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Exercises: Liquid Solid Forming Solid Cooling
Exercises: Liquid Solid Forming Solid Cooling
Chapter 1
Exercises
1 (a) CuCO3 → CuO + CO2 7 From the kinetic molecular theory we would
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
(b) expect a solid to be more dense than its liquid,
and therefore that ice would sink in water.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(c)
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
(d) 8 Bubbles will be present through the volume
of the liquid. A brown gas is visible above the
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
(e)
brown liquid. As the two states are at the same
2 (a) 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 temperature, the particles have the same average
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
(b) kinetic energy and are moving at the same
Cl2 + 2KI → 2KCl + I2
(c) speed. The inter-particle distances in the gas are
significantly larger than those in the liquid.
4CrO3 → 2Cr2O3 + 3O2
(d)
Fe2O3 + 3C → 3CO + 2Fe
(e) 9 At certain conditions of low temperature and low
humidity, snow changes directly to water vapour
3 (a) 2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O by sublimation, without going through the liquid
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
(b) phase.
3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
(c) 10 Steam will condense on the skin, releasing energy
6H2O2 + 2N2H4 → 2N2 + 10H2O + O2
(d) as it forms liquid at the same temperature (e–d
4C2H7N + 15O2 → 8CO2 + 14H2O + 2N2
(e) on Figure 1.4). This is additional to the energy
released when both the boiling water and the
4 (a) Sand and water: heterogeneous
condensed steam cool on the surface of the skin.
Smoke: heterogeneous
(b)
11 B
Sugar and water: homogeneous
(c)
Salt and iron filings: heterogeneous
(d) 12
80
Ethanol and water: homogeneous
(e)
Steel: homogeneous
(f) liquid
temperature / °C
1
16 (a) 262.87 g mol−1 (b)
176.14 g mol−1 36 (a) 2.50 mol (b)
5.63 mol
164.10 g mol (d)
(c) 248.22 g mol
−1 −1
665.5 g
(c)
of inter-particle forces and reduces gas shown by the number in square brackets [1].
PV ●● Points worth single marks are separated from each
pressure. <1
nRT other by a semicolon ( ; ).
●● Alternative possible answers are separated from
62 NH3 shows greater deviation than CH4 due to
stronger intermolecular attractions, especially at each other by a dash ( / ).
●● Any answer given in bold or underlined must be
low temperature.
present to score the mark.
63 B ●● Information in brackets ( ) is not needed to score
71 0.106 mol dm−3 Na2SO4 and 0.115 mol dm−3 awarded by an examiner for answers showing
Pb(NO3)2; assume no side reactions, all PbSO4 the appropriate steps of the working (method)
precipitates necessary for answering the question.
You may notice occasional differences between the
calculations or wordings given in the answers and
Challenge problems those in the worked solutions. This is because the
answers give the final solution with the minimum of
72 1217 tonnes working, and the worked solutions provide the extra
reasoning and working needed to understand how the
73 52% NH3 by mass; assuming no side reactions answers are attained.
occur and gases behave as ideal gases
1 D 2 D 3 B 4 C
74 3.20 × 105 kg
5 A 6 B 7 D 8 D
75 0.225 mol dm−3 (or round to 0.23 mol dm−3)
3
9 D 10 D 11 A 12 C (c)
18.3
12.01( )
= 1.52 mol C and
13 D
17 (a)
14 C
temperature: 4
15 D 16 A
0.77
1.01( )
= 0.76 mol H and
mass: 3
80.9
35.45( )
= 2.28 mol Cl
pressure: 3 [1]
Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.
0.0650 kg = 65.0 g
(b)
Empirical formula = C2HCl3;
65.0 Award [2] for correct empirical formula
n= = 1.00 (mol) [1]
65.02 without working.
No penalty for using whole number atomic
masses. Mr = (24.02 + 1.01 + 106.35) = 131.38
3 so molecular formula is C2HCl3[3]
n(N2) = × 1.00 = 1.50 (mol)
(c)
2 Award [3] for correct final answer without
T = 25.00 + 273.15 = 298.15 K or 25.00 + working.
273 = 298 K
Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.
P = 1.08 × 1.01 × 105 Pa or 1.08 × 1.01 ×
102 kPa or 1.09 × 105 Pa or 1.09 × 102 kPa 19 NH3/ammonia in excess, by 10 dm3[1]
R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1 (from IB Data booklet) volume of N2 produced = 25.0 dm3[2]
Use PV = nRT (from IB Data booklet) 20 (a) n(HCl) = 0.200 mol dm−3 × 0.02720 dm3 =
nRT 1.50 × 8.31 × 298.15 0.00544 or 5.44 × 10−3 (mol) [1]
V= = =
P 1.08 × 1.01 × 105
n(HCl) excess is 0.100 mol dm−3 × 0.02380
(b)
0.034.1 m3 = 34.1 dm3[4]
dm3 = 0.00238 or 2.38 × 10−3 mol [1]
Award [4] for correct final answer.
Penalize not dividing by 1000 once only in (a)
Award [3] (max) for 0.0341 dm3 or 22.7 dm3.
and (b).
Award [3] (max) for 34.4 dm3.
n(HCl) reacted = 0.00544 – 0.00238 =
(c)
Award [2] (max) for 22.9 dm3. 0.00306 or 3.06 × 10−3 (mol) [1]
Award [2] (max) for 0.0227 dm3. 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) +
(d)
Award [2] (max) for 0.034 dm3. CO2(g) or
18 (a) ((
2 × 1.01
18.02 ) )
(0.089) = 1.0 × 10−2 g H and 2H+(aq) + CaCO3(s) → Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) +
CO2(g)[2]
((
12.01
44.01 ) )
(0.872) = 2.38 × 10−1 g C Award [1] for correct reactants and
(( )
products.
0.238
1.30 )
(100) = 18.3% C
Award [1] if the equation is correctly
(
1.0 × 10−2
1.30 )
(100) = 0.77% H [3]
balanced.
Award [1] (max) for the following equations:
Award [3] for correct final answer of
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) +
18.3% C and 0.77% H without working.
H2CO3(aq)
Allow whole numbers for molar masses.
2H+(aq) + CaCO(s) → Ca2+(aq) + HCO(aq)
(b) ( (
(1.75)
35.45
143.32 ) )
= 0.433 g (Cl) and
Ignore state symbols.
(( )
0.433
0.535 )
(100) = 80.9% (Cl) [1]
n(CaCO3) = 12 n(HCl) = 12 × 0.00306
(e)
= 0.00153 or 1.53 × 10−3 mol [2]
Allow whole numbers for molar masses.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
4
Mr(CaCO3) = 40.08 + 12.01 + 3 × 16.00 =
(f)
100.09 or 100.1 g mol−1 Challenge yourself
Accept 100.
m(CaCO3) = n × M = 0.00153 mol × 1 In cold climates, temperature may approach
100.09 g mol−1 = 0.153 g or go below the boiling point of butane so the
0.153 butane stays liquid even when it is released
%CaCO3 = × 100 = 81.4% or from the pressure it is under when stored in its
0.188
81.5%[3] canister. This makes it ineffective as a fuel.
Ignore state symbols. 2 FeCl3.6H2O, CuSO4.5H2O, Co(NO3)2.6H2O
Accept answers in the range 79.8% to
3 N = 18%, P = 22%, K = 17%
81.5%.
Award [3] for correct final answer. 4 Many reactions with ‘useless’ by-products could
have high stoichiometric yield under optimum
only CaCO3 reacts with acid or impurities are
(g)
conditions, but low atom economy, for example
inert or non-basic or impurities do not react
methanoic acid production:
with the acid or nothing else in the eggshell
reacts with acid or no other carbonates. [1] 2NaCOOH + H2SO4 → 2HCOOH + Na2SO4
Do not accept ‘all calcium carbonate reacts For 100% conversion with stoichiometric
with acid’. reactants, the yield = 100%.
21 NaCl 62.9%, CaCl2 37.1% 2 × 46.03
atom economy = × 100%
(2 × 68.01) + 98.08
22 (a) 0.115 mol H2O
= 39.33%
(b) 0.0574 mol K2CO3
(c) K2CO3.2H2O 5 2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
(d) Heat to constant mass – when further 10Na(s) + 2KNO3(s) → K2O(s) + 5Na2O(s) + N2(g)
heating does not lead to further decrease in K2O(s) + Na2O(s) + SiO2(s) → Na2K2SiO4 (alkaline
mass. silicate glass)
23 (a) NH3 is in excess 6 As NaOH dissolves, the separated Na+ and OH−
(b) HCl is limiting ions become hydrated, i.e. they are surrounded
by H2O molecules. This involves breaking the
(c) 1.64 g ammonium chloride forms
hydrogen bonds between the H2O molecules
in pure water and allows closer packing, which
reduces the volume.