Chapter 9 Miscellaneous Problems

dy
C09S0M.001: Given = 2x + cos x, y(0) = 0:
dx

y(x) = x2 + sin x + C;
0 = y(0) = C;
y(x) = x2 + sin x.

A Mathematica command for solving this initial value problem is

DSolve[ { y
[x] == 2∗x + Cos[x], y[0] == 0 }, y[x], x ]
and other computer algebra systems, such as Maple, Derive, and MATLAB, use similar commands.

dy
C09S0M.002: Given = 3x1/2 + x−1/2 , y(1) = 10:
dx

y(x) = 2x3/2 + 2x1/2 + C;

10 = y(1) = 4 + C;

y(x) = 2x3/2 + 2x1/2 + 6.

dy
C09S0M.003: Given: = (y + 1)2 .
dx
dy
= 1 dx;
(y + 1)2
1
− = x + C;
y+1
1
y+1=− ;
x+C
1
y(x) = −1 − .
x+C

dy
C09S0M.004: Given: = (y + 1)1/2 .
dx
 2  2
x+C x+C
(y + 1)−1/2 dy = 1 dx; 2(y + 1)1/2 = x + C; y+1= ; y(x) = −1 + .
2 2

dy
C09S0M.005: Given: = 3x2 y 2 , y(0) = 1.
dx
1
y −2 dy = 3x2 dx; −(y −1 ) = x3 + C; y(x) = − .
x3 + C
1 1
But 1 = y(0) = − , and therefore y(x) = .
C 1 − x3

dy
C09S0M.006: Given: = x1/3 y 1/3 , y(1) = 1.
dx
1
  3/2
3x4/3 + C
4y −1/3 dy = 4x1/3 dx; 6y 2/3 = 3x4/3 + C; y(x) = .
6

 3/2  3/2
3+C x4/3 + 1
But 1 = y(1) = , so C = 3. Therefore y(x) = .
6 2
A computer algebra system may return the solution in a quite different form. For example, the Mathe-
matica command

DSolve[ { y
[x] == (x∗y[x])∧(1/3), y[1] = 1 }, y[x], x ]

returns the particular solution

√
1 + 3x4/3 + 3x8/3 + x4
y(x) = √ .
2 2

dy
C09S0M.007: Given: x2 y 2 = 1.
dx
 1/3
−2 −1 3
2
3y dy = 3x dx; y = −3x
3
+ C; y(x) = C− .
x

dy
C09S0M.008: Given: x1/2 y 1/2 = 1.
dx
 √ 2/3
3y 1/2 dy = 3x−1/2 dx; 2y 3/2 = 6x1/2 + 2C; y(x) = 3 x + C .

dy
C09S0M.009: Given: = y 2 cos x, y(0) = 1.
dx
1
y −2 dy = (cos x) dx; −(y −1 ) = C + sin x; y(x) = − .
C + sin x

1 1
But 1 = y(0) = − , so C = −1. Therefore y(x) = .
C 1 − sin x

dy
C09S0M.010: Given: = y 1/2 sin x, y(0) = 4.
dx
 2
−1/2 C − cos x
y dy = (sin x) dx; 2y 1/2
= C − cos x; y(x) = .
2

Then we impose the condition y(0) = 4 on the second of the preceding equations:
√
2 4 = C − cos 0; C − 1 = 4; C = 5.
 2
5 − cos x
Therefore y(x) = .
2
√
dy y 2 (1 − x )
C09S0M.011: Given: = 2 √ .
dx x 1− y

2
 1 − y 1/2 1 − x1/2
2
dy = dx;
y x2

(y −2 − y −3/2 ) dy = (x−2 − x−3/2 ) dx;

1 2 1 2
− √ = − √ + C.
y y x x

You should leave the solution in this (implicitly defined) form because it’s troublesome to solve for y explicitly
as a function of x. Mathematica finds two solutions:
√
x − 2x3/2 + 2x2 + Cx2 ± 2 x3 − 2x7/2 + x4 + Cx4
y(x) = .
1 − 4x1/2 + 4x + 2Cx − 4Cx3/2 + C 2 x2

dy y 1/2 (x + 1)3
C09S0M.012: Given: = 1/2 .
dx x (y + 1)3
(y + 1)3 (x + 1)3
1/2
dy = dx;
y x1/2

(y 5/2 + 3y 3/2 + 3y 1/2 + y −1/2 ) dy = (x5/2 + 3x3/2 + 3x1/2 + x−1/2 ) dx;

2 7/2 6 5/2 2 6
y + y + 2y 3/2 + 2y 1/2 = x7/2 + x5/2 + 2x3/2 + 2x1/2 + C.
7 5 7 5

C09S0M.013: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = Cx3 + x3 ln x. (—C.H.E.)

x
C09S0M.014: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
3 − Cx − x ln x
 
1−x
C09S0M.015: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = C exp . (—C.H.E.)
x3
x
C09S0M.016: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
1 + Cx + 2x ln x

C + ln x
C09S0M.017: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
x2
 
1 2
C09S0M.018: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = tan C + x + x . (—C.H.E.)
3

C09S0M.019: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = (x3 + C)e−3x . (—C.H.E.)

x2
C09S0M.020: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
x5 + Cx2 + 1

C09S0M.021: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = 2x−3/2 + Cx−3 . (—C.H.E.)

C + ln(x − 1)
C09S0M.022: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
x+1

x1/2
C09S0M.023: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
6x2 + Cx1/2 + 2

3
 x3 + 3x2 + 3x + C
C09S0M.024: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
(x + 1)2

C09S0M.025: Given:

dy dy
= ex + y; that is, − y = ex . (1)
dx dx
This is a linear differential equation with integrating factor ρ(x) = e−x . Multiplication of both sides of the
second equation in (1) by ρ(x) yields

dy
e−x − e−x y = 1;
dx
e−x y = x + C;

y(x) = (x + C)ex .

e2x + C
C09S0M.026: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = . (—C.H.E.)
x
C09S0M.027: As a separable equation:

1
dy = 3x2 dx; ln(y + 7) = x3 + C1 ;
y+7
     
y + 7 = exp x3 + C1 = C exp x3 ; y(x) = −7 + C exp x3 .

dy
As the linear equation − 3x2 y = 21x2 :
dx
 
 
Integrating factor: ρ(x) = exp 2
(−3x ) dx = exp −x3 .

Thus

     
y(x) · exp −x3 = 21x2 exp −x3 dx = −7 exp −x3 + C.
 
Therefore y(x) = −7 + C exp x3 .

C09S0M.028: As a separable equation:

1 2x
dy = 2 dx; ln(y + 1) = C1 + ln(x2 + 1);
y+1 x +1
 
y + 1 = exp C1 + ln(x2 + 1) = C(x2 + 1); y(x) = −1 + C(x2 + 1).

In “standand” linear form

dy 2x 2x
− 2 y = 2 ,
dx x + 1 x +1
the equation has integrating factor
 
2x 1
ρ(x) = exp − dx = .
x2 + 1 x2 + 1

4
Hence

1 2x 1
2
y = dx = − 2 + C.
x +1 (x2 + 1)2 x +1

Therefore y(x) = −1 + C(x2 + 1) = Ax2 + B.

1 1 1
C09S0M.029: First note that = − . So
x2 + 5x + 6 x+2 x+3
    
1 1 1
2
dx = 1 dt; − dx = t + C1 ;
x + 5x + 6 x+2 x+3
x+2 x+2
ln = t + C1 ; = Cet ;
x+3 x+3
7
= Ce0 = C; 8(x + 2) = 7(x + 3)et ;
8
21et − 16
(8 − 7et )x = 21et − 16; x(t) = .
8 − 7et
 
1 1 2 1
C09S0M.030: First note that = − . Then
2x2 + x − 15 11 2x − 5 x + 3
   
1 2 1 2x − 5
− dx = 1 dt; ln = 11t + C1 ;
11 2x − 5 x + 3 x+3
2x − 5 15
= Ce11t ; C= ;
x+3 13
2x − 5 15 11t
= e ; 26x − 65 = (15x + 45)e11t ;
x+3 13
45e11t + 65
26x − 15e11t x = 45e11t + 65; x(t) = .
26 − 15e11t

C09S0M.031: Let τ denote the half-life of potassium, so that τ is approximately 1.28 × 109 . Measure
time t also in years, with t = 0 corresponding to the time when the rock contained only potassium, and with
t = T corresponding to the present. Then at time t = 0, the amount of potassium was Q(0) and no argon
was present. At present, the amount of potassium is Q(T ) and the amount of argon is A(T ), where A(t) is
the amount of argon in the rock at time t. Now

Q(t) = Q0 e−(t ln 2)/τ , so that A(t) = 1

9 (Q0 − Q(t)) .

We also are given the observation that A(T ) = Q(T ). Thus

Q0 − Q(t) = 9Q(T ), and so Q(T ) = (0.1)Q0 = Q0 e−(T ln 2)/τ .

Therefore

T ln 10
ln 10 = ln 2 and thus T = (1.28 × 109 ) ≈ 4.2521 × 109 .
τ ln 2
Thus the rock is approximately 4.25 × 109 years old.

5
C09S0M.032: Let T (t) denote the temperature of the buttermilk (in degrees Celsius) at time t (in minutes);
let A denote the temperature on the front porch. Assume that the buttermilk is placed on the porch at time
t = 0. Then Newton’s law of cooling takes the form

dT
= k(T − A),
dt
but in this special case we have A = 0, so that the temperature undergoes “natural decay,” much like
radioactive decay. Thus, as in the derivation of Eq. (5), we have T (t) = T0 ekt , although k < 0 in this
problem. We know that T0 = T (0) = 0, so that T (t) = 25ekt ; moreover, the information that T (20) = 15
yields
 
1 3
25e20k = 15, so that k = ln .
20 5

Finally, we solve T (t) = 5:

ln 5 20 ln 5
25e5k = 5; e−kt = 5; t=− = −  3  ≈ 63.01.
k ln 5

Answer: The buttermilk will be at 5◦ C about 1 hour and 3 minutes after placing it on the porch.

dA
C09S0M.033: First, = −kA, so A(t) = A0 e−kt .
dt
3 4
A0 = A0 e−k , so k = ln .
4 3
Also

1
A0 = A0 e−kT
2
where T is the time required for half the sugar to dissolve. So

ln 2 ln 2
=T = ≈ 2.40942 (minutes),
k ln( 43 )

so half of the sugar is dissolved in about 2 minutes and 25 seconds.

dI
C09S0M.034: = −(1.4)I, so I(x) = I0 e−(1.4)x .
dx
ln 2
(a) I(x) = 12 I0 : I0 e−(1.4)x = 12 I0 ; e(1.4)x = 2; x = ≈ 0.495 (meters).
1.4
1
(b) I(10) = I0 e−(1.4)(10) ≈ (0.000000832) I0 ; that is, about I0 .
1202600
ln 100
(c) I(x) = (0.01)I0 : As in part (a), x = ≈ 3.29 (meters).
1.4

C09S0M.035: We begin with the equation p(x) = (29.92)e−x/5 .

   
(a) p 10000
5280 ≈ 20.486 (inches); p 30000
5280 ≈ 9.604 (inches).
(b) If x is the altitude in question, then we must solve
 
29.92
15 = (29.92)e−x/5 , and thus x = 5 ln ≈ 3.4524 (miles),
15

6
approximately 18230 feet.
(c) According to Trails Illustrated Topo Map 322 “Denali National Park and Preserve” (Trails Illus-
trated, Evergreen, CO, 1990, 1993) and other sources, the summit of Mt. McKinley is 20320 ft above sea
level. We evaluate
 
 20320  20320
p 5280 = (29.92) exp ≈ 13.8575
5 · 5280

to find that the atmospheric pressure at the summit is about 13.86 inches of mercury. For an engrossing
story of an ascent of this peak, see Ruth Anne Kocour’s Facing the Extreme (with Michael Hodgson, New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).

C09S0M.036: The differential equation and initial condition are

dA
= −kA; A(0) = A0 = 10S
dt
with time t measured in days. We solve the differential equation:

1 dA
· = −k;
A dt
ln A = −kt + C;

A(t) = e−kt+C = eC e−kt = C1 e−kt

where C1 = eC is a constant. Next, A(0) = 10S = C1 , and therefore

A(t) = 10Se−kt .

To find k, we use the information that A(100) = 7S:

10 1 10
10Se−100k = 7S; e100k = ; k= ln .
7 100 7
To find when it is safe to return to the contaminated area, we solve A(T ) = S:

1 100 ln 10
10Se−kT = S; ekT = 10; T = ln 10 =   ≈ 646.
k ln 10
7

It will be safe to return to the contaminated area 646 days after the accident.

C09S0M.037: The decay constant k satisfies the equation 140k = ln 2, and so k = (ln 2)/140. Measuring
radioactivity as a multiple of the “safe level” 1, it is then P (t) = 5e−kt with t measured in days. When we
solve P (t) = 1, we find that t ≈ 325.07, so the room should be safe to enter in a little over 325 days.

C09S0M.038: The projected revenues are r(t) = (1.85)e(0.03)t and the projected budget is b(t) = 2ekt for
some constant k (values of both functions are in billions of dollars; remember that in the U.S., a billion is a
thousand million). To have a balanced budget in seven years, we solve r(7) = b(7):

  0.21 + ln(0.925)
(1.85)e0.21 = 2e7k ; 7k = ln (0.925)e0.21 = 0.21 + ln(0.925); k= ≈ 0.01886264.
7
So the annual budget increase should be approximately 1.886%.

7
C09S0M.039: The characteristic equation

6r2 − 19r + 15 = (2r − 3)(3r − 5) = 0

3
has the real distinct roots r1 = 2 and r2 = 53 . Hence the general solution of the differential equation is

y(x) = Ae3x/2 + Be5x/3 , for which

3 3x/2 5 5x/3
y
(x) = Ae + Be .
2 3
The initial conditions yield

13 = y(0) = A + B and
3 5
21 = y
(0) = A + B,
2 3
and it quickly follows that A = 4 and B = 9. Hence y(x) = 4e3x/2 + 9e5x/3 .

C09S0M.040: Alternatives to the manual methods demonstrated in the previous solution include use of a
computer algebra system such as Mathematica 3.0:

Solve[ 50∗r∧2 − 5∗r − 28 == 0, r ]

{{ r → − 10
7
}, { r → 4
5 }}

y[x ] := a∗Exp[ 4∗x/5 ] + b∗Exp[ −7∗x/10 ]

Solve[ { y[0] == 25, y
[0] == −10 }, { a, b } ]

{{ a → 5 }, { b → 20 }}

Therefore the solution of the given initial value problem is y(x) = 5e4x/5 + 20e−7x/10 . For an even shorter
solution, execute the command

DSolve[ { 50∗y

[x] - 5∗y
[x] - 28∗y[x] == 0, y[0] == 25, y
[0] == −10 }, y[x], x ]

—which returns the solution in the form y(x) = e−7x/10 (20 + 5e3x/2 ).

C09S0M.041: The characteristic equation

121r2 + 154r + 49 = (11r + 7)2 = 0

has the repeated root r1 = r2 = − 11

7
, and thus the given equation has general solution

y(x) = (Ax + B)e−7x/11 , for which

 
y
(x) = A − 11
7
Ax − 11
7
B e−7x/11 .

The initial conditions then yield A = 17 and B = 11, and hence the solution of the given initial value
problem is y(x) = (17x + 11)e−7x/11 .

C09S0M.042: The characteristic equation

8
 169r2 − 130r + 25 = (13r − 5)2 = 0
5
has the repeated roots r1 = r2 = 13 . Thus the given equation has general solution

y(x) = (Ax + B)e5x/13 , for which

 
y
(x) = A + 13
5 5
Ax + 13 B e5x/13 .

It follows from the initial conditions that A = 29 and B = 26. Hence the solution of the original initial value
problem is y(x) = (29x + 26)e5x/13 .

C09S0M.043: First we solve the characteristic equation:

100r2 + 20r + 10001 = 0; 100r2 + 20r + 1 = −10000;

(10r + 1)2 = (100i)2 ; 10r + 1 = ±100i;

1
r = − ± 10i.
10
So the general solution of the differential equation may be expressed in the form

y(x) = e−x/10 (A cos 10x + B sin 10x), for which

 

−x/10 1 1
y (x) = e 10B cos 10x − 10A sin 10x − A cos 10x − B sin 10x .
10 10

Then the initial conditions yield A = 10 and B = 1, so the solution of the given initial value problem is

y(x) = e−x/10 (10 cos 10x + sin 10x)

C09S0M.044: First we solve the characteristic equation:

100r2 + 2000r + 10001 = 0; (10r + 100)2 = −1;

1
10r + 100 = ±i; r = −10 ± i.
10
Therefore the given differential equation has general solution
 x x
y(x) = e−10x A cos + B sin , for which
10 10
 
1 x 1 x x x
y
(x) = e−10x B cos − A sin − 10A cos − 10B sin .
10 10 10 10 10 10

The initial conditions yield A = 1 and B = 10. Hence the solution of the original initial value problem may
be written in the form
 x x
y(x) = e−10x cos + 10 sin .
10 10

9
The solutions of Problems 43 and 44 demonstrate vividly some of the effects on an underdamped system of
increasing the damping coefficient—quicker damping, increased pseudoperiod.

C09S0M.045: Part (a): With N in thousands (of transistors) and t in years, we have N (t) = 29ert .
Part (b): In 1993 we have t = 14. So

31000 1 31000
31000 = N (14) = 29e14r ; 14r = ln ; r = ln ≈ 0.498174761.
29 14 29
Expressed as a percentage, the annual growth rate is about 49.8%. Part (c): Let τ denote the “doubling
time” and let N0 = N (0). Then from the equation N (τ ) = 2N0 = N0 erτ we find that

ln 2 14 ln 2
τ = = ≈ 1.39137354
r ln 31000
29

years. Thus the doubling time is 12τ , about 16.7 months. Part (d): In the year 2001 we have t = 22, so
in that year the typical microcomputer would be expected to contain

N (22) = 29e22r ≈ 1,668,007.855

thousand transistors; that is, about 1668 million transistors. In American English, that’s about 1.668 billion
transistors; in British English, it’s about 1.668 thousand million transistors (a British “billion” is a million
millions).

C09S0M.046: An atom of 14 C weighs about w = 2.338 × 10−23 grams. If we take the half-life of 14 C to be
τ = 5700 years, then at least 70,000,000/τ half-lives have elapsed since the demise of the dinosaur. Working
backwards from “today,” 5700 years ago we would expect to find two atoms of 14 C, 2 · 5700 years ago there
would be four such atoms, and so on. So the weight of the 14 C in the living dinosaur would be at least

212000 w ≈ 5.3554 × 103589

grams. By comparison, the earth weighs about 5.988 × 1027 grams. So even if no other elements were
present in the dinosaur’s body, it would have weighed well over 103560 times as much as the earth. In fact,
its weight would have been an extremely large multiple of the total mass of the universe!

C09S0M.047: The differential equation leads to

C − kt
P −1/2 dP = −k dt; 2P 1/2 = C − kt; P 1/2 = ;
2
1/2 C 60 − kt
30 = [P (0)] = ; C = 60; P 1/2 = .
2 2
Then the information that P (6) = 441 yields

 2
1/2 60 − 3t
21 = [P (6)] = 30 − 3k; k = 3; P (t) = .
2
Because we have measured time t in weeks, the answer is that all the fish will die at the end of 20 weeks.
1 √ 2 √ 2
C09S0M.048: Proof: Suppose that P (t) = 2 kt + P0 . Then P (0) = P0 = P0 and

dP  
= 2 12 kt + P0 · 12 k
dt
10
and
 
1
k P (t) = k 2 kt + P0 .
 √ 2
Therefore P (t) = 12 kt + P0 is a solution of the initial value problem given here. Moreover, if P is
differentiable and satisfies the given initial value problem, then

C + kt
P −1/2 dP = k dt; 2P 1/2 = C + kt; P 1/2 = ;
2
√
1/2 C kt + 2 P0
P0 = [P (0)] = ; C = 2 P0 ; P 1/2 = ;
2 2
 2
P (t) = 12 kt + P0 .
1 √ 2
Therefore P (t) = 2 kt + P0 is the [unique] solution of the given initial value problem.

2 
1
C09S0M.049: Given (in effect): P (t) = 2 kt
+ P0 , P0 = 100 (we take t = 0 [years] in 1970 and
measure population in thousands), and P (10) = 121. Thus
1 2
P (t) = 2 kt + 10 ,

and therefore 121 = P (10) = (5k + 10)2 , so that 5k + 10 = ±11. Because k > 0, we see that k = 15 , and
hence
 1
2
P (t) = 10 t + 10 .

Thus in the year 2000 the population will be P (30) = 169 (thousand). The population will be 200 (thousand)
when P (T ) = 200:

  √ √ 
1
10 T + 10 = 200; 1
10 T + 10 = 10 2; T = 100 2 − 1 ≈ 41.4.

Thus the population will reach 200000 in the “year” 1970 + 41.4 = 2011.4; that is, about May 26, 2011.

dP
C09S0M.050: Given: = kP 2 , P (0) = P0 where k > 0. Then
dt

1 1 1
− dP = −k dt; = C − kt; P (t) = ;
P2 P C − kt
1 1 P0
P0 = P (0) = ; C= ; P (t) = .
C P0 1 − kP0 t

C09S0M.051: If P0 = 2 and P (3) = 4 (time t is measured in months), then

2 2 1
P (t) = ; 4 = P (3) = ; 1 − 6k = ;
1 − 2kt 1 − 6k 2
1 2 12
k= ; P (t) = 1 = 6 − t.
12 1 − 6t
Answer: lim P (t) = +∞.
−
t→6

11
C09S0M.052: We are given

dv
= −kv 2 , v0 = v(0) = 40
dt
where k is a positive constant. Thus (part(a))

1 1 1
− dv = k dt; = C + kt; v(t) = ;
v2 v C + kt
1 1 40
40 = v(0) = ; C= ; v(t) =
C 40 1 + 40kt
for t
0. For part (b), we have

40 1
20 = v(10) = ; 1 + 400k = 2; k= ;
1 + 400k 400
40 400
v(t) = 1 = .
1 + 10 t 10 + t

Hence v(T ) = 5 when

400
= 5; 10 + T = 80; T = 70.
10 + T
Answer: After 70 s the boat will slow to a speed of 5 ft/s.

dP
C09S0M.053: First we solve the initial value problem = −3P 1/2 , P (0) = 900, with t measured in
dt
weeks:


P −1/2 dP = −3 dt; 2P 1/2 = C − 3t; 2 · 30 = C − 3 · 0;

9 2
2P 1/2 = 60 − 3t; P (t) = (20 − t) .
4
So all the fish will die after 20 weeks.

C09S0M.054: Let x(t) denote the position of the race car at time t (the units are meters and seconds)
and let v(t) = x
(t) denote its velocity then. First we solve the initial value problem

dv
= −kv, v(0) = v0
dt
where v0 denotes the initial velocity of the race car and k is a positive constant. By Theorem 1 of Section
7.5 the solution is v(t) = v0 e−kt . Moreover, v
(0) = −2, and thus −2 = −kv0 , so that k = 2/v0 . Next,

v0 −kt 1
x(t) = C − e = C − v02 e−2t/v0
k 2
 
and 0 = x(0) = C − 12 v02 , so that x(t) = 12 v02 1 − e−2t/v0 . Next, v(t) → 0 as t → +∞, so that

1 2
1800 = lim x(t) = v ,
t→∞ 2 0
and this implies that v0 = 60 (meters per second), a little over 134 mi/h.

12
C09S0M.055: Problem 33 in Section 9.3 is to derive the initial value problem

dP
= rP − c, P (0) = P0
dt
where P (t) is the balance owed at time t (in months), where r is the monthly interest rate (compounded
continuously) and c is the monthly payment (assumed made continuously). First we need to solve this initial
value problem:

 
r dP
= r dt; ln(rP − c) = C + rt; rP − c = Aert ;
rP − c
1  1 c + (rP0 − c) ert
P (t) = c + Aert ; P0 = P (0) = (c + A) ; P (t) = .
r r r
In this problem, the loan is to be paid off in 25 · 12 = 300 months, and thus P (300) = 0. We use this
information to solve for the monthly payment c:

c + (rP0 − c)e300r
= 0;
r
 
c 1 − e300r + rP0 e300r = 0;

rP0 e300r
c= .
e300r − 1
With P0 = 120000 and r = 0.08/12, we find that c = $925.21. With r = 0.12/12 we find that c = $1262.87.
In the latter case the total of all 300 monthly payments is $378862.45.

dv
C09S0M.056: First we solve the initial value problem 1000 = 5000 − 100v, v(0) = 0:
dt
 
dv dv 1 1
10 = 50 − v; = dt; − ln(50 − v) = t − C;
dt 50 − v 10 10
1
ln(50 − v) = C − t; 50 − v = Ae−t/10 ; v(t) = 50 − Ae−t/10 ;
10
 
0 = v(0) = 50 − A; v(t) = 50 1 − e−t/10 .

Because v(t) → 50 as t → +∞, the powerboat can attain any speed up to 50 ft/s. (Technically, there is no
maximum speed, but the boat can reach speeds arbitrarily close to 50 ft/s.)

C09S0M.057: Let h(t) denote the temperature within the freezer (in degrees Celsius) at time t (in hours),
with t = 0 corresponding to the time the power goes off. By Newton’s law of cooling, there is a positive
constant k such that

 
dh dh
= k(20 − h); = k dt; − ln(20 − h) = kt − C;
dt 20 − h

ln(20 − h) = C − kt; 20 − h = Ae−kt ; h(t) = 20 − Ae−kt ;

−16 = h(0) = 20 − A; h(t) = 20 − 36e−kt ; h(7) = −10;

1 6
20 − 36e−7k = −10; 36e−7k = 30; k= ln .
7 5

13
Finally we solve h(T ) = 0 for

7 ln 95
T = ≈ 22.5673076.
ln 65

So the critical temperature will be reached about 22 hours and 34 minutes after the power goes off; that is,
at 9:34 p.m. on the following day. The data given here were drawn from a real incident.

C09S0M.058: By Theorem 1 of Section 9.1, the solution of the differential equation given in this problem
is A(t) = A0 e−t/400 . For part (a), we compute

A(25)
= e−1/16 ≈ 0.9394130628,
A0

and the answer is 93.94%. For part (b), we solve A(T ) = 1

2 A0 for T = 400 ln 2 ≈ 277.2588722240, so the
answer is about 277 years.

dv
C09S0M.059: The differential equation we need to solve is = a − ρv with initial condition v(0) = 0:
dt
 
−ρ
dv = (−ρ) dt; ln(a − ρv) = C − ρt; a − ρv = Ae−ρt ;
a − ρv
 
a − ρ · 0 = A; a − ρv = ae−ρt ; ρv = a 1 − e−ρt ;
a 
v(t) = 1 − e−ρt .
ρ

If a = 17.6 and ρ = 0.1, then

 
1
v(10) = 176 1 − ≈ 111.2532183538
e

feet per second, about 75.854 mi/h. Also v(t) → 176 as t → +∞, so the limiting velocity is 176 ft/s, exactly
120 mi/h.

C09S0M.060: If the safe limit of radioactivity is S, then the radiation level at time t (months) will be
r(t) = 10Se−kt where k is a positive constant. We solve r(6) = 9S for k = 16 ln 10
9 , and with this value of k
we solve r(T ) = S:

ln 10 6 ln 10
10Se−kT = S; ekT = 10; T = = ≈ 131.126072.
k ln 10
9

We divide by 12 to convert this answer in months to 10.927173 years. It will take just under 11 years for
the levels of radiation to drop to the safe limit.

C09S0M.061: Given: S(t) = 30e(0.05)t (t is in years; t = 0 corresponds to age 30).

(a) ∆A = A(t + ∆t) − A(t) ≈ (0.06)A(t) ∆t + (0.12)S(t) ∆t.

dA ∆A
= lim = (0.06)A(t) + (0.12)S(t);
dt ∆t→0 ∆t

dA
+ (−0.06)A(t) = (3.6)e(0.05)t .
dt
14
 (b) The last equation is a linear first-order differential equation. Our earlier methods yield the solution

3.6  (0.05)t 
A(t) = − e − e(0.06)t , so that
0.01
 
A(t) = 360 e(0.06)t − e(0.05)t .
 
Now A(40) = 360 e2.4 − e2 ≈ 1308.28330. Because the units in this problem are in thousands of dollars,
the answer is that the retirement money available will be $1,308,283.30.

dP
C09S0M.062: Given: = β0 e−αt P , P (0) = P0 . Then
dt

1 β0 −αt
dP = β0 e−αt dt; ln P = C − e .
P α
β0 β0
ln P0 = C − : + ln P0 .
C =
α α
   
β0 β0 β0

P (t) = exp + ln P0 − e−αt = P0 exp 1 − e−αt .
α α α

C09S0M.063: If we substitute P (0) = 106 and P
(0) = 3 × 105 into the differential equation

P
(t) = β0 e−αt P (t),

we find that β0 = 0.3. Hence the solution given in Problem 62 is

 
0.3

P (t) = P0 exp 1 − e−αt .
α

The fact that P (6) = 2P0 now yields the equation

 
f (α) = (0.3) 1 − e−6α − α ln 2 = 0

for α. We apply the iterative formula of Newton’s method,

f (αn )
αn+1 = αn − ,
f
(αn )

with f
(α) = (1.8)e−6α − ln 2 and initial guess α0 = 1. Thereby we find that α1 ≈ 0.5381, α2 ≈ 0.3926,
. . . , and α ≈ α6 ≈ 0.39148754. Therefore the limiting cell population as t → +∞ is
   
β0 0.3
P0 exp ≈ (106 ) exp ≈ 2.152 × 106 .
α 0.39148754

Therefore the tumor does not grow much further after six months. (—C.H.E.)

C09S0M.064: The characteristic equation has the repeated roots r1 = r2 = −1. Hence the differential
equation has general solution

x1 (t) = (At + B)e−t , for which

x
1 (t) = (A − At − B)e−t .

15
It follows that A = 1 and B = 0, and thus that x1 (t) = te−t .

C09S0M.065: If k = 1 − 10−2n where (without loss of generality) n is a positive integer, then the
characteristic equation has distinct real roots

r1 = −1 − 10−n and r2 = −1 + 10−n .

Thus the differential equation has general solution

x2 (t) = Aer1 t + Ber2 t , so that

x
2 (t) = r1 Aer1 t + r2 Ber2 t .

The initial conditions yield the simultaneous equations

A + B = 0,

r1 A + r2 B = 1,

and it follows that

1  r2 t 
x2 (t) = e − er1 t
r2 − r 1
e−t
     
= −n
exp 10−n t − exp −10−n t = 10n e−t sinh 10−n t .
2 · 10

C09S0M.066: If k = 1 + 10−2n where (without loss of generality) n is a positive integer, then the
characteristic equation has complex conjugate roots

r1 , r2 = −1 ± 10−n i.

Accordingly, the general solution of the differential equation is

 
x3 (t) = e−t A cos 10−n t + B sin 10−n t , for which
 
x
3 (t) = e−t 10−n B cos 10−n t − 10−n A sin 10−n t − A cos 10−n t − B sin 10−n t .

The initial conditions yield A = 0 and B = 10n , and hence

 
x3 (t) = 10n e−t sin 10−n t .

C09S0M.067: If t > 0 is fixed, then—by l’Hôpital’s rule (with w = 10−n as the variable)—

 
lim x2 (t) = lim 10n e−t sinh 10−n t
n→∞ n→∞

e−t sinh wt
= lim = lim te−t cosh wt = te−t = x1 (t).
w→0+ w w→0+

Similarly,

16
  
lim x3 (t) = lim 10n e−t sin 10−n t
n→∞ n→∞

e−t sin wt
= lim = lim te−t cos wt = te−t = x1 (t).
w→0+ w w→0+

17