aX|— . Linear Algebra (2-4) Sob Lopicd ES deter minanks », dckominan t mebtx algebra 3) Ramk I; ; 4) Solobion of Slum & lincan Eauationg . 2 Eigen valoc®, Eigen Veckors g cag ley Hamilkon Eheovem. Dekuminaml: Mobis: Mabrix 1s. reprbented by ( J, C ) | If aa |! ae --—-~aim : Nor a21 Qee ~~ agen ! (co) a ~--- amn mi ame re P= Ci) men -) Aa @ iy) soheve hyoigm 2 “ Neke is jsn (9 A= Cif) men : ohne aif = ity Hoff = fy +e = Ty j+8 ' A= CP axg aij = ity 942 = 4a Bsnant zy am order dchn & pa [at az) then the exprosion | a2) aeg . 5 called gndorler deborminamk & Paya £15 dunoba an aie ag azz by tAl cat) det cA). w Here the colaee ge, [eae orEaETf |S xpamsion f called | Value 41) Expre®eion d- 9% order deb CAgxe) » 3! oder debaminaml-> 231 | azq a33 ‘Ale T= ay [os oo | at az aes | ars acer age | “32 935 asl a5> a3) ase. and method - : @ © as a IAL= (O@+@+@) —Cuts+s)4) Witordey debut Abin =F = tal = ay aie aig Ay a ag}; age a23 agy A5] ase aAz3 assy B41 a4e2 a4yZ aqy 'Al= any a ee! a2g Aey 932 033 as —aiz | a3; a3g asy O4e a4s aay a4 , aig | a2! a2e acy 23] 932 asy | — aly y Sap 842 any _ 4% a4y ag; ave ae3 a31 ase azz Sar aye aug Elementary opgia Eon i— . > gmbuichamging of — olkiply the fing rom fe colomn alae R? Lae rows. Es by a condbe, Ri —» KRi] CK =O) —> multiply by a conttamk amd odd with the othe oO vows. Rr ene +KR “7 1A 1 Rj RE+KRr Rj RF +KR The openalionS an wed bor the maktic @ dekuminamts. oe Ri FRR:D [[Raxn Saxal =~ [Raxnl [Brxo! | “tei > 12 3 7 | oa°o =o: & the eElemunkts by the vo0§ C31) 44-5 colomrd omy gnc Sore then bool dekrminant value iS _au70- ; - Le > ee L238 4 8qf/ =o, | sto is{=o [| 4S e 1H tes 369 239 yaevls gh e 56°28 123 : |} eo. 31/5 10 15) =e. 9 ton 12 1e3 13° [4 15 lef id 1¢ candecukiv - no & the uth orded > fry ordcy ac aon . ordey amnd higher => chon the boo vows anc Same cat) be vows we propor Honal then the dehnminenk iS _79- > 123 nm l4o4 45 6) +24 om 2 5 ¢| se +349 Simic * “Qmbn chomging 0009 by colomnay ond vice Venda the value & the dekaminamk docdnot homerums | s ee 4 5 6 ~ ee ie 3] sence?) +8o0]7 ae — +80 x = -1) 24 te 9] =c-yc-) Cet) = 24 ic {oo 6 > For jnkuichamging the 1008 My pia . . ° © thon the value 18 Negative previ > Value ; > gmbuchamging tows by von no d- Hime thon » dekmminamk valut 7S Same o& the previow vali ) @ 7,123 les , 4K 5K GK = K 4 5 ¢ |] = CePCK) + Bo = Ao ; oT? Ae 123 ‘ - [2 4 5 | epper kvomgle 2 a 2 8 a aa Aa {se °| Looser biomgteae = 3 ~~ Ae ogo regen a= 3°00 een cos mabix 0-30 - OOS) ete oo 0 bao ao sabe [ee e|-» i y e bf mB . ath 7 Th total no Eeim in he cxpambion & order deka minamk is 5 aon by) n& .e)nm _d) None ra A= Candie —> IAl=lauj san —1 ! A= (3 ae | sal — fan ate ag! age = | oot aco | = G@uaeo~ — > el! Az an ale aig a2] age agg Mml= 6-3) 93! 0302 a3z A= CN Caij nxn ——p [Aan | = — nip |© ine vajue ay oy Oracy decuIMinami— 19 1 3 e@]° i Hort a eq bey c) 82. 136 2 1 3 % = 1 (3-1) —3 (12-2) + 2 C4-2) ee Ot CP) Ue Qe 24 . ! e@Qoao°o 7 The deknminamk ob a matrix 9®= Iron t 0 6 »S diig Comer frlamgolan Matix fics s00 1 6 amd deknminank 7s prodock ob he L!0? 200 soo J all the diagonal Elements. OMe =a > Re deknminenk ta malix given beloos 75 oto ge a " b=-1 e)9 8 None ee < tyial , "20 4 ‘ eae : ee oben tame t0) : : o-! [- ' — ~fce -1 co} : : : 1-20 : = -10= -! 7 & = toa b ; = ° Ehen cahich & the holloos z 1b eq | ¢ ab Sa factor 4 A % a+b eee ue Oy bab ce) abe dyathte1 ( b¥a —cta) 1 (atb—c%b) +1 atc— bee) = acbte2) —blarter) +o carbe) = albte) cb-c) —blate) (a-c) + ccatbhy ca-b) RI Ri-Re °- a-b ~e(a-b) A = ' b ca ; e ab ee | fl i b | ' c ab Honce [mem this cat) tsa sackor da > BR squene mabix 86 iS 8ymmcltic a %) gt. gt P Boece let E dees symmebie ee a 4 oof il be be applicable roy the Squone Mabix only ) nen Ehen the Mabiz TS Symmebitc gb P= ci vod els [EET] fst * e-j 4 SH) ros A=/ 4 o ow ee ee sti ai 3®= Caij) axn —> aif = aj ¥ wy meee eal aif=—ajp => eaij=o0 => ajj=e ; Ee Oo, izj P= Gif) oxn —> aij = ee) aie TET Sz a [oH —4r oo e 3-7 6 a orthogonal Mabias— Puxn —>? [Aat=.alRer oe compokalive propuily d Molt plicabtc ) oe » Ege E —SinO os8 —Sing a : oo [ “5 AT= at Sin cose ° SinQ@ cos 3 oO I ta = calf) is debined by aif = 4p eal abhor ism @lejgn then bind the Som & the allthe Is Elements & the eae Sol, Given aij = igA= ee ~ oe Cy ett 949 243 --— 2ta @ ' i \ 1 G ) +h omPe TT mtn] j : bin 21314 ,5 -— — (ntl) Sn= 2- Cax0)) = nfo Cerne!) = Beats) — 2 ymthe Same manner all yawS Sem iS caledlabed ak Lak Som dy all vows 13 Srindool 8m = D Caty) I method: tail) be split tate beso catal rarabties - fi _—— A= fe g terran noe +] ) &-——9 '--—— b m In 7. aoe uw oe —_ 11? n Sm= 9 (cramer ) +m (255g) z = Som. = mn oo = th | maktix, % 190 gnal mabti S 4 pis 2 exe real or Og , veal veckoy (x! ney? aith Jength HRN = SRrag (he een eee Solloeing kabememts 19 eoneel- a) Npxll< Wall cohaie «aklea®e «one veekor6 sacassm PX STE a Hell b [px > EM» i u i pxil > LA pal = IIx] veckor © bles Upxll 21x “dy No yclation can be cBbablished I pz! Sh oe coSO —Sin® es sin8 cose | 1 Sven X=] ao ext exe Then px = [ x1c089—x2 Sin® x1 SING +22c0SO on y = al Wort -———__-—¢ =(: 2) IR , (aicose — casinb) usin ae eeyt ’ | u2eaS2O + x9? Sin2Q + xi28in2e4 292 e052 ; "pxll = Tata : = [xl $908 4 —7 3m the makiice3 oo88 —Sin@ & (oe com moke Sin@ coSO undey multiplication? . > @ al wagB by never ¢) dy acos8 == bsino > ah o=b @) Gant, nex so Lee ge f 0089 ~ sind ] > ) ; . Sing ca88. ’ J B= (271ae uwsog She [ asine bease | Ba= acos@ = ~—asin9 [ bsing bese | @hen a=b thon [RE=sA [co when Qeorr Fol be sahis hicd. ImvanBe ofa Sauane Malti xi- Minor g co- hackoy of an Element :— 4 A= Calf) nxn then @ The rninoy dy ayy is my = enn ordey detomia ashich vermain® afer deleting conrcsponding ith ooo % jth colomn in ftnxn 7 he We chor & aff iS =i © 35 Re 12 3 [a 2© a2g=C —> Meg 5 = 7 ° O43 =-, Rega c-1) Me3 ~ ¢-NC3)=3 3 asiz oO Mar= [72] =-9 tel” Asi= cp mg = yea =-9 CoPeckor Matix i~ a aliz’® alg d p= then the agr age agg A3t axe ass. a Matiz B= |r ue ne | ts called the “co~ bee Rel Age fag Ast Age A383 Makriz of Agx3. » Adjeink Mabix?— 4 Bn is a eofacker matrix & Feaxn then xn [a= aT] Singelon mabix:— | | Roxal = Ne Singolon mrakrix Smvare SF) Reciprocal be Ain Anxn S. ——— db AB=BA =Tn hey [Aaxal +o @ 1Baynl =E° then Bis called invothe of Frnxn - ) , , > ) ; BoA? 2 AatsatA=in >Néke di = > | Roxal=eo then fam = Se] d —b — 4 a= [e e) then at= adjer) _ io 2] a cad-be) — A edf A= adjcar A = (AlLo] ber omy Aaxe a s od tn bor [Raxal=po @ | Bax al fo Khon BE ead Every add order Skea. sammelte Matix 1S ; alasag a Sfnqelen > Siageior ;prommyni yas a f= B+2) = then sind a7 \ i 3-2 IAl= 13-1=12=¢0 ate ( -2) 7 adfcA) _ ao 3-2 7 tal la { 7 g-et & — too-t . [z: | then Lind ant eto tee tAl= + Ce+8)-1 (6-2) = S-H=!l a At. adjca) lal Ree (Al 1 Cersy=5 Aes = Rie= 9g ABs —-Ne-2) = CW =-4: . x a 43 3 ' . i a [ <= e+e ~2+! 6-2 -3 t-a ae ! = (6 3 1 —6 4 -I 4-31 de Av B)01O) By ErG ane Neon Singolan Matricc® » af Same order Such that GFEBDEAS In thon 1 bind 67 Sl Given 4 Sj ; (are 8 0c A)=Gn) (as) = elat Teta eto eted =x ~ alot)” 1 Te Elominake am! moltiely both sid® by AR. => ACATET DA BIT ETG") G = Axe, Eeceto et ct EI) F= ERAGE DEA GFce aE method (Gre eved =r 81_ DEAGFe => = OC pt gcd) cw => weer’on Gols FeBDEA Kya Matix me [3s 415) The bram% pose & x 85 the Mabiiz is caual 0 TnvenBe A Mabix thon bind value of Sx’ YN, Te mt = adjcm) aa ml Irl= eg +4lox Tris: outll be compane oith the veal artheg onal Mabiz (= —sin@) - Sin9 = co. e(a 3) 46s] - 4 at q-leé 152-12 es L sewte cet sa| =('SJ (See : eg a 4 R,B one Ego non ano Makri«e o& game ord R= (aij) 1S debined -by aip= Te Gt wv IT re@hne 1Si,jgn hon bind al fro nag Sol ‘_Noke Ever gd! order Skea 8ymmek'- Mabrix. fs Stngolan. Given A= Calf) ye cohone aij 5 ii —aji = Bexs 7S a Skew Symmchic » Bok odd ordcy Skeoo gym mebic Mabiz is alaagB ; Singolan. ) “! pet docd nok Exist. Singolan. Mabix, JS? & pis Non—Singolan matria ob order a then yk : » hind iy Ladjenyf = J ) cf) adj cadjca)) &vy jadjcadjayl = ol Given Raxn => | Anxal =o => AT exists R= adjca) ——— “TAT fadjcn) = (Rl AT J] ) ladjcay] = condidcy adjcna) = tAlaql => ladjcml= | taraq] => ledjc@l= jal? /a-t| ladj cml = tain tal Hladjcpl= yar a I 2 adj cadjcA) adjca) Ist Bot 4 = fadjca)] cadjca) -l tar” c tata) tay -I 7 tar! Can) = A. apr WD ladjcadjcayl= fa. 1a! at ne rAlral lad? cadfay)) — ra ONJady Cady Cacyurty yyy) = In wre Rank dba Malrix Sob Matias dra matrix Si) is obbained rome given Mobrix by deleting only rows (37) only columnd bok} ¥0OS ard coomn%. then Khe Makré B’ iS calle a Sobre brix bad » Ea (oa ce ; 5648 ) glo tl te ) , 3axy ; B= (eJixy CRIRB, cre31c4) egy ; c= (Fw a) en CR Re) > D= [5 it (e Re) 62,63 5 eae! , 3) (eel eay slo 1% 3x3 o> The Sobmabrie may be Sansone (8) may nok be a » Sayers: ne &s 3x4 Mabrix conkain highev oder Sobmatirx > fa Ceci) ——~cy) °S the minimom po inthe mobtiz, 3x3 Mabiix obkained 78 Lhe Maximum nyo in Ehe ondcreb- the Makrix. y '‘tno cb a Mabrix:- The dekenminent & Every Sauorre sobmabrixd-agiven Malttiz 18 called minoy d& a Mabix Pexe —>lo| —2?dorder 4 @ E3x3—*/e| ~ 3'd oder ——@ oy atlcadk one 4 the hightSb-ordey Square Sobmabtix. & given order is ‘Neon stngulan then the thet Saprone Stbmobte is the Rank ba a> Asxy E Bix, —> 16/— (border minov-—(2) ordey Mabix. cay) Y ableoSt one ob the highBt erdey minor obo Jivon mabix A TS =o thea the order ox that minor 78 called ronk 4 Molitx and ILis doncbel fe ayy? oles Romk& a Nall mabiixo” D . Bind the gonkh Mobtiz p_fi e fo = ee lo @ -g : 4 30 8x@ - On on =o = -8 (6-4) = ~8ce) = —[6 +2) bind Lhe Romk meabix A = ee er JCH 3x4) =3- ~ , '* ; j ox, Go@ 2 7 3 = “CHR 4) 42.04) = —'€8)4+8 = 8+8=0 2 2 -2 |< 2 6 (uce-I8) ~2 (6) 2-2) [3 I oe = —Ile+12+4=0 Ge Cl _ _e¢y-tey—2 (12-4) 23 | = —2(-8)—-2(8) =o- 9° —8+8 = ( oF eale acute -2CH}.. “PTS =e 2 | | US ie ho @ 16 24 32 bia apie 3 4 i) hind Lhe Rome & ma 4 8 Ie te = 32 |! 2 34 '@ By SCA) ES '@ 3 y SCA) 9 ScAle} Rarnis of- Mabyix. =!Joke = Romkd-a Mabiz is vntqoe > SCOmxn) =o * cb Apo thon SASH SF Amen eo then $CAmxn) = mio [min Hi Pnxnl tothe £CAaxn)=h > bt Paxal ’ $CDa)= n Romk droit mabe is iksordey * CAB) < min { Scr S68) 7 7 SCAB) = pcm 4SeB) > St a >see -sey 9 od S(Raxnd= n thon § Cadjca)=n =H s(Anmn) =coy) thon gtadjcay) =! > + GC Paxn) S (n-2) then S Cadjca)) =o. Echelonhorm:- A mabit Amxn 1S Said bebe Tn Echelon form if Tk satis bicd @ he Nod aus beborea brek- Non— %no No Inamy re +8 LoBthan Blo ob: foe Soch wes INcNe NCXS KOGD. Re Sona vowS mut be beloa Lhe Neon ~Beno rows > € . Nokes . TE nen finan Echelon oun thon S(Pamxn) =r & fon — ane oS tran Echelon orm. Sisal: Samco Ehe Nodb independent VeoborS Rods & colomnd. Era A= SA) =3. ole 2 0-4 oS lo ° 99 OF Bxy 20 F 2 A= (23 | SCA) =3 , Go 5 \ Nod Non —acno fowS =3. 3 . oF 4 , Phe | BH) ] sean ‘ ; ° } hy a- [°# 8 ‘ =loooe SCA)=! a aodgo0 y ° of ; Evevy upper Fiomgle 3 in Echelon form bok Eve Echelon hovm iS robe oppevbivarnde form 5) A= (280 ) SCR )=3 2e2q eUEe Ue ee ds 8) ae (268) FAHDt ppely only Echelon bom J 8 CAmxo) not Neon “Ser ao exu) 7 3 +3 74 y 3," t2 UF 1q R= go 25 2 te ule 5s 4 “3 2-1 0 3 0 o | -2@ 8 oO 0 4 Ey SC. A3xX3) =0Is Linceny Gmdepengene Cl) dcpundun& _veccurs »— gx amd xg avte bao Veckors Xr=KXO a both Xpand Xe. anc depundc J nk- veckors . dy Qunde pundenk Veekors Xe = Ox Roamk da makrix = No ‘ telhod:- ge Xt Xe -—— Xn oe Row veckors & ) Same order m ornd nD + fcA) = nlo d given VeeborS =n 5% then x1) x2 -—-xn ane | Tade pondonk 7 Veckors. @ A sun =bo mod given vedors =n ; then Xi Xe --—-— Xn ane FL. Ocpendenk Vecke coho pe | oe ! T= (xupxe —-— Xm J xd axm © check chcthey the bolloootng Veckors a7c linconly independemb ca) linearly depende pe ONO ee sk (ices) eee X ee (Romine!) Xe=(euc] xole (re 3f Xo ov, — wi =tloxe Bee GUNX1yx@ anc Gnconly dependenk | Vectors. tethed —aC "= be J = (ey ' a] 2x3 Seca) = nod, given veckorg = 2% Se xX1rX@ ane lincoaly dependenk veckers . ) Pe econ aN epee (erg, 3] rickhed -T:~ xe= fe 4 ¥) Xesfekx, (XI taxa then x1) xe arc Lincorly indcpendenE veckors. bekhod —cbhod —T1? __ = Cal = (2, a] exe , SCA) = 2% = Noh given vedsors =% . . "xy xe one EL veckors- W xa (ita) Xt= (254), xge (252) *4s (as 2 xe 14 = [x | ygf = |*s 4 ; x eo ? ae. 2 ve _--xa]" : mt SCA) ux3 S3=f No & given So we x1 xO) XBIX YG ane Lncenly dependents: veckors- bh shoal © isa Non ~30” uh a)l bo e190 din akvple vecbor FIST ee al Haw) < mia | scar, 8H4 SA) = ScAT) sO): ; Qiven X= ' 7 fF po An nxt SCX ant) x Ce ean ! [stay at # $Crben gH) FCM axe VS min { soy, Sard = min {a4} =4 SUXxT) x'eo = xx'f0) GB) oo) =x 09g xx 3 E ‘ [ ° :\ + oo aSoe p= Caij) is dbined by ai f= TJ My ahne IS Gs Ehen sca) —— ayo byt ayn dy Nene. eon ee le era a n= lou ¢ ----— en a jl calaacne an n @n 39 ~-- ——9Y ayn _ Ro—-@Ri, R3-GRI — — i 123-7777 7 "7 Eicioit 4-1 140 000 —- ~~ --0 Ep ee FCA ¢ > + a is Singolon makrize <> ovdey ‘n? then § CA adj ca)) 1 =o 3a Given fnxn => | Anxa Bok A AMC) = adj¢@-A = tal To A+ Adj (A) = 1Al to => A Adj) = oT => [& adjca) =o |Soe Fov Non dingelay I Ae CHdy orm) = 5) & Ais mxn bell vomk mabrix athh msn, xr is onk mabix 4 at @TA~) al Eben chichd Ehe Lollostng ts_balse : 2 ~& cCraty=Aat by ataae d) anata =A Ur fatas at St pte carey A = 97) AT] LTTRIS propoty 7s aded ber producl> + buso Non — ; Singo lost coll the Same order Given Amxa => §(Amxn) =n => Fl Ahxm) =n , => FATA) ay -) ae ae => then the makete is Nom Sing olen : : [aT Al =o => Caray? Exist => (atat) ata =2 => [eta=r | (i Aa*= @Ta) at)foe qty L2---- Em ane veccura ay vame ardey ‘ny ) Zith meny the Sd vectors 15 lincanly dependent Sck amd QiS a mobic coith given Veckor 0% colomg then 3(@) a) om bn ©) - isk laatl=o Caet)" doDnok Exi > ) @oxs axe > Cae) 6x6. a isk:, 'gTal=o (arayts da-DBnok Exist & CAtmen ) = then iLewill have ‘v) an yous amd ‘¥) Ind cpordemE thea columnd » FL coil be obkained : Selotion oF sys a — | Dor homogunoud gxpkvmn:- _by oF ) cardi dey airy Fle not ) , , —b ap rxit age xet —— — —aanxa= Pe t | amiat -ameret ~~ --amnan=bn ~m- Fauation® Tn n —onknoond. cohene As [a aiz—-- 410 [ 922 —— —aen am} ame@—-— amn mnxn co ~ Abictenk Mabix xe | Vaniable Mabie cvector) r ca) x onknown Mabrix Cveckor) as nxt (a) b Soletion Malte € Vector) H B= | be } cordtonk Mabriz Cveckor ) : , ~~ bn} mxt ' Fog mented Mari x + Care] — fon aie ---4., tb ae] age —aen be skep 1: conbidey AX=6 ' 2) ambider (lB g veduec iE Calin peer eee inko Echelon Gorm by applying only eee yous oporatior& « ry bind ramk & A) scale) g node Vortabkd Nd) oy sc@ = scAlB) =n then ax=6te ansigtent oma nae unyve A pepRoUE ci) & sea = scalp) amd had No Solution . 5) dy the Solotion Exisk then veorite the Sxbum i Equation’ prom the Echelon berm (fo) mobite amd ‘bind the elution by backeoord Substi kubion Nokeq:- ax =B + Penn t $744 , tal=eo tal =o » ante 2 ) only enique 7 v . J golokien No Solution Momy Solution : Hamogynou® sySbum— cond tdev 9 » debinikion ob B= ' =o Yeckor in AK=B Oo , , 1 d ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) mx) then Ax=@ iS called hemogenou S$ 13 denoked by ax =o Note: > Every Axso 15 aleoayS coriSbenl- a Baa. yokem arrd il1 \ Xn nxt tivial Solvtion (61) omidve S! ) Gintke Solotion ; ) ‘+ omy Solution” Exist other than Grivtal Solobion bor = Ax=o then Sucha Solution is called Non —biviel (a) Non —ano cay) gnbini kely mam Solukiond. viekhod :- D cordidey Ax =0 2) condideyr Mabiz Sa) and Echelon * orm by applying om. rom opurakions . & 3) Find fea) & nz ro dy Vorianled i 9 a & §cA) =A then Ax =o coll have only biv tal Solobiond @ dy SCA) =n then Ax = hivial g algo Nen —byvial — solobond ry) dL the Non bivial Solokion Exist then veooibe the sypkum dy Equation from the Echelon boimee matixSa! amd bind the x= 3} : “ey 8 i = 0 iS alway a Solokion & "J Every Ax=0 amd iis called lotion 7) den0 Solotion yedoced tk inko tés 0 coil have1s Solokion bY Ehc backward Subst EVO Noke :- Ax =O 1 De “tal=o {Al =o Trivial Sollion & Non -Erivial Solution - only ontque Solvbion gy & SecA) =v & nano & Voriabls tn Ax =o Ue yw Ax =o @il| have cn-r) gmdependunt SolotionZ . “Ore chat vaload ~ gz satis by the fbrollosing Sydskvm of lincan Equation 12 3 x ¢ 1 3 sfly]}=] 3 2e B37] {et 19 = =3),) £2= 9xa) x= 101 Y=3, E=-4 co) x=le, J=37 4 ’ >A ane) y=) E=H4 » Method I~ ateyr3E =6 d) z=G, Jae, F=y (a2) 12+6-12 =6 x+3y tHe =8 '2+9-16 8 by ctie—le=6 GtI8-Il6=8 a ’ > d ’ > 2 9 D y bv d 2x42G4+3E 12 ,Method (2) ar) cle =[ie y ono) 6 8 12. Re—> Roki RB RB ~ PRI [:: ~2 ifs ‘| R38 —> Rg +2Re [ 12 3 :| o td 2 oo + 9 / cA) = $cngy=3. 0H 3° Bk §cA) =scAlG) =3=Nn Hence from this ontque golution 1S obkat ned. ab ey+3E =F 5 gre =2 —Z=y4 tha y= 2-2=6 a= 6- 2y—-3e eS o~fhtl=e KY t=- y=s6 2-6. . \4 4) JOR 8x3. Matrix hod rank % Enon HX =O has (9) only brivial Solotion ‘ One indipend unk SolobionS ° ey Teo gonde pund eal Sol ong d) Three i 5 Sel Ax =o 4 AR 8x3 v= Ye @arg)= 2=N=3 : + : cn-r) = (9-2) =| @rdepen Fev fekee value bc the hollowing valued ly \incon Eaualion® havea onique Solubion donk sotubion ; Mgrs =3 the cof sion for unique Solokd d = ; wey + 3e=4 HX=B IS . , huytk z =e. scr) =ScB)=n a) [Rlxo ? ' t [Rl =o rot y (e “| =F 0 , a I C4+2k+3) —CkHe+l2) a9 3 k-y apo. a) ke Fer all valuc® 4 ko cxeepE K=4 will have p ontqoe Seletion) FA 1S myn Matrin then Ay=B hey YF only 2~ Sdlubiong ©) Mammy Solokion by onique Solobion d) NO Selobion @IEN A omd AIS real A Given Ax=B Anyn veal Aer SS / [al=fo vaiqoc Solubign [Re] =] Amr ta2l = (zy A=+1~b0 D For wbak valo®& 4amd wu the SySbum ho® in®inike no & Solobiond adhure the SySbum is a2tg+t= 6 at4y+GZ= 20 abuy+az = awe VazG, = 20 oe) Aree, u=20 2 Azo wteo by ate, a=e99me condiingn yer Mlomy bolotion of SM = 5CA[B) MK! then cohich & the | Bolloaing sbakememb Shalem eb. 15 balse a Sofotum had 2 Solaken fe and only if Scr) = scr ib & men 3° B! ig.a Bow Veebor then she Sy8bum ha mamng Solebion® - oD The systum ha a bivial Sololion ahen men, PcA)=n & BIS Bono Veel-ov or m=n @ B=Eo then the satu have unique ” Sol obion AX =O 2 4 f fimxn ) Pr Amend 7 menpceemen) A=)Eigen volo % Eiyot veccors, cayieg — amy ee theorem Eigen Mabix, & Eigen polynomial , Eigen Feuati @ Etgen valoc® Valoc® #— & A = Caij) axa , A tsa Sco! then @ the mabix A-AL 18 called chanackn istic ; mabiix of Penxa Ke debaminamt & Sa-r ; chana chun sic polynomial &- Anvn Gi) he Equation (r-ar[=o is called chane chiiish Equotion & Ann a) The Rook of chonacknistic Equation a Anxn i called .Efgen value +) chanadani she rei lay % En 73 onik- maby xr’ cte fanart is called : Anxa seul! ons [$9] 0 Inast. (£2) pete 5] @ }A-az} cay } ur “| 2 yy , ce AB aa tie A) IR-AT] =o cay prea +ie ao , ETD © ere Etgen valucd bp?yer veces A Non Boe commen veekor Xnx 1S Satdbobe an Eigen veebor &- matrix. Ana »& [AX=AR] bor ome Scaler \ aD Ae Cee) , xX CI) so = (2 J = (8) = efi] =o x (1) 73 calleda® an Eigen vector aon (23) exe x=(t]_fo => Ax = (#5) (4) rs = 2[a) sax calle AX EAX . Honce x= (3) 18. Nok an Elgon Veckov Joker): Ax =k , ae cme, =o Trivia} GD [Ta-art=o | [Ta-azt=o J Se nectn solution 9 [Azar x so] ae veckoy D bind the Eigen Valued & Eigen Vectors bq roa: = {3 mae (84 Sl ; ‘ ) Eigen valocd (Patio => | 4 wealicaC8-A)* (BA) “16 = 0 ~9-p~rtH +A ~Ile = 0 eu : Muesco => ECT = AHLSM © Eigen valuedh Aexe: ", 2) Eigen veekov CA-AT)X =0 GALE G9 » code pok A=5 in © 2 oe 4 4) _f? : 4 ~8 (22 -(] —@2 H12x2 =90 kx —822=0 Leh ye =K where ts an OF Libary cordbonk Then XP =2K ecg fi el ote gamthis corre ponding one Eiger valoc® thurs WIC inbinike no de Galukionh we exist. Xie [7] boy Je=! t gis stmpld Eigen VeckoYr weedy pk a= 8 19 O ; ay ay ° ee eee bait929=0= 22, $xre=0 tel yak) chore ki iS an aybibarsy conSbount Ren XQ = — 2K) x= x) = LE] =kt [4] Cki =e) Xga (2. bor Ki =} o_ SimpkSE Eigen vector PropathS of" Eigen valu: d hb App X@—~— AN BIE Eig ‘then Gy) Arbagt—--— +An= Gace (Anxny D $ gf A iS.an Eigen value de Ainxn ond K=b0 khon d) a™ jg.an Eigen valyc & am. em value & nxn @ - Fea ‘isan Eigen valic de KA - di) Are isan. Eigen value ARE WN) gataratazr® is an Eigen Value dy 3) ha iS an Eigen Makix | Anxn |=eo valueds OM Sing olor then 9 a 1S an Eigen valocoy An! 9 @ wl yn -agieny: . "23 WW) Eigen value eo a siagenaty zeotozr gitiey) 1999C4 biomgle a) opper biangle dea Makin ane gubk i . diagona | Elements: e383 ? / Ext @ A= E a °| Az24F a q ) et 0 o @ ne [ 3 to | Qa 4lor9 o , Od dy A= (° ¢ ‘al A= 819 1o 1 ° o t iv) 7 hoo ; $ f= (28 ° A=H41h : a 4 , ” i A= oo : ea A=nul i ao] ' 5) Eiger Value8, A. Aramd al one Samer 79 d Ais at GF Eigen valuco an -arthogona | Makrix. Anxa Ehen + iS also amothey Eig value d& Same Matrix ‘A? *) ge atib Co) atvb) isan Eigen value o- real = Mabiz Anxn then a-ib (@) avg) i8 als fmother Eigen Value & Mabie nxn % f the Etgen value dra real sgmmelric Mak ore — alcoag® real n=aL Eigen valoda real Skew Symmetric Matrix cither j=o cd?) porely gemaginary a * i) The Eigen valued oa 3x3 mabrix A= 8 -6 @ -e F 4 onc @ —4 3 a3, 418 by 2r2tly rays d id =ErcA) =/8 x +A x 2-4 3 AFAR +A3 [* 2 A Ageg = (Al =o 8 ~s 2] Re+3Rr @ 4 37 R874RI [: “2 ° oe lo 2 Ae 3 ° -5 5 wo (2 7: ee a gee 2) The Eigen valocs b Mabix sa (s =] one 514. chak onc the Eigen value of $.S= 327 eon ons Tues dj) None gs—a~ 8 a st__ at =1% 59 = "eS D Foe amabixA a {*% % 3 oncok Khe Eigen - “|e 6 ! 200 yalocis 3 thon bind other bwo Eigon valump Qe 2 wry wey gro: A, tAa tag =bren) =! B8HAC+AR3 =! AM+ASZ = -—2@ bo . ; 1 .» dt areal matrix A= Calf) axa is debined ” ° aif = [ y¥isj them bind the Semof all 2 , othnoise Eigen valod- Q ntl by nen-l) oc we dy nent) Te a om x , 1000 0-~—oO ’ A= , of cod at Lo s ©0 | 00--~—-o § qa9a0—~ — Axn A= tpt) poet oO. (Sem = Bren=r] 3) A. 3x3 Makitx hab Eigen VO 12 beatpact_adjca)) = Dinan adjca)| = luc tr ey-l bbe Sol: eve Eigen valuc® 1217! A>») AL at Atty TPN adjcn) = tal politBe Amie | ce) eter = nee uU A a Bebe =] : ey — tal ot. =4 7 2 A A Yo. a = Ye + ie oy ae be Ate At ~adjca)) = 44 Wlg-e = ete = Isle [PrAt_adscr)| = C4) cil/a) C2) = ~4Gy4 Popnkidef Eigen veckors OD gf mae —~——anane the different valoead- Elgen vedsors d- Ann Ehen Bee 9 Lincorly gindepundonk Eigen Veckors . 2) fome clgen value & = Anya then the Eigen the Eigen vecbers may (oY mag nokbe Tr-!-pemden 1b one dy Elgon Valoc ob Malrt Ode moked fAinxn iS vepeatred mbim& thenthe Eig Valocs comdponding to thak repeaked Een. values A cahich’ onc lincooly independent od cohih one given by the Not Indcpendonk- veeboy they P= nv ~ Seed vaniobles tn Eigen Vedor 7 ~8CA-AD) whe 1S Pmona ar we mae Ar) AG Pan-r I< PS 2% AAS M=Ae } J xt xp Xe \/ J ur Lr vy. '® A3ax3 Atp Ad) AB -———— m=3 = A = AAD 23 AM =AL=AS P=n-+ (=p AL Lot L xp xe 3 ISps3. X11 X% ur xt xX? xi. X%21X38 a | | d up ) xr aera Lee ees en @ problems ca Ls “© ophich dy the Lolloosing ts nok an Eigen Vectors a Same 2xe Mabix ; a) ( yt by (9 a)" oe [8 oj? Se oT The au Vedsor cannok-be an Eigen vector & amg exe Matiz 2) The Nods Lincanly independent .Een veckors da Matix A= (34) 73»0 br] o) &@ a) co a= [24] Geis o opper biongle Matix 7 of Azer eal the chanadu istic Eauakion {[A-arl =o =| ae A=ectn Bhis A-AT= [eal == CA-AT)=! ne p=crn = 24=1 —> ae gmdcpendenk- veckoy + hich of the hollowing igan Eigen veckor 4, Mabix A = (ee 2] 90 ° - i 2c a (032) » (or-2]' © (009) vs a (A-Az) x =0 an . |p _o oA o MDP vi [. io ° or | L*5 [o ao) a ‘0 ~ ©. x=|a2| = Ez ca oflas ad ° tick al=Ki no=ke KI @) [:] (a) (| hd 3G7 : 3b Every Nonama colomn veckoy with Ene Lost Bige age 130) Ehen Tk-ontll be a Eigen Vector. The = Ejgyn Valoce ond = Ejgen Veclsors dae 2 : Mabie ane givenby ary z [}], (J Eheunthe Maks SA! 7s ow (4) » (ee) tex) oO cs a “= [1] ) AIHAe = 12, : ArtAe =3e = IAI 1B AX=Ax . aby atb= Ke = = =8 yg (e)('] = BJ cHd=8 (nese ;@ Ax=ax oi (20) =sc) 7 ot ee cayley — Hamilkon theorem BS cay 5 _atakumenk Every Seuore mMabit 8) Gory 5 Sakis hi tks own chanackntskic te, > Equation, a & Azeatie=o FS a chana chun SticIzauanon OF AS (25) Ehun by cay ley — Hamil bon theorem wchave A%&8A +12 =O." » +c power of Ayn :- oe [t2]=— ALBA tle =o " pisgaAtizr=o A= BA-lex AAS A ceA—I2T) 3 simtlonly ad = 8A —leA® 1 l 2) ~ve power of Pan i- ‘> AL BAFTIZ=O) fae OF a= (3h - Ai gatliexr=6) Ao! CAL BAHIZT) =o a—er+ica t=O pts te (8r-A) at ats the at (er-A) Act at (3 Gam is)Note ~4-— ‘ . oa Gr A= [eZ] Ehon the chanackwii Stic Equation of ARexe 1S xX catdyA+ IAl=0 OF = [8 1) then bind 3 e AeA = Ae 2 9-9) A-5= (2-2) A - 5 =0 Rona oe q. = xe 5—_ ae si=o . sn =A AE Sry pee a9 AML 8 A As_ pcp t= acer)! = A(625T) = 625 AL 2008 [ai_= ses do 3x3 paatrhx E % The chanachniskic Eauakion 9 debined 0 ptr = Jax- P| abate antl: : then hind p-, » Sot Poxg = AMA LAT! =0 ete 0 p-) (p3p-peteptr) = ptlO ; ; przyplper+p! =0 ea eo - 2 aor pl = —cptp+2D 5? -f-3 2% i ; t+ A= es a then hind Aq > oy Bu A+seLb) Bo9A #30FA Cc) (SyAFI55L ? dyeIa.Ate CBA)re=O AY-BA FR =O Atpoat er =O) [w= —sa—2r] ————", — ~9¢-3A—9T) -2 AS. AC-gA-ox) = —9AH 2A = —3CBA—eT) EP a4 _oadeat —> A= = IA+exr—2A - = FA+6LD = —3C4A+46L) _9(-sq-ex) tebep pa in 8 ota ~'8r 466A 4+4r Ay = IGA a actya lar) = —l4A 14h AS = = 1 (-3A-exr)-14A 4oAatesr—Il4A 28A+ 287 2 egat+egn F ee x eg(—ga—er) +288 Sy 28 —84yA—SeL+28A 5¢ \ 6 = -sen-s6er A! SEA SOXF 68 PIL gor SEA —56 re — 56(-3A—22) A 7 = l6gA+II2 LT —5S6A ‘sg = NloA+Hiler nen 2 9ake A® =e C-gA-2T) FLA “2x3 63 330 22 = -336A—2247 +ueA tye | _ : A8 = —224r—eeyp 224, AI- _ 96 see = ~@2y (-3A-2T) _s04 4 | SF = 6F2A+448r —224A awe \ = sun &ugA baud & h) Given batch a= [Fe] gt= ('8J Ehen if sat 2 the valve of Adis a 6) HATS AL CH5HO)AFE=0 ce) IFAHEIT AY cater =o 3} laAtsor a —sa-er Roe Aon P4= —5 (~Sn* 6p). sA APS 1FA480ECompicz% Vaniavico- amplez No: complex Za veiS fzl =lveial = trbtet®l = evil cose+i sine |Cam plex Naniableo we [— 79 rmplez Noi A No & the horm Zeaxtty (5 called a complex No. whic wy ore veal Nembun® omd taf ; ls called real ponk omnd gis called imaginary pork cprcrontakonok. Complex No Tathe f lanc :~ gerogire oalS onjegate of xHy conjugate dy xtiy is z= x-ig tiodluiled) a Ot Comptol slo. 9-35 Modolu& cary) iS I2l= aege ‘ Polun Gorm dpa com plex Noi Z= atiy ecosé) 4 =Sind x= voosG, Y= rsing | Za vos +ivsing Zev (cosS-+Li8in8) Z= yeild Izt —teatel = tvltet8l vil eose+isine |HI Tostg¢sinte =F’ bane = glx nat Cy/~x) > & Q=0 then Z= y Ccog8-+HtSing) =F? Z=v Ci) = dy o=mle then Ehe Nois purely imaginary “wy x9 shore xa fat Sal . . = i i= (7 i (Re sol corbidey F= qortle be tle = Giga aie CVle Chetile) ~ Cife-ife) telly ge a) x Se ad ian cca) gett lyl= SH = G ae mekhods— 4 Sm cen wpa at+lY ) F , athe HCY>O a (24g) ; aHY ck jay 8) _— J Carter) Cet) - ooyr _*% _ —fg ate e C%g%) - Given condition lzI<1 : §=% => z= "ly ; [gl =lz1<1 I"gh<1 => I< tgl—s[Talsi] Leigh bour hood of a poink+— The Sck of all poinks li teBide the cirde cith conte Zq dy Some sadiau% i8 called acigh @ poink Zo 12-201 55 vepr&Sunts sebof all Points ashich [ic osthin ond am the etrele catkh cenbre £9 ond rads o¢! Prnaly gic A ackion we A compler Sumelion ecz) [8 Said bo be Fraly bic aka pink %. gy pez) Exisk nok only Sthe Poink 24 bot also Some neighbour hood poink Z, Noke: Pr frumnetion PCz) 73 Satdko be Analytic in the vegion & #'CZ) exisk ab every poirk-b He Fegion. _Singp lonity.- A poink ak which the fumdtan is , nok Analytic is called SingolonibyExt- +) = St = eas Buqso ay FSET Bi, —Si anc SingoloriLicd. 2) fie cz-2yil® -l Flay= Ye C2) Ie zee 19 Singolority nction:- ft frumebion oahich is fmalybic Entire plone iS called oar : Lhrogghouk: the hintke came lex ' Entire frumetion : ' . eu we ( Gotay Zt AER AKT Sind, SZ) et -— » fee = ocayytty cag) iS Pmalgkic ) BS caill sabishicd the bol lowing condition® »@ 3 av 2.1 Ge 1 Se) “eg 2) | do = ov d = Rea tee Ee es Equationd . couchyd Ricmann Souchy Riemann Equation in polan fromm + Fc?) = oor @) +ivcv,8)COM LrvcLiIU Or EEG BU CLIY LBe vcuyyttiv Cag) 1S Analytic Swnetion Ss Real pank is givm (ois giv) eS V= —| oo ‘ je da + 5} Clem of -92- osithook x) dy te take \y) o% corstank . 5 gemaginary pont is given” oe [Fe = [cam deri |g cao dete fal o= OT ke = | cone of av aatthook x) dye bake Sy? ab cordkenk oa : Noke? & ecz)= oF iS Pmaly bic thon 17S callec hanmente conjog abe & y) omd Cy) §S calleo hos monic conjogabe of Su! «1 Sy) gothak Peed=oriv o£ on get 3y™ aie [aire] a ori 3S Fmalyktc- : cby6xytk a) ayt axt+k by eareytk . 9 agente By Sry Sa pez 19 pmalytic =y o2= “y @ oye-V¥n Or=Vy -—6y = —¢ Ox = 6X 8 8. “SI, * Sy Vac% Sing Enon Aa nasieNIe conjegarcoy v’ Gotha fez vtiv iS fmalykic 1 Ni a etsing bye cosy 53e* 88 y ene veer Sing ege —Ve Ox = Vy ~ ov ocx sing Jv x dy = 6 co9Y Be = -e% sing x» dh ceetigy axdseyret gd Cugy cohme Feettg iS Pnaly ¢ then Aind gcxe¥) ; 1 @) ydenty barg-yd 9 rH oy 0 8 Evaloa tion d, tnkcgral da complex furnckion alonga conkinowS conve e IS called o complex inkyigakion amd ig ddd by jeans a d ane Se J cortv) (dx tidy) ~@ = | Coda —vdy) Ht Jedgt voy) ar 7 Ze sinus dz Jev= oy, —vlvetrel! vg~ olllvy +---~ % vis Sv,- VeeJdvi 5 VvaeSve dW! = deo) 7 Ot= deer) 7. oll = deo). Re | Jo prsinuede = |e [scouts cout { —cez) 1 ee + C42) [+s oS z ye | (en) Elly) — Cum) Co) Le w $e | = —4m? _ = a q — Hi tei eit * J ctdt = (<®) = ¢ =e el, e'T_e = e(wstrti sint ] -c = ¢(1to}e -c-< = —2e * J Mae tod? along yar? "i % jydz Yard op dg= anda +Sol J in “ot tg) Cdavtdy) “2 d A, i) Cdatier ) , =" » da Citt24) | criyaede crrely) neat oa +io | a each { aayetiag | ° = cH) (Ya+i/e] = tg—ils rte tHe = sla ater Uo —tlay ate trite), ow “o Ehe veal axis ‘2! and Evaluate 4 Cz) dz along ce veal a then bo e+f Moke + dr Se! ts the cunve abkained the er) e213 by combining then Jtcade= J rcande+ | fader | faedt “ cw. c3 oti J cE) dz = J ede +) cede of AB along oA yz=o dy=0 | @taz = Jot” ceri) 2 2 ONS) ” = J oot det = 3 ands ¢ FP) aM plong ABE . \ corde 2, cate cat 88) eo 2 dx=o (yr? ko y) = < digt Cdatidy) de fie: 4, cay =] ce-iyy” Cidy) ~ AB I o = J cei+gy dii i —33f, — sig ele =| cq-gtaigridg = i (4y-8 Is" a ° = (u-1Y3-27] at ie art ; ; J cE)*dz = ala + Wate = teal 1” Evaloake J (gydz here Se? 1S 9FBE ; causchy jnbegral Lhoorom LL pea) bean Praly Fic . a closed curve “e! khen Jeet =e | a? couch yo ‘foicae ral formule ° Lek ez) bean Ana ly Ee : dumckion cotth in amd ona obSed conve ; ? amd Sa) 18 Pry poink teide th frorction’ coith in kar ) ) d > , canye‘e’ Ehon fa) dee era ; (eo, imoks devivabived coushys inke gral formola ete) ors J Ea dt = emifta) differmtiake wnto aee amie! 4, dt= C£-0) . differen Hake cory'bo Oo? | 282, d= om eulca) Ce-a)F pz) dee ua pn oe" _ a : © ce-a)3 ZI $lcay J fc) 3 4@_ dee eat ; our” “eo - find [ Zeet! yo shaw ce? 18 t#=! é si = omea = 20 q-t)) J ee = ent ; ahone Se the 7 sple closed conve * Sond oO oi onoond co origin J etde _ ont) or if - 90 . = emifoo) =—2T¢ _ ent r JS eee cll) ett 2 chore “) 7 _ £ Gee phone () ig IH=3 \ t= ota ea] © CHA) CE®) a5 eH ewe =] #lee Gol * e2t gee cet = ] #2) 1 Gy) de = emi“lce) — emiFc) Se eth eon erica ae oti (e Lex ® Bind [22% dz oohere Se? #8 : e C24) (#3) = = ett . , ep) de = eTFO) , C2) © falav @ je-al=v y \z-atbil =vore one at re eee jue i eles 4 |_9 ti dz | ta de Fit Japan =J cei) Te > cz-1) +7; = emFci) = wt = 1 a ergo Ried pr@yamd Ft3) ahr Peay = S2=22 ye é &) cz-a) “ lz] =2-5 ives fir= | (eee) re © Cz-8) Fas [ (@2be-e) yy _ eri Fre = Ee) : = emi C@-2-2) x = emia) = am hind J feds along the onik ctrele sohine. fz) = 008% lzl=1 a J 08% de = emipce) é (fo = eT Ceoso) = em * 4+ the Semi cirevlan eonbouniby coboun D ct radiuh Se) i$ Shown Inthe Soig. Thon the Valve d- inkeg ralC ose-1gy a) -e1g by ony 1 dg = 4 a, dS = — _ cs!) +)C3-1) = f oH ds : 2 0S) = emfa = eicie) =i ion ° e -*| ee de ahne ) fs xy" =I. en ay | a +] Ge) ge ora © (z-3)) o { cz78) c C3) ® ecg) = cote! -% P _ooeTe 3 eg dz de = eCemprej) = ua Gare) = —4Ty thon find the valve of lzl=1 fe $ (ete) de = f Boer C22-1) C23) “4 __ 082 e “CEo5)C# 3) Cc 2 = ent elco) = @th (I+eo) ahuze Sc) 1S ont circle CoS 27 . oe Cea) = ony Catt) FE=m os CW) —O5 eee eee Ci 2. Sintze 3 dz aoa € cee) The we have : = 7 "TECH= aotar (2a) tag (£0) + ---- FA CAD + 2 = : a9 (%-q) a-3 (4-9) on i , fa- 52 Fae a ae) , n=o Pmal ybical pork hep ponk7 poink ak aahich Lhe Srumckion 13 S10 rs called ano of fae usnckion . a Fe = Gy) ztq 24450 = = Z- ej, tei ance ands igolabed Singolonity:— “The Singolanibic® onc Said bobe jsolabeo! A Singoloniky Zo is Saidkbe bean isolated Singolanity fe thre czisk Some Nelghboun head ak- © poink Ze. ahich docBnok conbain aony othey Strgol aniky dy the Srernckion Fi2)= Zt l=" Cg) Cz-2) C241) E= %-l one called oF isolated Sing vlonitics Removable singoloni tic :— ftz) = Sine ze = 423/31 + z5/5, 4-7 ££ PEI 1 B49) 424] 51. wo 9M the Experdion de the fumetion by ene Sonic ge ik cankain® only the Enma & Analy ice ponk then the Singoloniby 7s called removable Singoloniky gm the above z=0 1S Removable Singularity - | dev 2:- a we Expand the frumcion tn Lhe Brome Lament Sonic go Te cbnin® the Eoimg bill Gea only then zeais alled poleof order 4? t ha ale he Fezy= aotar Cea) F 0% CE +o oe oleof order 2: gm the Expondion &, the frusnction &F * =e “. £c@)= aotar C2-a) + - — aagay to" eal on ) E=aig called pole of ordcy 2 ‘ Poleof ovdey ni— e oe a | fee = aot Cea) $92 (zZ-0) + >> + 0-1 ¢z a) ) za 7 ! ~ oe ant ’ Q-2 aye 40-8 53 te a-n ya)" ) Ext e oe F@)= et ; Zs a a = eh Ceytfert -— ; ae ) = teow tle + Hor 2 —— —eee zat Fels Lose Z3 = t-fi- ete; HEL y cee ae J zo a =. _ i ze! va + eee polcof. order £ Zeoisa removable SSen al Singol aniby :~ Stagolonity gm os Expambion of- the fuonckion Pik xmbainy inbinike nod. bnimStn the principle ponk- then the Singolantky 1S called Qeential Singolarrthyy AC a 2) = ¢ CEFR) t a La +t . Cera) Czyey® Care? Z=-2 15 called uontio | Singolont bss, ISolaked ¢9enbial Stogularity — “tre limik poinks 4 sos 19 aalled iselabed cWenHal Sting olas ike =H f 1 Ex fcz) = Sin Gozay) Zoos: Sin (ee) mo =Sincnn al =o Cea) =" (29) =-be —— LL ot Ta Znds 2 at hr: Atllom, Atlfar ~W\ eo 11> ow = =e E= at ar =F Zeaig called plan Isolabed SBembial Singularity " Non fSolabed Smenbia! Stag olonity:- rez limik pomnk & polis called nen ~isola Led Benbial Singolonity ‘Bet fcw= Ge) pold: Sin Cha) =0 = SincnTr) te =o = GO)= a CHa) Ze apt Yona bt e13-- ~~ a+ a oe » Pold: Ea ote, at Si pat gtr : d eh n—>oo = es en or Z=at—+- =als calledo® Non isolal ) Henbtal Singol oniky ye ceo Cameras c2-3)* (24+) z= 378 poleof order 2 Byy-0 = yotel one called a Simele polc>Wo pe ar Zam Sing OSE PL e=Ty Stnty —coStTy =o Z=my 13a poleof order L D pare tct® ace z4 ree orest elt >) EY —2E—Qeit — =4 = —2/23 - Qt - Hona fromthe above Expamaten Tkisa poled ordev 3. . {| yo em stt = &) ies cz#H)Cz-) boat onc the Singe lon. 3B &- the given bp 7a, Yoe@m= 2 =. Ghee _ CH) CES Czy 73 (aye z= -1 is he Removable Sirgolonity . Z=1 18 the poleoP orderSe? i . __! L we ent yy) fa) =~ ae OE Ea OT RC) = a ele ~ 23 gr — ——We ~2-2Jel — 23/3, tee2M_ 1 (cosen+ isin ery =I-(1+0] =o Then zg=er} iSthe poled orev ‘1? FH) = I Ecc? -1) ace Ae = —L ess : BC peat ee + Fo) = Fa= —P—______ C22 B8/g¢+ —-——) Hona Z=0 1S a poleof ordey~e) * pegys sto (st A@ = - 4 2, Ct-%) Lt-2)” + -- ) at (Then 7k 15 ‘solabed Stngolanity , ft Son's + Stn C7-#) =o t . CI-z) = nT : d-w) = m7 = tet 2 Bors : a) I~Yfetr, '~ Var a= oh n> ge jo Hida jsolabed = or =H. + BmbLal Semavlarths,ReBidve: — Tre zxpamdion dr the 15 called Re@iduc of Lhe fwndtion ab 5a dy 6B) 1g 0 complex bun frumclion oaith F=as oY co-ebbicient of & ea tn the hacwenS Sorted jundson re abouk- the poink- t=a pole dy ordev 4 hun Teaidie oF Payal =a Se CE ayrt ° Za | & Zea 1S a pole f ode @& (Them RQidoc of- the fusncion pce] tk al z=a ren Zs (east hey D ds: t=0 1S pole of avdev Sn ) ) idoe oF ai ee ( Redidve Ff Fce)] = eal #4) ee) p= 62% gk eel “an? > | Casje, 247 $5, aca aL Sarl = Io fe Get _ ace * Faer= 1 — ak zei eny> wot 158 the pole of odey 2. _ E41 = GD 1) eH) = catan)* a), = tk LO amen] elk rt - -2@ 2 =e = -ifr Zi @at)3 cas aie + ep ape) (RD) _ = tb -hcre2) ia Feo 39 Fae) [Re] co i tk CANCE) zt 2G 2-2) = (aes = foe Ge )0-28) = Ja Enc : ieee (Ye) (24-9) Che) ak Z=2 Lk d @ _! do | @f) 2 eas Bi d- A eter] eee “ae Zi a0)?“FPO! —eai at en. 1-1 + 1 t+ --- - - Cha) cea? 2! Redick + - {r idee of. cea) ois co- Abicient of. aa in the CapamBionel. Fz =] ~ Zz Fa 2 Hee ob gag Bind (ze), 42+ 2% py Ce2) Gaz * —_ (2-2) +2(2-2) Shouid nok Expornd — Nok ™ hacoren3 form z Z2+e. Hoe Ete e ge te CY Zz 2 Caz el. e [z2 = eet py ll om Wa) Gar at J [ ReBidve of oe), =¢e co-chbrictent of . x GHW Expomtion eeat * E)= (2-3) Sin a) ak Z=-e (Ere) =8 $= o-d (2-3) gin Bis = cots) sincilo) = Cot cl{o) i Uc.) (ume cap Ge ke coaach a ~-~J , al \ feos I Sly — zai + Sr wat @-3) Sin eS = = J — 1-S]y -—— + 2 ae -- lo o23f ay 8 ) ) > ) ) ) > ) d a ft — Sint = ESinz ) Ze Ze z3 ; Se _ 23 +29 Soc =z (= 4 er + J Rei duc =o ee ce eee SINE + ZeoSZ SeZ=0 Ig pole of ordey 1 Raz, te Ceci) _ E=0 255 aes Colo) cos Zé +008 —ESin Z- =e seke I+1-—9 * f 2 de a=! S ce-2) (2419 Let pce) be an C and ana closed Cunve © Rmaly LHe function aatth In ) cree pi aba Ganike no ds poink then / J ecde = etiL&m de ReBidue of cz) —) ak each of t pole ahich licd Indide the conve [t+e% Sind + Boose J cE da chine Sc) isthe Simple closed dz at [#l=i f9 2m cine along the origin. Ks £=0 19 Yinguianniey (+ e+ laze ‘et (eJz-0 =! 19 OT ro . ce dz (Z/=2 c c#z) C2) cz1 pet) lance Simple polcd- (z2l=e ck e z Bei app yi GT) : ak = el _ ak =e Zi a” aif ai emt [ et -s) ; ei 8 =pe-ct)em =o( YJ j ei ¥ F : z+ dz (z=! ; © LecezH) ; 220) -!]2 © Jz1=1 Stmple | (RS), = Ue) (ee 2) Wg Z(@tH ) (9) ate _Cenley EH E= =e toe ZECEH|2) wueEveGvesoO Ce a eee = emi (sae Mme « J kongdz whe [H=% j Sint a e cose cosz=o0 7 81712) ee Zo me, “M21 only z= Me) —m2 & [zl=2 PolSok ovdey L (Rd), ang = a ae _ tk Cink) + CEM) cose 7&2 —_____# Sine —Siné = He a4 = Z= Ne J tanzdt = 2m Lej= —im J * Fea) dx oO ecn) — 6a? 2) Frx)=foWh J LEY de = ont { Sem po ee edocs ee FH) 2 ngide the opper hott p ° | J fe de ig the Rabional framdion dy! | 5 Sakis Sying CuuEUUdY 2) Fer) ghootd nok be Geno hoy omy o F(x) degree shoo fel be minimom oe) oniES role than the degree of Fox veal valoe then a '. eo ent [ Sent Rediducs 4 the ‘on —od —_ o FE) gk Bachof iks pole | FR ohich lied Tn the upper half Lan J. ne de 2) 2 The pale ove ! > Ee) tt a only t=i € oppey half plone ~ . & Mae a ceri)dog Tt = 2M [ei J = ao a ati = crprgy® RD - d op | a = & AD —— J mel du Cone = = d pty OAD =} 4 . mal - zu! = Wep = i/3 citys (2t)3 lai = emi cia) = —™m4 expand te en nhc vegion [Zlel C2) (2-2) Q le + (Haw) = 1-ac J-+(ace] + ---- ZB. 4 (i-acz)] = 1+ace)+ (az) J +-~-~ ®O tz<1 F(w= le 1 -J (4-1) (2-2) (22) GD eee ae slo) ~acr2l2) Ie G-2/2) = -lhe { (+@fe) + (zee -~ ]wt = ot ty Jefe pce —ecr-#e) U2) 7 ( J [z1e1 t. [efel Uz (1-27 . alts (h fet Be 4+—--J =z (rte + (tes fm - _1- ae) Ce) = 4) ——. +) Zc-el Zz) Zaz) = Ie (22) 2 fre} 72 tle (wale ele Je Cede tit = to Se oe tes oe ei \ * cth ak z=] C23 lee z1=9 Z= a+ ete 29 et C243 03 = [ peo + Got 4.203 » __ } el 3h e (Sot Se tet +3 of} — - ee 44 a+ se! =e? (a3 apt eH i:i we Laplace _tlam% Formation 2 — T(etbj= J thy kesibidk =H) es k¢sik)—s Kernev hoot @ Kegiky= 2 ISE en) SE — hounter bro borm L{pcbj= J ot ptydk =Fes) 2 Cs Bilakna} 7 & Ftky 18 debined vw Exo beeckyJ =. | S-sk edd —» onilabral LT ‘ o 5 mag be veal (7) caomplex=> oot is the Kernel & or ao oo = Laplace re ech Exisk gt S sk rdéidt fs 3 conver geml- te Wintke. ; NeedBary condition for -Exiskuncy: ° , =e J = eck dé —> convergenk- he pintke Soffictenk condition hor Existongs G) FEY IS picceaise eontinouD 4) Sectionally conHi nod.PL ee EN Se Lepore Urey ropentic:- inconiky -PYOPEY L [afd t bgce] = at (Fcki} +b acy caplace bram&borm of Same Elementary frurnction®:— 6) L[Sinhak 3 = ox s>lal 2 » L{coshel} = uz? (s>l@)) "chip =s 3 $70 ) Llcat] = cee on Vv L [eat] = an 3>-0 negt i =e L[ sinak]} = at — > tleosak } =) 2 a. ind gt : —— Bi a Seo apt Gamma & metion :~ 1 -2) n-3) ———. D) Se ™ oy +ve Valocd dn? Die male sc) ee 9 sg te er 4) pre IRF for nis —ve2) [oy ty et IS ~ 2 — ane ongemnco. a) Frequency shitting of tarloce barn breve :— bs check} = Fe) Of cabediy = FS *) Lf este} =. Ecsta) "Second shiFbing theorem of fT? a Lf pcb j= FO and Gtk) = [ee Ez ° ikea. Lha@cky y= - AS Fes? ‘ Sealing ropaiby 7— @ Lf Feaky} = faFcsle) SLC pcklay} = aces’ : MolEipli cation by En nezt) @ tleecb) = L( eckrock-a J = er %S Lf Ect) | Leckey = eS LL} ckrey®/ Veuve te = ees [ Pruera] = 28 | 209 4 Yon +415] Ye peby= be + Eze 95 Leo. a Atk) = Leocky [Ry =e/s8]7 LLY SIN CE-8) OLE? J = 2854 | 4 Sin esta) f = 3s Lf b sink | —teS / =S CG C zx) 7 a fk) = reece ee ae : cle j= ae MeF L { Btn e+e) | = —e-mMes @) F Pib= sink 3 ERT |. oak jo ¥® C[ be-B coset] corvidey tLEcosek) = a este4)* Ens shifting propenty se best coset} = csra)—4 [csres44]> RL End et ( =a = ct ent cet) = t({env) Cuetpet te t+ Le < o-kk ert] E=0 Biv Shifting propenty a pa Tn K=9 Vogue (stk) wus eh‘ y c | 2geey oo} oo = ban+ cme) —ban-t(Sla) = me —ban (sla) ca) . : cob-"(Sla) 641) ban cals ) L Copal) ondebined doc noe xfst co S . a 2 aay 18 =e [lastrax | Ss Stmil only tle, doSrok Exists L( NE) —» dodnok Exists. euf ab be (<"] J “l at - 3 Sta sth gndectumi nation oun [leg (sta) —log a ° ~ le Gy)ce = lo BCIFAY?) ° L- oe a — leg (eam ttals 4 b/s = ly gab] t [ eeteaaee) i Ss San ~ She be Yo log L | L | kre?) — ondebined doc nok Exisl eH al éesal: roosbE) _, doSnol- Extsk [E L [ atk] UB] ee la [Ss]LL ees > docpnos Exists ; ee ie L ( — ue) es _ Sinak) —> Exist L( strye) nee uch og ale ROL 00S SE (4) Fck) =Sin JE fb) = CoS ye JE “Ee “Jo = SLFch) -FOc of a 8 peels —eesle = fr ev llus * Lf pb) >< then bind at \F e steak dt] _ : Snkegral — (o)ells {<3 Fab | = Ig c[ et cecsty] S—> $43. = t Ug els | - Is L I s|3 - S—> S+3 = IIs —3is+3 B. b cs+3) * [Leta a : el | et Sink dt] fs [L su) } S—> Stl = 'Is L cob Tk Js Stl = tg. cok (HD mw tet JF sink se] : = cok! (S41) P&)= | Stnwk o 20 Bt1]0 Que. cate Tie £03) = J cst sinwkdk ° Grom uy) [ Sinbxde = Segal csinke boobs] | J c9% coshxdx = cox —el et be ~ ost ~ “ = ot [ cs -o] wot C-ste) — cote } (1%. ~ 28a) = ae rertas Q- e~$ ™s) Cer jo) = wo Sot C1-e 8M a) : e Fix | Singol]60 = Ss | be MOS Star pac! icc ae te ele = o ° (et3fen w/ec ) S40 ee (< StIf20 _ - St/203) | coh Cc 13/20) Sar sb © Ys banheas) 2) ije coth case) 3) te tanh casle) 4) Ye cakhcasy s et dt + [{ _ [" co ye fore] ch) THe J Sin-dL —» divergent doc nok Exisk 00 (cost } —s t Stak Shovld be comvengent fe 4° best cost- dk —> divengenk dosnt Exisk ° . J? sink (© (eme) ) de Stntje =! Ss gin ocE—my) dE ‘ j™ es d, “Gne-de _ divergonk. gmvrde Laplace oe bormakion a $ Cincar:— La [ are tb ae] Cec) = Fe) = cI (FS) att (F351) tb 1g |— El Lifer) FA (cea aeak a Ce eral) aeak J ( sSae] = Yo Sinak : $ 7 ee L a0] = cosa aa (ecz] = te Sinha oe Ha | Fs cos hak end + 4 [I i Ss [ Ise] = cre) | tae nVO Le Gee r 7 ES theorem of UTI— Ow [etea ja Bae, cl | Fes! 2 [Foto) = oak ct [ ts] SS theorem of mou r & AL Fe) © ecb L-l [ -33 Fis) = ece-ay ott)eee rend @ 1 (Fas) = Ha flEla) yt [FE Glaj= afcak) LH [sf] =plcl) provided Foleo >i ( s%ee)] =F" provided F=f!) £9100) =0. diviSion by $8? cne-z*) Lt [-4F 00) = [Fedde . - ee ut tre] =| J ~e- FY cde)? ELT of devi vai --% +— ve s = Cy e'CcFe) Ct [dpee) = cb o1CFy) ou (3 Fo) = co cl (Fo ol "re 7 oe (Fe) convolution Kheorym +— L[ pe) - geo) | = &) ¥9¢k) i & . Pea) ack) de.. 7 WLI vive Leute 7 S yuicias q [pene ins Wiesner es he (eck) = Fes) 5 = Fc) = te SFi)— gmitial valoc bheoren { valve theorem . % tk pee tb Skt — Fir ae FCs) [ d polden lepk Sideonly FMT is valid (Fo fae, Me coe) too theovem 15 applicable gh bhe ) ’ , condition :— The binal Valve feta Ehe Lefk pleme > ) ) ) y » pol of Fes) | id : , las ' = ae { Gramy'e} , F-3 Eheorom = eshte [Tot] 2 , = 1 _3lek tle-t —sleb ) id ¢ - ee) : . Fie Sent - ane] : Lam = na eblak pnd : Tr fais ao sn oem ameneo,! 3 e %S=9 rest9"lL “ystq Tes@4 | eee noo maamar en -t “(25 le = oH y je © Seaic {6 1 _ Sraiic| + { scosh slat +5 Woo sinh 9 “Te ( % 09 9), Hoty Sm Sly Ef Ll S-8+3 [2224 = cBt el (“322 53 | eat pt [ YIs+alse] = ¢3t cyst) ta [| S=uty L G-2) eaet tH [ (cs-a+2] i) 6-2)* Fountey Sentch bron borm | 7 ct ct [| SEP*] ck Ly [42 Su it} Mf = ct [ 41944] J = cab © [ es Pcbie )ee > L-l _oore ek se 49438 zt ee ¢S-3) (S-1) old He $b 3-3) | = We ec ak —5[e ck ww ¢ ttf eset 4 o4St! Se ecotlle) tH L cotlje) + t-HG J Counter Soiic Era bern eet ut (Sain J = He [_ eces fet] Ne OL 1| a 2S13 ot 55+3 i [ 2S-sle) +549 Cs-S[e.)*— rly +3 e slat (4 [ 25)+8 — 1314 = eset 2.008 h he) tes ( 73 [2 al inh [S/o LY“* Lernctia J ca [ ~she + Gste)_) (+8) = co dificiombof S* slg 4+B=0 B=3[19 ah +3c=0 c= 18 =! tf a3lie Siaseie] (s+3) a = Sig cSt 4-3[)g cosak + ‘le: I/3 ape {4 rel ae] = yf wk = J 4 J sink (diy? IF _«& - J {sink +E] dé= (cost + EX/o)~ ° = cosk + E2le- ow ofa [- S | : cstat)™ f= ee —as cS}a2) aul te Fs) = Eu re) ) ; ; : (4 25] = be tf Stna ; ; 5 d Fig) = S5 FS) shar) : = Esina b Olé 2 ul L Ss xan) 4 [bazt Renae Noo ( acasal-4-Sinat-] a . Soy aaa co) a ot S¥a® cs}be a vues weuuUYUN“eae Lcosak ~cosbt-} wf (Starz) cs4-b2) ] ese or | Stetet se On She Sar a ( Sax) Ci- =) ptae [ —aginal-++bsin be] x 2. # Ss L ta oS | cote4y Ca-S2) J a [ z - S__ - 3 _ (es SY 4 S=q = =- [ coset —cosh ot] ao L street sh+yay tH Lz “Boar oas) (84902) 006) (Steak eas) C Tatras] [—sea (styeat)e coast | = —— 2 ta “(are ” ee. Stear_eag St 2a} 209= — 1 —- L ote 'Lerarret corapsae | = te (eat sinak — ena Sina] Ga ate o a =e stnak (ete _-0F] a sinak £stahal- ae ot Lea Sinak ath hat & pb m L eaane | - jo = b® 1-1 LexmeJ = bee Pace oo estby*J = sf tsinbk dk: 2b ° a lH [38 Pecsrs) és ] =% 5 i { Fests? J =i [ F(scseso) J weeULee = co ok - sink 5 oe as Hs: sing (ef8) 6b,MISE EOIN LIU d F costs J = Ee 2 ee co | —-3s | F casts)ds | 3 = 27913 CES) ginck-a) ok-9) oF : 6 (8) -tt[ ets [lsu + 5/53) | = 263 4+ 5E* “er el = (ecu? + sctcut Jak rit] ans] a ( sad) ~ Atal Le, ets | : —2S eu[ ¥ 5 Ce Se a es yam Cea), E=o # [boot case | Foy= kant c2isz) = ft [~as | [+c2[se) >eh = 1 _ —4s3 SU+4 = —4s S4u+4 d 1 ( Fes) “4 | ts Fe) — Ect (Fo) 4 | =43 —-b or [ ben els Lai) anber L 2) sh+4 = cs42)> —ces)*> cste425) (S¥2-29) Gye cst = yt swnksinhk 2 py [ ban ~cels%)/ = a Se 4 | & cotis)J tt (4. Fer) = (4 (Fe) SG coil =k tt (Fe)/ Sine = (owt 48) J = SinE cll) = Ih Cosh)roy Hs “ S¥e) | “teeta t(tmjJ= St sceste then LE a eae ee ? 20 Pol anc Iti. Prd o. b ea mC (fe ) = SyeSt+e pole ore ~l£/ find o == 3s » dele) = Fy thn [kL Hbh=? b> q | b Ss c) 1g RlExgy —> divergenk Coxcitlake d) Ainitely - Nonepo . Gsonproper_ ddbinite gntegralS:— (ealeole ) tre gmbegral &- Ghe ener, b eo oD , al Fou dx. 2) J faydx 3) J Fou de a —od “the ‘above gokegrals ane called oh TmprePcr dcbinite takegrals- ~ 92 (ata) = x2(a—r) sobélibube yo—y thon Ehure 15 Ne change in anit this. Heme TE iS 94mm ctrical abook- the x y= +2 [or (ata) @hun x=0) Y=o inbinit =a) Y=0 az—a, y= ba- © vegior Gizam chicall 7 Geom chically: Arca dr inbinike vegion Evalvabed b gm proper debintke tnkegrals ore 3 ing the Itmt Eing procc®e - Po Dy. 4 J Lx d: ao b fod = te [Fovde = Bites then ik one P iS satd bo be emnverg ae ee Hen tk 18 dati tobe diveigenk H aie =-- faecesade = eal eS oe fis conver gD ont: ° ce de = frantx| = Taatcoy— Gant (co) oO converge bo Ie VY t = a+mq = We Ceanvergen|: , , ) : = 1 = -Hos -/ L - -|! = -+t3 = j_ 0” Ge) dx = | ll “ Ceanvergenk i ' ' ! tg) —ScetC~20) . dx = =I = Seettt) w hye, = [ce col See! (-0) =X €2) = Seely) sy = bs =o Ga cos-!(o) = Te = See ti)—See _ 9) ae tonk ' = oT = Te cconverg ont ) oes deo = — [leg anol = = logcey tlogeyy ° = 0 dt vergenk:) a —= P A . J fend = th J pce de = dente THis said a Pod 3 Eabe convergenE = te then tk to Satdbobe divergenk : PnF J orsimede = (K coo + Sinz) ° oa ° = [— res 0+ 8incoo] — Core) = aa co oo a dx = Hartel) = ban-t (00) — Gan tlt) 2 = me-my = Ty ceomy 2 J Cee) dx = ~ [teed =—G+th=2 CdivergenE, Ce a © a ara J 2Ade — alaaere ' =_'3_ Coonvergenk ) 2 [er de = [rope] . Oo = 2) +<-%] —c- = ote t CoonvergenE) eg wet = Efex) Le fim . 4, = +, = 'lo=@ XD “Fay on e T method s— an F J fra de = J Forde + J Fear de a) od c = Mtoe Caonver gent) Chinike) other G8 IL is ding ¢ 0400) Sc ones ee(he) dx = -[el = alae +5 ° i. — (o+9) ~ J Ge) dz + J Cieayde - ° =-| tal, — [tele = —[o] 4 faf= — ee @) = —c ¢ divergenE). a oo © Jy, ae) de = & | Che) = —[eal, ' = a cdiving 2) J Gs) due = 2 | cums) dx = eal = @ Cdivoigd) aD _ al t l, 1422 de = [ana] ,, = Gne+me) = ___Leonvergenk) ie # The valucof a | eoxele dx en J. a) a b) To ¢ ! ye LP led iad c 2 hm ) ,4) ‘J © nah dy * ° 2 J ce de ro} “Gamma _fumetion: eS 79. callec Li Ta) jes aotde cn>o) iS odbia -. o= gamma humetion. We! Fea Te3) = Ty) = Re placing es-nl =eh=2 capl = ab=¢ =n =ol n bg +) then Pent . Fie = 7 Tee prc gle de glee 2 te Cott Joe * Ty = de my > Fee) =~ 2 Mee) Pje= Forme = (el re = -2 yr Oy a fe] « a oD & 1s Even furncion Ted veretle dxc pok- x2[q =Eé ae ek t~= i o& JE dea tlede ge J elt de na=-le nao Se eae ce 4 SIA a . fax J eo tl8de nok 21g =t ear rae gkb exdx = Bdkb “* See = ck = fz Elledk a ° area ( nate -[e = Ia a J e . Fe TNO = ftw sy 3) J — o de ° poe nek dx = ett n=fe CELE ESTEEae [*etotde 2 nse 3 a = 26a = 2Xx2=4 ( ea) @ Je de = Yo J ae pile dé nara fe . o = = '0 Me 5) J°oVide 0 pok *x=E* dx= ob dk o 7 0 =< * J eo catdk S 2 | ec kdb n=2 Q o = 2efes= ec=2e -q 1 © fe a = J eae loge yy (ate 3, =, lexdrsd& e leg Fea) = pea) | hae) Leto bere fe) - puk gx loge. =f ata E qloge x= & 3, Tog & doa tbe de ere= cue) S Tog 2 a_i. Sr S flog ob a J ytd = J ott leay dx oO oO pol 22 log 4 =F n= E logy a= ele dxe_t eM a oa egy “Slog y = J cE 1 Elle dk 3 © Sieg y a = -1 i, et Ee ! J = Te = PSiegy “Teg yj 6 JEanz dz & bignomebric osrd tohon the gmbegrals all eDe diffeyenk jrumction® ane given : . framclion. Amo khev Special horn ction pero ” Beko faumdion > n-l 1 —t porn =) ag" Cuma) de 1 Emre nro) a thon vc - : le lgeaiaee oie 1 F j ~ “| GEG Cueececrce15. called peba Jumetion .. “fe pomin) = pom) —> 8y menckry -Bemin) = 7 7 J o™ era ed | 2 pme 4 al am caine de 2 : pok- x=Sineo dez 29inO@osado @hen x=9 @=0 eal) G=T1e me . od . =J ging cisinte) *8in® cos & 48 °o tO —~ seminjy= 2 | gin = 8 coS d8 3 Relation sc pemin) asnd Tm, Trim Bemim = itm) Ten) me ere emt any J oma 0s 8 doe ‘12 pom ° ~ te fe tm me cmtn) J sine cog “le cos '“9do cae =lle, en=-Ye M=Sly) nellyYo T3iq My * J "Texae d0= fe Teta My Le rity My TE3lytlly) co co Lek j= dx _ Hl 1 22 che) amd “Fe = J ee es cahich of the Lrollocing stake onl is Fue Qe =i convengyn®) Te diverge 27 Te " oe ) Bok converg D ) Both divenged- du rie 1 meee t o, © d td +) Qe Te= j re * J le > = 2 [ral heheh Te = © (dtvenger®) @ De dx. atcite®) aye te fa arcite®) gamete 0 o - : ) gad -J CYx2) du = —[Yol, "a1 C env) rBy companision J Reade algo converged 7 o dx “T32cipee) cahak is the Nature of the Soricd aa Hl = nt citds) LX 1+4n&) net ee Fl ns Cie tg) ce ins) ie eanvong:} g- Oo ns. Tva=ts. _ Wo7g) ip uly} «OP [ere era JS deg? Cn _——— Sa a 13 Ts +33 os og. Here por = C71) Henne the given Said 75 converged: Cdebinike integrals) Aipplicationd:— is eymrnebrica Pircad:— gy a cane | then fonca = | yde | abou x -0%iS “by gra cunve .1S symm chical abook y—aziS- Area= | q dj 2D Area EncloSed blew bax cave:Sep, Bea gx) 1S A= fMeruerde fk argo Ros sy cge—-4) dx & 52 >g1 J the once bended by the pomabohs: QO gequ ond Say 1S lo e i o$ d) 20. | an yy) > lL Rrea blaokhe porrabo 1a% = leet penny) ; ash be! - A = te - 26) GNTL : The once bounded by the pone ola eee eon S=2 q=* dt) io A ped 5 e) Ie \ a ya & Ie Scar, ger : eara> xbt=0 ) x¢(a-l) =O ; X=0) XSI 5 = ca-a2/dac [2e -25 | = | I -/ = O J cnx? Bs 5 | (Ye-ip} = Ue3 Soxcr-) 6 t=O) zal (3) ~~ . “€N ' ! | can de = [3- of tle. }O o = 2 gex® neu) G20 4 fico. = | git Z a =) netde ° og )t = 3] = Y3 ey) = ey 3 Jo 3 % Re onca bounded by the cunve x=co339) G= Srn88 , 9-0, B=Me 19% on zl me cae yde me =J ao (—3c0s2-8 9in8) d& THe SS -J stato costed = -a HU TS _ gr rPaes e Be * The anca dra Loopdy a curve = Suez gre atCak 2¥) fs a S= ta yQgge cohen a X=ai yeo=e f%gh =e [P< peta de ° ° chen x20) O=0 pok w= asin’ , dx = acosedo x=q/ 8=THNe , we 7 poe =e2f ys snacstede - o oe 2 Fa = - asfageel™ math of: Lhe eunve -— =< fo angth of the ancof the cunve / | “3 Ee ds “dx = te (a ‘tom the btomgle Par! Qa (Pay*= CPN) CN@) ' O3)= (Sy + 7 ~ a ea a Cs + = H/9¢g 7 ox ob @-=p « oso dg > P Giay* ds _ “k= ) Cg We)* eeqever cele et c47 = |P — ° J J ta a ‘D2 Re length dh the canve gae]a Ale ble x=0fo z=! iS ; a) tres by bee co) 134 d) '86. 01 = J= eign a eg. sf te = de 1 o* ! J rae = ef Gol, = 23 cet i)y = [roo % $= log Secx ¢ X=O) x=Tmy then $= Y= log Seow / te (alr bane) = bane dx = Sex dy fda. = bane My my ee | tthantz de = J (Seer) JX ° Ty * (Seca Hea | fle (Sec o) S= log (eH)