMI
required.
device feeds back into its power source.
• Electromagnetic Compatibility
Directive (EMC) – Provides a means to AutomationDirect power supplies all carry AC Drives
ensure that products placed on the mar- the CE mark. Normally, 61000-3-2 is met
ket do not generate electromagnetic dis- or does not apply. Only our PS24-150D Motors
turbances that would affect other appara-
tus, including radio and/or telecommuni- and PS24-300D could potentially be
cations equipment. used in a manner not compliant with the
Steppers/
• Machinery Safety Directive – Covers the 61000-3-2 standard. Servos
safety aspects of the equipment, installa-
tion, etc. There are several areas RoHS Motor
Controls
involved, including testing standards cov-
ering both electrical noise immunity and The Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive 2002/95/EC [1] was Proximity
noise generation. Sensors
• Low Voltage Directive – Is also safety adopted in February 2003 by the EU. The
related and covers electrical equipment RoHS directive, which took effect July 1, Photo
Sensors
that has voltage ranges of 50-1,000 VAC 2006, restricts the use of six hazardous
and/or 75-1,500 VDC.
materials in the manufacture of various Limit
• Battery Directive – Covers the produc- types of electrical and electronic equip- Switches
tion, recycling, and disposal of batteries.
ment. RoHS is linked with the Waste Encoders
Who is responsible for ensuring compli- Electrical and Electronic Equipment
ance with these Directives? Ultimately, we Directive (WEEE) 2002/96/EC which sets
are all responsible for our various pieces collection, recycling and recovery targets
Current
Sensors
of the puzzle. Manufacturers must test for electrical goods and is part of a
their products and document any test legislative initiative to solve the problem Pushbuttons/
Lights
results and/or installation procedures of large amounts of toxic e-waste.
necessary to comply with the Directives. Process
As a machine builder, you are responsible Each EU member state will adopt its own
for installing the products in a manner enforcement and implementation policies
that will ensure compliance is maintained. using the directive as a guide. Therefore, Relays/
Timers
You are also responsible for testing any there could be as many different versions
combinations of products that may (or of the directive as there are states in the Comm.
may not) comply with the Directives when EU.
used together. The end user of the prod- RoHS is often referred to as the lead-free TB’s &
Wiring
ucts must comply with any Directives that directive, however, it restricts the use of
may cover maintenance, disposal, etc. of the following six substances: Power
equipment or various components. •Lead
•Mercury
Although we strive to provide the best •Cadmium Circuit
assistance available, it is impossible for •Hexavalent chromium (chromium VI or Protection
us to test all possible configurations of the Cr 6+)
•Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) Enclosures
products we carry with respect to any
•Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)
specific Directive. Because of this, it is ulti-
mately your responsibility to ensure that For a listing of all products and their Appendix
your machinery (as a whole) complies compliance status see:
with these Directives and to keep up with http://support.automationdirect.com/ Part Index
applicable Directives and/or practices compliance.html#rohs
Appendix 30–7