!" #$"%'&()(
+*
,$%#-
. 
0/# 2134 
-
5
687:9<;,=(>@?BA?DC>E6BF,G:FH+>EIKJ 6BLMONQPQPR7+;
S,TUEL+PQVWTHXH+>ZY[L+\Q]^NRU_T`,ab[cd
ef(gOhji,k(lnmpopoq

r
FsL+Fst+687uU@>@?87vTHNwT:x,G:VBNRU@7+y d− Q = 0
`+z{>EFsL+F7|68>E}(>E68?BNQx+PR>~y d− W = −pdV
;+576DPR7^VWT:F€V87+y
dU = d− W , Cv dT = −p dV
nC̄v dT = − nRT
V dT , C̄v dT = − RT
V dV
H+7FH+> C̄ >@?nPwT^U_T:t,TUENRHTHXU_T:PR76B\‚,U_T|]v7PwT:6[T|}(7PQL+]v>EF4U@7F?8VWT:FV8>~;
v
5T:6WTL+F|ƒT?NRH+>_T:P C̄ = C̄ (T ) `:t">E687[?BN+>EPU_T:]Zx+NR7„>EFV8>E]^t">E6WT:VBL+6WT…>@?t'>@†€L>E‡7…7[?8>#VB6WT:VWT
H+>…L+F{ƒT?n]v7F7(T:V8ˆ]^NRU@7+v `,?8>t+vL>@H+>„U@7F?BNRH+>E6WT:6D†€L> C̄ >@?DT:t+687@‰NQ]ŠTHT:]v>EFV8>U@7F?BVWT:FV8>~;rF
VWT:P‹U_T?87+y v

T2 V2 R/C̄v
C̄v R T2 V2 T2 V1
Z Z 
dT = − dV , C̄v ln = −R ln , =
T1 T V1 V T1 V1 T1 V2

cnH+>E]ŠG?_`U@7]v7 ?BNR>E]^t+68>D>@?]ŠT@z(76Œ†L>U@>E687+`~L+FŠƒT?NRH+>_T:PŽ?8>n>EF96B\wT„>EFvL+F,TZ>‰ut,T:F?8NRˆF

THNwT:x,G:VBNRU_Tv68>E}(>E68?BNQx+C̄PR>~v`U@7]v7‘?8>NQFHNRU_Tv>EF’PwTƒ~L+6WT;

¢£TH+7v†L>…t,T:6WT^L+F’ƒT?DNRH+>_T:P ?8>£UEL+]^t+PR>~y
T2 p2 V2
= ,
p T1 p1 V1
>EFV87FU@>@?_y
R/C̄v
p2 V2 V1

•Q›™EžpŸW ¡•wšœ› p1 V1
=
V2
1+R/C̄v γ
p2 V1 V1
 

“(”Ž•–“(—'˜™•wšœ› p1
=
V2
=
V2
H+7FH+>

V γ = C̄p /C̄v
V1 V2 ¤ x+NR>EF3y

p2 V2γ = p1 V1γ