Hardfacing is a metalworking process where harder or tougher material is applied to a base metal.

It is welded to the base material, and generally takes the form of specialized electrodes for arc
welding or filler rod for oxyacetylene and TIG welding. Powder metal alloys are used in (PTA) also
called Powder plasma welding system and Thermal sprayprocesses like HVOF, Plasma spray,
Spray and Fuse, etc.
Hardfacing may be applied to a new part during production to increase its wear resistance, or it may
be used to restore a worn-down surface. Hardfacing by arc welding is a surfacing operation to
extend the service life of industrial components, pre-emptively on new components, or as part of a
maintenance program.[1] The result of significant savings in machine down time and production costs
has meant that this process has been adopted across many industries such as Steel,
Cement, Mining, Petrochemical, Power, Sugar cane and Food. According to the results of an
experimental study, the SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) and the GMAW (Gas Metal Arc
Welding) hardfacing processes were effective in reducing the wear on the mouldboard ploughshare.
With the SMAW and GMAW hardfacing processes, the life span of the ploughshare was increased
approximately 2 times [1].[2]
Extensive work in research has resulted in the development of a wide range of alloys and welding
procedures. The optimum alloy selection is made considering the component service conditions and
feedback of the service performance.
For each industrial application and wear phenomena, there is a welding electrode to provide wear
resistance.
Hardfacing can be deposited by various welding methods:

 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), including both gas-shielded and open arc welding
 Oxyfuel Welding (OFW)
 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
 Electroslag Welding (ESW)
 Plasma Transferred Arc Welding (PTAW), also called Powder Plasma welding system
 Thermal spraying
 Cold polymer compounds
 Laser Cladding
 Hardpaint[3]
Commonly applied materials include cobalt-based alloys (such as stellite), nickel-based
alloys, chromium carbide alloys and NOREM. Hardfacing is sometimes followed by hot stamping to
refinish the part or add color or instructional information to the part. Foils or films can be used for a
metallic look or other protection.[4]