zoology

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : zoology
BIODIVERSITY
1. Biodiversity Explanation and Biodiversity in India - Answer (click here)
2. Taxonomic systems - Answer (click here)
3. Introduction to taxa and species - Answer (click here)
4. Phenetic method or Numerical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy and
Chemotaxonomy and Palaeotaxonomy Explaination - Answer (click here)
5. Nomenclature methods and Basic principles of nomenclature and
Identification keys - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of grouping animals - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum : Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata or Cnidaria - Answer (click
here)
8. Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum : Nematoda and Annelida - Answer (click here)
10. Phylum : Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Chordata and Diversity and General Characters of Chordates -
Answer (click here)
13. Classification of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here)
14. Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata) and Classification of Vertebrata -
Class : Pisces and Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
15. Class : Amphibia - sub phylum Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
16. Class : Amniota - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
17. Class : Aves - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
18. Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
19. Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia -Classification of Class :
Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
20. Scientific Names of Animals - Answer (click here)
21. Plasmodium - Answer (click here)
22. Life cycle in the mosquito - sporogony - Answer (click here)
23. Control of Malaria - Answer (click here)
24. Types of Malaria - Answer (click here)
25. Earthworm : External features , External apertures - Answer (click here)
26. Earthworm - Body wall ,Body Cavity,Locomotion - Answer (click here)
27. Earthworm - Digestive System, Feeding - Answer (click here)
28. Earthworm - Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
29. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
30. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
31. Earthworm : Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Earthworm : Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
33. Pigeon : External features - Answer (click here)
34. Pigeon : The wings - Answer (click here)
35. Pigeon : Exoskeleton , Quill feather - Answer (click here)
36. Pigeon : Endoskeleton : Flight muscles, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis
minor or subclavius, Coracobrachialis - Answer (click here)
37. Pigeon - Digestive system - Answer (click here)
38. Pigeon - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
39. Pigeon - Circulatory system and Venous system - Answer (click here)
40. Nervous system and Sense organ of Pigeon - Answer (click here)
41. Pigeon - Urinogenital system and Male, Female reproductive organs -
Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY
1. Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Microscopy and Anton van Leeuwenhoek simple microscope - Answer
(click here)
3. Compound light, Dark field, Phase contrast, Oil - immersion and
Electron microscope - Answer (click here)
4. Cytological Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Plasma Membrane - Answer (click here)
6. Mitochondria - Answer (click here)
7. Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum -
Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here)
10. Lysosomes - Answer (click here)
11. Centrioles - Answer (click here)
12. Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
13. Chromosomes of Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
14. Cancer biology - Answer (click here)
15. Molecular biology of cancer - Answer (click here)
16. Types of cancer and factor causes cancer - Answer (click here)
17. Cancer and death - Answer (click here)
18. Management of cancer : Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy - Answer (click
here)

HUMAN ANATOMY
1. History of Human anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. The Integumentary System - Skin and hypodermis - Answer (click here)
3. The Integumentary System - hypodermis, Epidermis, Callus, Skin color,
Hair, glands, Nails - Answer (click here)
4. Human Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of a typical long bone - Answer (click here)
6. Skull - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
7. Vertebrae - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
8. Rib cage - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
9. Appendicular skeleton - Pectoral girdle, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle or
pelvis, Wrist, Hand, Leg, Ankle, Foot, Kinds of joints, Fibrous joints,
Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints - Answer (click here)
10. Human Muscular System and Types of Muscular System - Answer (click
here)
11. Skeletal muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here)
12. Shapes of muscles and Naming of muscles - Human Muscular System -
Answer (click here)
13. Distribution of human muscles - Muscles of the human head, Muscles of
the Neck region, Muscles of the Trunk region, Muscles of the upper
limb, Muscles of the lower limb - Answer (click here)
14. Human Entire Digestive system process with diagram - Mouth or Buccal
cavity, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Stomach, Small
intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas,
Caecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal - Answer (click here)
15. Human Respiratory system with diagram - Nasal cavity, Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Thoracic wall and muscles of respirations -
Answer (click here)
16. The Human Circulatory System - Systemic and Pulmonary circulations -
Pulmonary circulation, Systemic circulation, Portal circulation - Answer
(click here)
17. Components of Human Circulatory system : Blood vessels, Types of
blood vessels, The Heart - Answer (click here)
18. The Human Heart structure with diagram - Answer (click here)
19. Human Lymphatic system - Lymphoid cells and tissues, Thymus,
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, The lymphatic circulation - Answer (click
 here)
20. The structure of a peripheral nerve : Central nervous system (C N S)
Peripheral nervous system Autonomous nervous system , brain - Answer
(click here)
21. Human Brain : Prosencephalon (Fore brain), Mesencephalon (mid
brain), Rhombencephalon (hind brain), Brain stem, Pachymenix,
Leptomeninges - Answer (click here)
22. The Eye - Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
23. Ears (The organs of hearing) - The Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
24. Endocrine system and glands : Pituitary gland (or) Hypophysis, thyroid,
parathy roids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries - Answer (click here)
25. Urinary system : kidneys (renes), ureters, the uri-nary bladder (vesica
urinaria) and the urethra - Answer (click here)
26. Male reproductive organs - Answer (click here)
27. Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)

GENETICS
1. GENETICS - Answer (click here)
2. Quantitive inheritance - GENETICS - Answer (click here)
3. Genetics : Sex determination in Human beings - Answer (click here)
4. Male haploidy or Haplo-diploidy mechanism - Answer (click here)
5. Genetics : Sex - linked Inheritance - Answer (click here)
6. Genetics : Pleiotropy - Answer (click here)

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. Developmental Biology - Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis,
Fertilization - Answer (click here)
2. Types of eggs - Answer (click here)
3. Cleavage and types - Frog's egg - Answer (click here)
4. Gastrulation in frog embryo - Answer (click here)
5. Organogenesis of Frog - Answer (click here)

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
1. Corals - reef builders - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here)
2. Earthworm - Vermiculture - Answer (click here)
3. Uses and types of Beneficial Insects : Productive Insects - Honey bee,
Silk worms, Lac insects. Helpful Insects : Insect - Predators - Answer
(click here)
4. Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click
 here)
5. Pearl Oyster - Answer (click here)
6. Fishes - Nutritive value - Answer (click here)
7. Guano (Bird excreta) - Answer (click here)
8. Aquarium - Setting up an aquarium tank - Answer (click here)
9. Vivarium ( Zoo ) and List of important Zoos - Answer (click here)
10. Disease causing organisms - Vectors : Housefly - Musca domestica,
Sand flies - Phlebotomus papatasi, Rat fleas - Xenopsylla cheopis, The
human louse - Pediculus humanus, Mosquitoes : Anopheles, Culex,
Aedes sp - Answer (click here)
11. Poisonous Organisms : Physalia, Scorpion, Centipede, Honey bees and
Wasps, Poisonous fishes, Poisonous snakes - Answer (click here)
12. Poisonous snakes : Cobra, Krait, Vipers, Sea Snakes and Poison
Apparatus of a Snake - Answer (click here)
13. Fouling Organisms - Answer (click here)
14. Pests - Pests of Crops : Cotton, Paddy, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Coconut
palm, Stored grains, household goods - Answer (click here)

ORIGIN OF LIFE
1. ORIGIN OF LIFE - Theories - Answer (click here)
2. Geological time scale : Palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era -
Answer (click here)
3. Fossils : Fossilization, Evolutionary significance of fossils, List of
Important fossils - Answer (click here)
4. Extinct animals-mass extinction : Causes and Pattern of extiniction -
Answer (click here)

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.),
Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins(Polypeptides) - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency Ailments -
Answer (click here)
6. Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Answer (click
here)
7. The digestive system and The process of digestion - Answer (click here)
8. Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment - Answer
(click here)
 9. Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of Hernia -
Answer (click here)
10. Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Answer (click
here)
11. Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in fracture,
Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Arthiritis ,
Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Answer (click here)
12. Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Answer (click here)
13. Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Answer (click here)
14. Benefits of aerobic exercise - Answer (click here)
15. Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Process of pulmonary respiration - Answer (click here)
17. Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Answer (click
here)
18. Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Answer (click here)
19. Herring - Breuer reflex - Answer (click here)
20. Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute and
Chronic Bronchitis - Answer (click here)
21. Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Answer (click
here)
22. Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Answer (click
here)
23. Angina pectoris - Answer (click here)
24. Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty - Answer
(click here)
25. Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) - Answer
(click here)
26. ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Answer (click here)
27. Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Answer (click here)
28. Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Answer (click here)
29. Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Answer (click here)
30. Human Nervous system - Answer (click here)
31. Human brain - Answer (click here)
32. Types of memory - Answer (click here)
33. Types of sleep - Answer (click here)
34. Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
35. Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex -
Answer (click here)
36. Right and Left Human brain concept - Answer (click here)
37. Spinal cord functioning - Answer (click here)
38. Functions of Endocrine glands - Answer (click here)
39. Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Answer (click here)
40. Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Answer (click here)
41. Human Insulin - Answer (click here)
42. Human Glucagon - Answer (click here)
43. Gonads : Testis and Overies - Answer (click here)
44. Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Answer (click here)
45. Human eye : Errors of refraction - Answer (click here)
46. Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Answer (click here)
47. Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Answer (click here)
48. Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections, Symptoms,
Treatment - Answer (click here)
49. EAR - Some Information - Answer (click here)
50. Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Answer (click here)
51. Defects of the Human ear - Answer (click here)
52. Human Hearing Aid - Answer (click here)
53. Noise pollution - Answer (click here)
54. Human Skin and Functions of skin - Answer (click here)
55. Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Answer (click here)
56. Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
57. Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Answer (click here)
58. Human Excretion - Answer (click here)
59. Mechanism of urine formation - Answer (click here)
60. Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Answer (click here)
61. Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation - Answer
(click here)
62. Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Answer (click here)
63. Functioning of male reproductive system - Answer (click here)
64. Functioning of female reproductive system - Answer (click here)
65. Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Answer (click here)
66. In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Answer (click
here)
67. Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Answer (click here)

MICROBIOLOGY
1. History of Medical microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Answer (click here)
5. Bacterial structure And Culture - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
7. Bacterial Diseases - Answer (click here)
 8. Protozoan microbiology - Answer (click here)
9. Larval microbiology - Answer (click here)
10. AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Control and Management - Answer (click here)

IMMUNOLOGY
1. IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired
Immunity (Specific immunity) - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Answer (click here)
4. Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
(MALT) - Answer (click here)
5. Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains,
Transplantation immunology - Answer (click here)
6. Classification of grafts - Answer (click here)
7. Immune system disorders - Answer (click here)

MODERN GENETICS
1. Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Human Genome Project (HGP) - Answer (click here)
5. Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical
Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Answer (click here)
6. Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -
Answer (click here)
7. Gene therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
10. Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome sequencing,
DNA library - Answer (click here)
11. Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Answer (click here)
12. Human population and explosion - Issues - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and
Environmental - Answer (click here)
2. Global warming : Green house effect - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Greenhouse Gases - Answer (click here)
 4. Effects of Global warming - Answer (click here)
5. Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of Ozone
depletions - Answer (click here)
6. Waste management - Answer (click here)
7. Waste management : Classification of wastes - Answer (click here)
8. Management of hazardous wastes - Answer (click here)
9. Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management -
Answer (click here)
10. Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and non
Governmental organizations - Answer (click here)
11. Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Answer (click here)
12. Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Answer (click here)
13. Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar energy,
Fossil fuels - Answer (click here)
14. Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Answer (click here)
15. Fresh water crisis and management - Answer (click here)
16. Freshwater resources - Answer (click here)
17. Freshwater shortages - Answer (click here)
18. Freshwater Management - Answer (click here)

APPLIED BIOLOGY
1. Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds,
Draught breeds - Answer (click here)
3. Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red
Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here)
4. Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here)
5. Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here)
6. Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here)
7. Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here)
8. Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here)
9. Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here)
10. Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here)
11. Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding -
Answer (click here)
12. Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here)
13. Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here)
14. Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here)
15. Haemocytometer - Answer (click here)
16. Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here)
17. ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
18. Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography
(CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here)
19. Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
20. Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
1. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Answer (click here)
2. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Answer (click here)
3. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Answer (click here)
4. Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of
Evolution - Answer (click here)