+ exfains what suborcntion is + expan how to use subo- Fang conjunctions to jon + gues you practice jlning ‘ertencee wth suborsnaton Subordination Joining Sentences with Related Ideas Understand What Subordination Is_____ ‘Like coordination, subordination is a way to join short, choppy sentences mp P understand is with related eas into a Tongerkentence, With subordination, you puta de- dest: youree too pendent word (such as after although, because oF when) infrontof one of the Sez wh ani sen sentences, which then becomes a dependent claute and sno longet a com- ax tarehytar’ plete sentence Complst sentence Complete sentence ‘wo senences Patti proud of her son. He was accepted into the Officer Training Program Complate eonlonee Dependent clause soneo THnovaH Pati is proud of her son because he was accepted [SUBORONATION Ineo dhe Officer Training Program! Practice Using Subordination Tp join two sentences through subordinstion, use a subordinating con- junetion. Choose the conjunction that makes the most sense with the wo ‘sentences, Here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions.462 Chapter 30 » Suborénation love music because ‘it makes me relax. {eis hard to study when my children want athome sy attention. ‘When a dependent clause ends a sentence, it usually does not need to be preceded by a comma unless itis showing 2 contrast. ‘When the dependent clause begins a sentence, use a comma to sepa sate it from the rest of the sentence, eat out 5 Tusually have steak. Nu it s harmful + young people still ‘smoke, 1s hard co slop in the chy. Ie is always very nods 1. Aske What i the lationshin between the two compas sentences? The ‘ecard sentence explains the Fist 2. Asks What subodtinating conjunctions express that elalonship? “Because, as," or "eirco.” because It 1s hard co slep in the ciny/fe salve very noisy: |. doin the two sentences with a suborinating conjunction that makes sens.Practice Using Suborénation PRACTICE 1 Joining Ideas through Subordination Inthe following sentences, in the biank with an appropriate suborcinating con- |uction. There may be mere than one correct choice. exams: —__When_the Treasury Department redesigned the ‘wenty-dollar bill, many people thought that it looked fike play money. 4. The Treasury Department decided eo change the design of American paper money i was too easy for criminals to cops. 2, _____ security was the only reason for the change, the basic clements of each bill remain the same, 18, The portrait on each denomination shows the same person asthe old bills dia ‘he new money is familie 4, —_ the pers in the porate the same, he portraits themaeies ere diferent discussing the security measures, Treasury Depart- ‘ment officials considered changing the color of the bill. (6. ‘The bills are printed on the same paper as they were before people can tel by the fel i the bills are ral sou look closely ar one of the naw bills, you can see security fibers printed with the bills amount. 18, ‘The paper slo has a watermark that is invisible yeu ‘hold the bil up to the light. ‘The new bills do have simpler graphics __the new secu~ rity measures take up more space than the original design did. 40, ___so many years ofthe old design, the new bills seem strange to many people. PRACTICE 2 Combining Sentences through Subordination, Combine each pai of santana into single artenee by Lana an erpronrate Sxberdinaing conunction eter the Beginning or batieen he sre tences, Use a conincton that rakes sane wh the two sentences, ad 300 commas where necessary. cause composing ‘nous: Most business exectives now tape their an letters ome ‘posing on a computer is faster than writing by hand.(OTHER GRAMMAR CONCERNS. 464 Ohapier 30 + Subordination 1 Almost all college students used typewriters undl the 1980s. Computers ‘became more affordable. 12. ‘Typewriters were used less often, Computers became more widespread. 3. ‘4. You have not saved what you have written. A power outage could cause you to lose your work. '5. Computers became widely used in the 1980s, Professors were surprised ‘to hear students sey “The computer ate my paper.” ‘You have written 2 rough draft of a paper.You should print it out 7. Some people like to print out « document ro proofread it. They fail 10 ‘catch ll their mistakes on the screen (Computers offer many advantages. There are also some drawbacks. 18. The quality of computer screens is getting better, People still complain bout eyestrain. 8, Spell-checking programs prevent many errors, Only person is able ro recognize errors with soundalikes such as thir and cher 10. Using « grammar-check program can also cause problems. Writers ‘assume thatthe computer understands grammar rules and de not check their work themselves. PRACTICE 3. Using Subordination Complate aach ofthe folowing sentences. ‘paweLe: Although most people may live to one hundred in the fionure, faae days are 2 long way off 4 rca enon ‘they smoked, ste meat every day, and denk alcohol regulars, 12. Wea someone lives to one hundred or older, 8. Because very elderly people are unusual 4 —— searchers learn more about the genetics ofthese individuals. '5. While some say it may be possible to develop drugs that greatly extend cour lives,Edi for Subordination ‘unless they are very lucky. ity ate ‘very old people whet they do every day to stay happy and healthy. 8. Aer my ninety-nine-yearold great-aunt wakes up every morning, 9. Before she goes to bed, yo, se that can live to ac least one hundred. ‘x pais of underined sentences using suo ‘inating conjunctions. Do not forget to punctuate coreacty, There may be rare than one correct answer, (() Washington, D.C., was the fist city in dhe United States toim- plement public bike-sharing program. (2)'The idea hes been popular in Burope for years. (3) In fact, Pers has more than rwenty thousand bikes available for people torent and ride around the city. (4) Called SmarBike D.C, the Weshington program coss citizens only $40 @ year wo join. (S) For that fee, dhey have access to any ofthe 120 bright= zed three-speed bikes located in ten bike racks throughout the city (©) Alter using the bikes for up to three hours, people must return them. (D) Other riders might be waiting. (8) When eyeliss are done with « bike, they rerum it tothe nearest, sack. (9) The bikes have electronic locks. (10) The locks emit s signal if the bike is nor returned. (11) Gyeling hes become much more popular in recent years. (22) Gasoline prices have increased. (13) A number of oer cities are show that these now considering bike-sharing programs. (14) Stud programs can reduce city waffic by 4 to 5 percent. (15) Some companies(OTHER GRAMMAR CONCERNS: 466 Chapter 30 + Sunoranation ‘aero inyou wg? fer wip you? How wold Jou elon mbernation ‘sone ln? Whats resar seo Aopendin ‘are already creating similar programs ro encourage their employees to ‘exercise more and drive less. (16) Company leaders are aware that ft _zoployees and healthier environment are important goals. (17) It ‘means the company spends alte extra time, money, and effort wo start ‘and run a bike-sharing program. PRACTICE 8 Editing Your Own Writing for Subordination Eat a piece of your own wrting for subordination. t can be a paper you are ‘working on for this course, a paper you have already fished, a paper for ancther Cours, ore recent piece of wring rom your work o everyday Ite. You may want tose the chert on page 467. Chapter Review 4. With subordination, you pur a__ in front of ene of wo. ‘elated sentences Lis ve common subordinsting conjunctions. Write svo sentences using subordination, Chapter Test Circle the corect choice to filin each blank. ‘the candidate stepped up to the podium, a group ‘ofprotesters began to shout criticisms of her a. Sothat be Ast As “There were now neat rows of suburban homes there had once been orange groves. a where b. asit before 3 —__you are sure that the lightning has stopped, don't let the Hids got back into the pool. a. Until Before e. AsifMatt speaks out against glorifying cole he himself isthe star of our football tea a. unl ‘boven though ge sports ce. unless ‘we bought a snowblower, my som has not com- plained about having to shovel after sto b. Where e, Unless ‘Subersnation is used ib |oin two sentences ‘with elated ices (see p ), 1 doin tw sentences by adding @ dependent word ‘pecause, uiess, or when) in (Guch as although. ‘ton of oe of tem Te sentence wh a dependent ‘word is now a dependent cause (600 p 42). t t ifthe compete sentence comes ‘before the ependert clause, Seomme suaualy rot nee. ‘the dependent ‘causa comet before the compsis sentence, 203 a ependent claus, ‘Chapt Test