GEORGIANA GALATEANU-FARNOAGA ECATERINA COMISEL Gramiatica limbii engleze pentte az sealar & OMEGAPRES & RAI Bucuresti 1993Coperta: Dana Cruceru Sanda Retinschi — sistent universitar Referenti: Alexandra Vasiliu — profesoaré Anea Tieseu — profesoara Contribufia autoarelor la elaborarea lucrarii a fost urmatoarea: G. Gaifeanu-Farnoagi: cap. 1.0. 34.—3.6.; 7-10; 11.0. 13; 18 19; 22; 2 24-26. E. Comisel: cap. 2.4.—2.5.; 3.7.~3.40.; 4-6; 44; 12: 44-17; 20; 24. Redactor: Simona Rosetti Tehnoredactor: Constantina Velcoviei ISBN 973-9143-01-6 — Omegapres ISBN 973-96189-5-2 — RA!COVINT INAINTE Lucrarea de fafa a fost conceputé ca un material de referinfé pentru elevi, profesori gi alte categorii de persoane interesate de studiul limbii engleze. In tratarea problemelor, s-a avut in vedere modul in care acestea sint prezentate in majoritatea manualelor §i gramaticilor de limba englezi din fara noastri. Au fost de asemenea in atentia autorilor progresele tnregistrate in analiza fenomenului lingvistic In general, nu numai in Romania, dar gi in Arile unde se vorbegte limba englezd, precum gi caracteristica limbii engleze contemporane de a aplica regulile flexibil gi nuantat, in functie de scopul comunicarii, de interlocutor (limbaj oficial sau familiar) si de aspectul limbii (scris_sau oral). Luind in considerafie toate aceste aspecte, Gramaticd limbii engleze pentru uz scolar -prezinta fenomenele gramaticale in mod descriptiv. 7 In cadral parti I, Morfologia, sint studiate regulile privitoare la forma euvintelor. Aceastd prima parte este considerata ca deosebit de importanta pentru cel cate studiazd limba englezi, deoarece primul Jucru care se invati in gramatica unei limbi straine este cum se formeazd categoriile gramaticale de Sark: timpurile verbului, pluralul substantivelor, comparatia adjective- lor ete. Partea a I-a gi partea a III-a, Sintaza propozifici si.Sintaxa frazei, cuprind regulile privitoare la tmbinarea cuvintelor in propozitii si a propozi- fillor in fraze. Aceasta parte este considerata de asemenea importanta, deoa- rece ea arati celui care studiazi limba englezi cum sd foloseascd formele icale pe care le-a invatat. In descrierea formei cuvintelor (In cadrul mor- fologiei) si a functionarii lor in comunicare (in eadrul sintaxei), lucrarea reia afirmajiile confinute in manualele gcolare in vigoare. Cova ce aduce in plus Gramatica limbii engleze pentre uz scolar este 0 ima- gine functionala, de ansamblu, asupra fenomenului gramatical contemporan, prin specificarea atit a unor posibile abateri de la reguli, cit gi a situatiilor in care se folosesc formele gramaticale: in vorbirea curent& sau in limba serisé, in stilul oficial sau in literatura, in varianta britanicé sau cea americana a limbii engleze. In elaborarea lucrarii, s-a pornit de la explicatiile gramaticale gi compen- diile de gramatic& cuprinse in manualele de limb englez& actualmente in uz in gcolile din fara noastré gi de 1a experienja personal gi a altor cadre didac- tice in predarea limbii engleze. In primul rind, autoarele s-au bazat pe traditia creaté de gramaticile elaborate de: Leon Levijchi, Ioan Preda —~ Gramatiea limbii engleze, Ed. Sti- infific 1967; Alice Badescu —Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Stiintifica, 1963; Catedra de limba gi literatur englezi. Universitatea din Bucuresti — Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Stiintificd, 1962; Ioana Stelanescu — Lectures in English Morphology, Univ. din Bue., 1978. Avind in vedere tendintele recente din limba englez& contemporana, au fost folosite gi lucriri publicate 3in Marea Britanie gin alte yari (vezi cap. Bibliografie); iar pentru a oferi cititorului un cadru de referinta familiar gi posibilitatea de a face compa- ratii cu structura limbii romane, definitiile generale, structura lucrarii si terminologia au fost elaborate pe baza unor gramatici ale limbii romfne: ‘Academia Romaniei—Gramatica limbii roméne, Ed. Academie: Romaniei, 1966; C. Dimitriu —Gramatica limbii roméne explicati. Morfologia, Junimea, 1979; I. Tordan, VI. Robu — Limba romani contemporand, E.D.P., 1978. Trimiterile ia sursele folosite —romAnegti sau straine —nu au fost de regula mentionate pe parcursul lucrarii pentru a nu {ngreuia Jectura, mate- rialele de referinta find specificate la sfirgitul lucrari. Datorit4 caracterului practic al lucrarii, faptele de teorie gramaticalé continute in Gramaticd au fost expuse succint gi insofite de numeroase exempli- ficati, Exemplele prezente in lucrare sint dintre cele mai simple, aga cum sint ele folosite’ in vorbirea curenta sau prezentate in alte gramatici ale limbii engleze, fiind construite pe baza unui vocabular redus gi accesibil, ugor de injeles ‘pentru elevi. Situafiile in care deosebirile dintre cele dou& limbi prezint& dificultati pentru elevul roman au fost subliniate in lucrare gi practicate in exerciiile care urmeazi fiecSrui capitol. Rezolvarea unui mare numir de exercifii a fost inclus& la sfirsitul volumului. Autoarele dorese si-si exprime gratitudinea fa} de autorii gramaticilor limbii* engleze mentionafi anterior, care au pus bazele unei solide tradijii de anglistica In Romania; mulfumirile noastre se indreapta de asemenea catre asist. univ. Sanda Retinschi de la Universitatea din Bucuresti, prof. Alexandra Vasiliu, de Ja liceul de arta George Enescu" gi prof. Anca Iliescu, de la gcoala general nr. 50 din Bucuresti, pentru competenja gi rabdarea cu care au par- Gurs lucrarea in stadiul de elaborare, oferind binevenite sugestii critice. G. G. si B.C.Partea I MORFOLOGIA (Morphology 1.0. GENERALITAJ! 0.1, Morfologia si sintaxa Cele doua parti constitutive ale gramaticii tradifionale sint morfologia gi sintaxa. Morfologia cuprinde regulile privitoare la forma cuvintelor gi la modificarile formale ale cuvintelor studiate pe parti de vorbire; sintaxa cuprinde regulile privitoare la imbinarea cuvintelor tn propozifii gi fraze*. 0.2, Criterii utilizate in definirea pirtilor de yorbire ' Unitatea de analiza in gramatica traditionali este cuvintul. Gramatica traditionala grupeazd cuvintele in zece clase ‘mari, numite parfi de vorbire: substantivul, articolul, adjectivul, pronumele, nume- ralul, verbul, adverbul, prepozifia, conjunetia si interjectia. Impartirea cuvintelor in zece parti de vorbire se bazeaza pe folosirea con- comitenta a trei crite rii: a) criteriul semantic —sensul lexical cel mai general al cla- selor de euvinte; b) criteriul morfologic =schimbarile ce au loc in forma cuvintelor pentru exprimarva calegoriilor gramatjcale de gen, numar, caz, persoana, comparatie, mod, timp, aspect si diatezd; c) criteriul sintactic = posibilitatea cuvintelor de a indeplini functii sintactice in cadrul propozifi Definirea partilor de vorbire se bazeaza pe toate cele trei criterii, un singur criteriu fiind insuficient. 6.2.4. Din punct de vedere semantic, parfile de vorbire se disting dupa ceea ce exprimi ele: ,numele unui obiect (substantivul, indirect gi Pronumele, care fine locul unui substantiv), o insugire a unui obiect (adjecti- * Gramatica limbii roméne, vol. 1, Ed. Acad. R.S.R., Bucuresti, 1966, p. 44.vul), un numér sau o determinare numeric& (numeralul), 0 actiune sau o stare (verbul), o caracteristics a unei actiuni, stari sau insugiri (adverbul), exterior zarea unui sentiment, a unei star fizice, a unui act de voinfa sau imitarea unui sunet (interjecfia)“*, Din punct de vedere al criteriului semantic, parfile de vorbire se impart in: a) parti de vorbire cu sens lexical de sine statator, gicare pot fi parti de proporifie: substantivul, adjectivul, pronumele, numeralul, verbul, adverbul $i interjectia; b) parfi de vorbire care nu au intotdeauna sens lexical de sine statator, exprimind raporturi intre nofiuni, gi care nu pot fi parfi de propozitie: prepozifia, conjuncfia gi articolul. 0.2.2.1n funotie de criteriul morfologic, cuvintele din limba engleza Igi modifics forma pentru exprimarea categoriilor gramaticale de gen, numér, caz, persoand, comparafie, timp, mod, aspect gi diateza. Schimbarile in forma cuvintelor care exprim& categoriile gramaticale aledtuiesc’ flexiunea, In funcfie de prezenta’ sau absenta flexiunii, cuvintele se impart tn: a) cuvinte flexibile, care au cel putin o categorie gramaticali, pentru exprimarea careia {gi modificd forma; b)cuvinte neflexibile, care nu sint marcate pentru categorii gramaticale. 0.2.3, In functie de vriteriul sintacti ec, euvintele se impart in: a) cuvinte care indeplinesc o funcfie sintactic& in propozitie, putind fi o parte principala (subiect, predicat) sau secun. dara (atribut, complement, element predicativ suplimentar] de pro- pozitie; b)cuvinte care nu au o func}ie sintactica, dar care marcheaz& funcfii sintactice : I've bought this book tor Mary. She received the parcel after paying for it, VERBUL (The Verb) Li, Detinitie Verbul este partea de vorbire caro: a) exprima actiuni, procese sau stari; b) are categorii gramaticale de persoand gi numar comune cu alte parti de vorbire gi categoriile specifice de timp, mod, aspect gi diateza; c) indeplineste funcfia sintactica de predicat, * ibid, p. 121.2, Clasificare Verbele pot fi clasiticate din punct de vedere al structurii morfologice sau din punct de vedere al sensului lexical gi al functiei. 1.2.1. Din puact de vedere ai structurii morfologice, verbele pot fi clasi- ficate In: a) verbo simple: go; b) verbe compuse: spotlight ; c} verbe cu particula adverbial’: put on’, put off, put away; d) verbe ou prepozitic obligatorie: look at, listen to, wait for, succeed in; e) looufinni verbale: take care of, make use of. Grupele a), b) gio} nu prezinta particularitaji deosebite. Pentru c) vezi § 8.7, iar pentru d) veri § 8.2.5 1.2.2, Sensul lexical al verbelor., Verbele in limba englez’ se impart in: a} verbe cu sens lexical plin, numite de obicei verbe nofionale; b} verbe cu sens lexical redus, care sint folosite mai mult cu funofii gramati- ie. Ip clasa verbelor cu sens lexical redus intra verbele co pulative, verbele auxiliare gi verbele modale. 1.2.3, Funefia sintactici a verbelor, Pe plan sintactic, verbele cu sens mnsint predicative, adic& pot forma singure predicatul unei pe elnd verbole cu sens lexical redus sint nepredicative, au nevoie de 0 complinire (verh notional, nume predicativ) pentra a deveni predicate: The child is clever. In schimb ele marcheaz& anumite categorii gramaticale. In: The film was seen by millions of people. Fimul a tost vazut de milioane de oameni. was are functia de marci a diatezei pasive, timpul Past Tense, persoana a [-e singular pentru verbul see, 1.2.4, Verbele cu sens lexioal redus se impart f 2) verbe copulative (be, si, coaform gramaticii tradifionale: appear, sesm, look, iw, become, get, gr remain, stay, etc.): He seems ill, * Pare bolnay. b)verbe auxiliare fle, have, shalljshould, will/would, mayjmight, canjcould, do) care indeplinesc funchia de marci a categorilior gramaticale de diatezi, mod, timp, aspect, persoand gi numar, a formei interogative si negative la verbele pe care Je insofesc: He was told a lis, i s-a spus o minciund. — Diateza pasiva. He was trying to catch the ball when he fell. Incerca s& prind& mingea ctnd a cazut, —Aspectul continuu, ete. o)verbe semiauxiliare sau modale fcanjeould, must, have to, may|might, shail|should, will|would, oughi to, etc.) care arata etitudinea vorbitorului fafa de enunt: — po Zt might rain-ta —necesitate: You must fini de pring, ete. S-ar putea s& ploud mai tirziu, before noon. Trebuie 38 termini tnainte1.3. Categoriile gramaticale ale verbului | tn limba englezi, verbul are forme gramaticale determinate de categoriile specifice de timp, aspect, diateza gi mod gi de categoriile nespecifice de per- soana gi numar. In functie de prezenta sau absenfa categoriilor de timp, persoana gi numar, formele verbale in limba engleza se tmpart in forme per- sonale gi nepersonale. Formele personale ale verbului (Finite Forms of the Verb) sint modurile indicativ gi subjonctiv. La aceste forme, verbul este. marcat pentru a exprima categoriile de timp, mod, diatez&, aspect, persoana si numar, iar din punct de vedere sintactic, ele pot forma singure predicatul gi se acordé in numar gi persoang cu subiectul. Formele nepersonale ale verbului (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb) sint infinitivul, Gerund-ul (Gerunziul), participiul prezent gi participiul trecut. Aceste forme nu au categoriile de timp, persoand si numar gi nu pot forma singure predicatul propozitiei. : 1.4, Timpul (Tense) Categoria gramaticali a timpului (Tense), categorie specifics verbelor, se referé la ordinea evenimontelor in timp, aga cum este perceputd aceasta de vorbitor in momentul vorbirii. Momentul in care are loc actul de vorbire este momentul prezent (now). Fata de acest moment, care constituie axa de referinta a prezentului, unele evenimente sint: a) anterioare, cind ele au loc inainte de momentul vorb' tele sint amintite de vorbitor): Present Perfect; b) posterioare fata de momentul vorbirii (evenimentele fiind anticipate de vorbitor, deoarece vor avea loc dup& momentul vorbirii): Future; ce) simultane cu momentul vorbirii (avind loc in acelagi timp) Present. Considerind momentul vorbirii punctul prezent, vorbitorul ‘si poate aminti un eveniment care a avut Joc la un moment anterior momentuluj vorbirii (then). In raport cu acest moment amintit then, care di nagtere axei de referinf& a trecutului, alte evenimente pot fi: (evenimen- a) anterioare momentului trecut then: Past Perfect; b) simultane cu then: Past Tense; c) posterioare: Future in the Past. De asemenea, !n momentul vorbirii (now), vorbitorul poate anticipa anumite evenimente (posterioare momentului vorbirii). in raport cu un anume eveniment posterior momentului prezent (axa de referinfi a viitorului), alte evenimente pot fi: a) anterioare: Future Perfect ; b) simultane: Puture; c) posterioare: engleza nu are marca formala pentru aceste evenimente.i, trebuie astfel luate in consideratie trei elemente: b) momentul (sivirgirii) actiunii; c) axa sau momentul de referinfa. a) Momentul vorbirii este momentul In care enunful este pronuntat de vorbitor: now, b) Momentul acfiunii este momentul in care a avut loc actiunea sau starea: now, then, tomorrow, ete. c)Momentul de referinta reprezinté axa pe care se plaseazd vorbitorul in perceperea evenimentului: axa prezentului, axa trecutului, axa viitorului. In functie de cele trei eleniente — momentul vorbirii, momentul acfiunii gi momentul de referinfi — limba englez& cunoaste urmatorul sistem de timpuri: —pe axa prezentului: Present, Present Perfect, Future; —pe exa trecutului: Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future in the Past; —pe axa viitorului: Future, Future Perfect.* 1.5. Timpul prezent simplu (Present Tense Simple) 1.5.1. Definitie. Prozentul simplu desemneazi un eveniment (0 actiune sau stare) care se intiinpl4 simultan cu momentul vorbirii (prezentul instan- taneu) sau care include momentul vorbirii (prezentul generic gi habitual). 1.5.2. Formit. Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic eu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular gi plural, cu excepfia persoaniei a Ill-a singular, care adauga -(¢)s: - I ? Eu inot. El You im. 1w{Voi | inoti, tnotati. Ea We | swim. voi |i She } swims. Typ (moat. They Eijle J inoata. (neutra) 1.5.3, Pronuntarea si ortogratierea ferminafiei -(¢)s la persoana a Hla smguia: preznta aceleagi caracteristic: ca gi terminafia de plural -(e)s a sub- ° stantivelor: (0) se pronunti: [5] dupa consoare surde: He thinks [Oinks]; [2] dupa consoane sonore gi vocale: He studies [ stadiz]. He runs [ranz]; [ig] dupa consoane sibilante: She washes [ wafiz]. Verbole say gi do au la persoana a IIl-a singular o pronunfare deosebita fafa de celelalte persoane: I say [sei] — he says [sez]; J do [du:] — he does [daz]. * Vezi; Ioana Stefinescu, Lectures in. Baglish Morphology, T.U.B., Bucuresti, 1978, pp: 201-208.Din punct de vedere al ortografiei, mejoritatea verbelor adaugi -# la persoana a III-a singular: He walks. She sees. Desinenfa devine -e8 cind verbul se termina tn 8, x, % oh, ch, toh sau o: She watches. It buzzes. He goes. 7 ; Verbele terminate in -y precedat de consoani, schimba y in { gi adaugé -es: I try —he tries. 1.5.4. Intrebuintare. Prezentul simplu are mai multe intrebuingari: 1) Prezentul generic (Generic Simple Present) exprima actiuni genoraic care au loc intr-un interval de timp nespecificat, dar care include momentul vorbirii: ‘The Earth moves round the Sun, Birds fly. Three and three make siz. ‘Adverbele de freeventa tipice pentru propozifiile generice stat: always, never, regularly, ever: Wood always floais on water. 2) Prezentul simplu este folosit pentru acfiuni obignuite, repotate (Habi- tual Simple Present ), care au loc intr-o perioada de timp generalii sau speci- fick, mentionaté prin adverbe sau locufiuni adverbiale de timp ca: on Mondays, in summer, every day sau adverbe sau lecufiuni adverbiale de freevenf& ca: often, frequently, seldom, rarely, occasionally, sometimes, once a week|month{ year: I go to school every Asy. I usually watch TV in the evening. . Nota: Prezentul simplu desemnind achiuni repetate este aproplat de prezentat _goneric deoarece nici el nu individualizeaz4 evenimentele sau specitic’ momentul actiunii. Deosebirea intre cele dowd. folesiri ale presentuiui simplu este urmatoarsa: ‘care contin acfiuni repetate subiectel este individualizat, pe cind in cole yenerice subiectul este goneral: ¥ go skiing in winter. Water boils at 100° Centi- grade. 4 doctor works hard. 3) Prezentul instantaneu (Instantaneous Simple Present) ve referk acfiuni care sint vamate ca avind Joe in intregime in momentul vosbie Aceasta intrebuinfare a prezentului simplu se intilneste fn: a) comentarii: , The goal-keeper misnes the ball and one mare goal is seored. Portarul nu prinde mingea gi se marcbeaz’ thei un gol. I now mix the bn with the cord. Acuin b) demonstra} untul cu cacao. mestec c) exclamafii: Here comes our teacher ! fata (08) vine profesorel nestes! 4) Folosiros prézentului simpin eu atte yalori temporale A) Prezentul cu valoare de viitor este intrebuinjat in proporifii principale: a) pentru exprimarea datei: Tomorrow is December 21°!. Miine este 21 de- combrie. Tomorrow is Saturday. Miine este simbata. b) pentru redarea unor acfitni planificate, unér aranjamente conform unui orer sau program stabilit (de etemplu in excurs: mai ales cu verbe de migcare ca: go, come, leave, return, start, end, finish: We leave Bucharest at sight. We arrive in Predeak at tele. i Ja ora 8, Sosim in Predeal la ora 10, coam din Bucuresti 10B) Prezentul ew valoare de viitor este tntrebuintat gi in propozitii subordo- nate: a) de timp, introduse de when, after, before, as soon as: We'll get home before it gots dark. Vom ajunge acasi inainte si se intunece. b) condifionale, introduse de if, unless, provided, in case: If it rains on Sunday, I’ repair my bieyele. Dack o sk plonk duminick, am si-mi repar bicicleta. C) Prezentul cu valoare de treeut se foloseste: a) in naratiuni, pentru inviorarea povestirii (prezentul istoric): One day, the little boy goes to the woods. There he finds a buried-treasure. b) cu vorbe ca tell, hear, learn, write, pentru a sublinia efectul prezent al unei comunicari trecute: He tells me that you have won the competition. Imi spune ci ai cigtigat concursul. 1.6. Timpul treeut simplu (Past Tense Simple)* 1.6.1. Definitie. Past Tense, aspectul simplu, desemneaza un eveniment definit care a avut loc pe axa trecutului (évenimentul este amintit In momentul prezent). 1.62. Formi. Marca timpului Past Tense simplu este, ia verbele regulate, -ed: We listened to the concert last night. Am ascultat concertul aseara. 1.6.2. Pronunfarea si ortogratieren terminafiei -ed este tn functie de ter- minafia infinitivului. -ed se pronun{a: a) [d] cind verbele se termina tn vocala sau consoana sonora [b, g, 1, m,n, v, 2, dz, 3]: play — played (pleid]; arrive — arrived [2 raiva]; b) {t] cind verbele se terming tn consoana surda [f, k, p, s, f, tf] like —liked [laikt], cross —crossed {krost]; c) {id} cind verbele se termind in - sau -d: want — wanted ['wontid]; nod — nodded { modid]. Particularitafi ortogratice ale terminatiei -ed: a) consoana finali a formei de infinitiv se dubieazd cind vocala care o precede este scurta gi accentuataé: stop — stopped; prefer — preferred, Neti, 1. Consoana final se dubleaz 1a citeva verbe, desi silaba final au este accen- tuatd: kidnap — kidnapped; handicap — handicapped; worthip — worshipped; iar la verbe terminate in -fe, «0 se dubleaz& in -ck: picnic ~ picnicked. 2. fn engleza britanica, verbele terminate tn -1 dubleaz§ aceast& consoan&, indi- ferent de’ agcont: control — controlled; travel — travelled. : * tn aceast lucrare se utilizeaz termenul englezese de Past Tense (timp trecut) pentru a denumi echivalentul din limba englezd al timpului romanese Perfectul compus, cu scopul de a nu se crea confuzii. Timpul verbal din limba romAnd este un timp compus, asemanator ca forma cu Present Perfect din limba englezd, pe cind Past Tense ongiezesc oste o formA verbal’ simpla, asemén&toare cu perfectul simplu din limba roménd: He finished classes at 1 o'clock. El a terminat cursurile la ora unu. i$ fn varianta american’ a limbii engloze, -1 se dubleazi numai dack ultima silab’ este accentuat&: controlled, dar: traveled. b) verbele terminate tn -y precedat de consoand tl schimb§ tn -i: study — studied; : c) verbele terminate in -e adaugi doar -d: move — moved. 1.6.4. In ceea ce privegte verbele neregulate, acestea au fost {mpartite in gapte grupe, in functie de pronuntarea infinitivului, a formei de Past Tense i a_participiului trecut: 4. verbe de tipul: bum — burnt — burnt 2. creep —crept —crept learn — learnt — learnt leave — left — left lend —lent —lent spend — spent — spent 3, cast —cast — cast hit —hit — hit shut — shut — shut wet — wet — wet 5. mow — mowed — mown|mowed sow — sowed — sown|sowed buy — bought — bought catch — caught — caught 4, meet — met — met hang —hung — hung win —won —won sit —sat —sat 6. wear — wore — worn grow —grew — grown swell — swelled —swollen|swelled give —gave —given write — wrote — written © 1. begin —began —begun sing — sang —sung come — came — come go —went ~gone ‘Not: In funcfie de formele pe care le au verbele la Past Tense si la participiul trecut, ele se impart in verbe regulate si verbe neregulate. Verbele regulate formeazd Past Tense si participiul trecut prin ad&ugarea terminajiei -(e)d la forma de infinitiv: listen (a asculta)— listened (a ascultat) — listened (ascultat). : Verbele neregulate sint cele care au forme deosebite pentru infinitiv, Past Tense si participiul trecut, care trebuie invatate pe dinafard. Urmeaza o lista a principalelor verbe neregulate din limba engleza, cu traducerea fn limba romani ‘a sensului lor de baz&. Notafia R indica existenfa si a unor forme regulate. Verbe neregulate Partiipia arivo arose arisen a se ridica (a)wake(n) | (a )woke, (a)woken, (a)wak(en jed | (a)wak(en Jed | a se treai rogulat: awakened been swas)soere borne be tear bore She has horme three children. Ea a ndscut troi copii, Dar: He was bom i 1970. S-a nascut tn 1970, 12Infiniti beat a bend bid bind bite bleed Pow ‘real breed bring breil burn burst buy cast catch choose cling cone cost creep deat dig draw dream. drink drive dell eat fait feed. feel fight fine flee fling forbid forget freeze get give { 90 grind grow become forgive i | I | | | | si: bid, bade, bidden| Uneori, partieipinl tre, eee Eee sereste, a educa R. burned tn engleza| navali, a erapa BeBeBeE EES se tirl, a se furisa a trage, a desena R. dreamed — in spe- cial in engieza ameri- drunken — adj. a mina, a sofs dwelled (rar) in| engloza americana engl. britanied: ate (et); ate 4 fed primi, obsine | ongl. americani: get, |feel Observes | | saiivaist Infinitie Past Tense a ianged = a sph 2 hung avea 7 i i) hung had & cual Participiul ézocut | hang had heard j £2) sseande | Pericps dave heard hidden | i hear hid a lovi | hide hit a tine 7 | a a held a lovi, a rini, i 7 hel int I urea 4, 1 hola art 7 Uo tes pistes Rett cng | hurt kept | 2 ingenunchia | american tal kept | be de obicei B, jeer, knelt a tricota | dnsel | nit a sti, a cunoaste, c Rnit | nowon [a pune, 8 ages | 7 nit new | tava | 8 Eondace Bs teamed in pectin Jnow oid | led | arse aploca, gpelena sunericnal jay led | Teane i B. leaped — in special] lead | leant | | in ¢ i a | eat i | Xe | teap a | tearnt | iearnt | Lila a | | a peca,« tse | | ja feven tmpro- | deft | mat ite | a lent | | 2'dsa, 2 perite | ee ite |e apeinde ne! j : ie a | & sheen. s ao af | a ui { 1s piords | 4a hay | ioet | a face I lie ine | | a t lose | made 1 Fa (eo) intit } a smeani met wed | 3 cost i meas mee | mown, mowed Soh | meet | motwed | mow tates nl | men iP | 8 pus oagee i Pai } Fa citi 3 |B. vidd Bay [re j | a sede do, 2 reas | | descotores read. he t | iter nid | ed | ridden | 8 sane , | rade | eng | 8 risari, 2 se vide | rang | edge | ridiea ring | oe | tigen | ridica, rie ron i | ran sain, saved | ran | sawed } saw | said i said | 2 veden sey | sien | 3 caote save sought i ee sought 304 id sold sent send iP Seton, seed act | sewed shaken se shook dja tunds oi shake | horn, shearsil | a tund: Gaertn, sheared shear | shed su t shone one shine | shanInfinitiv Partieipia treat ‘Tradueerca sntiniiveda Observatit shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep sling slit smell spit split spoil spread spring atand Heal sick sting stink strew stride string strive sweat swear swing take shod shot showed shrank, shrunk shut sang sank sat slew slept slung slit smelt sowed spoke sped” spelt apent spilt spun | seat split spoilt | spread sprang stood stole stuck stun stusl strewed strode struck strung strove sweat swore ce swam swung 4} took shod shot shown shrunk, shut sung sunk sal slain slept stun aur! smelt sown, sowed spoken sped spelt spent spilt spun spat split spoilt spread sprang | stood stolen | stuck | stung stunk strode | struck strung striven sweat sworn swept swollen, swelled swum swung | taken | strewn, strewed 15 a a a BREE BEPE RB Beee a a petrere a varsa (lapte, ete) a a a a a a a a a a a a a mari a a a a a a a a a a poteovi impagea arta se stringe, 88 scoroji inchide cinta, se) senfunda sedea neido dormi arunea (se) eraipa mitosi semana vorbi srabi, accelera ortografia cheltui; a toarce seuips despica réstita (s0) tntinde invori; a sari sta (in picioare) fata, a se furisa pi intepa, mirosi urit prosira merge cu pagi lovi ingira (pe 0 afa) néizui transpira jura; a injure matura se umfla inota logiina Ina Uneoti _ortogratiat shew, shewed, shewn| shrunken — adj. sunken — adj, R. smelled —engleza americand si Ru: speeded R. spelled — englezal ameticand R. spilled — englen american’ Past Tense: span arhaic R. spoiled — engle: american ul trectit stricken — doar I pasiv si oa adjectiv eu sens tmetaforie: pa. nic-stricken; stricken by gout si R. strived si RL sweated @ swollen head (He i ily a helled head (He is conceited)~ tie | Past Tense | Patcp | Tiadusrey | tues teach taught taught, a invita (pe i tea Rha tear tore torn a rupe, a sfigia tell told told & spune, | 2 povesti think thought thought a (se) gindi Brive trove riven 2 prospera $i R.: thrived, in special in engleza americanil throw threw thrown @ arunca thrust thrust thrust, infige tread trod trodden ® cilea understand | understood understood a intelege wear tore teorn 2 parta leave | ove teonen 2 fese wed wed wed 3 (se) cununa, gi R. wedded weep ivept rept 2 plinge ‘wet wet wet a ada i R. wetted ‘ain ton won 2 cigtiga wind, wound weound a rasuci tring orang orang 3 stoaree torte turote writin 2 serie 1.6.5. Intrebuintare. Past Tense simplu este folosit pentru a exprima: 4) 0 acfiune s&virgita si incheiaté intr-un moment trecut: a) Momentul in care a avut loc acfiunea este de obicei menfionat prin adverbe de timp ca: two hours ago (acum doua ore), yesterday (ieri), last week (saptdmina trecuta), in 1970 (in 1970) eto.: J went to the opera last night. Am fost la opera aseari. Despre acest moment se pot cere informafii prin intrebéri incepind cu when, what time, how long ago: ‘When Cind What time : La ce ord ai trecut pe How long ago } 44 you call on him? Cy cits vreme ) la el? in urma yesterday. ieri. Poca chia at five o'clock. Am trecut | la ora 5. called on him a few days ago. pe la el acum citeva zile. b) Actiunea este sivirgita si incheiata intr-un anume moment trecut, chiar dacé acesta nu este mentionat, el putind fi dedus-din context. (In schimb se poate specifica locul acfiunii): He shook his head and said no. Dadu din cap dezaprobator gi spuse nu. I met him outside the museum. M-am intilnit cu el tn fafa muzeului. ¢) Actiunea este savirgita si incheiat& tntr-un moment trecut care este precizat ca rezultat al unei introbari gi unui rispuns la Present Perfect. A: Have you seen this film? B. Yes, I have. I saw it last week. A: Ai vazut acest film? B: Da, l-am vazut. L-am vazut siptimina trecuta. Not: tn acest context(c), Past Tense are 6 funcfie anaforic’, referindu-se la un eveniment deja introdus in vorbire si deci cunoscut: 1 have been to Constanta. J visited the Aquarium and watked down the pier. 162) o acfiune repetatd in treeut, care se traduce de obicei prin imperfect tn limba roman&: J often visited him. 1l vizitam adesea. Not: 1. O actiune repetata tn trecut se mai poate exprima gi cu ajutorul verbului modal would {cu valoare ,,frecventativa") + infinitiv, aceast& construcfie fiind caracteristicd limbit literare: He would sit for hours in front of his house, looking at the stars. Stitea/obignuia s& stea ore in sir in fata casei privind stelele. In vorbirea curent& se foloseste used to + infinitio: He used to slt for hours in frond of his house. Obignuia s& stea ore fn sir in fafa casei. 2. Past Tense simplu nu se folosegte niciodat& cu valoare genericd sau instantanee, ca Present Tense simplu. 3) Past Tense simplu poate fi folosit gi cu alte valori temporale: a) cu valoare de mai-mult-ca-perfect (Past Perfect), pentru redarea unor actiuni suegesive in trecut, in special in propozifii circumstantiale de timp introduse de when, after, etc.: He went out to play after he tinished his homework. T saw him before he saw me. Aceasté folosire a lui Past Tense este caracteristicd verbelor care exprima acfiuni (activity verbs): He addressed and sealed the envelopes. b) cu valoare de prezent, pentru a exprima « rugiminte politicoasd prin verbe ca wish, want, wonder, like, intend: I wondered if you could lend me this book. Ma tntrebam daci ati putea si-mi tmprumutati cartea. ©) cu. valoare de prezent, in vorbirea indirecta, dac& verbul din propozitia principala este la un timp trecut: He told me he was ill. 4) cu valoare de vitor, in propozifii circumstantiale de timp, daca verbul din propozitia principala este la un timp trecut: He told me he would show me the photos when he eame. Mi-a spus c&-mni va arata fotografiile cind va yeni. 1.6.6. Traducerea Ini Past Tense In limba romana, Past Tense se traduce: 4) in propozifiile principale sau independente, prin: a) perfectul compus (de obicei la persoana I gia II-a) gi per- fectul simplu (aproape exclusiv la persoana a IlI-a), ctnd Past Tense exprimé o actiune trecuta incheiata, insotita sau nu de perioada de timp: yesterday. Poe ieri, J lost my umbreliad a few days ago. Mi-am pierdut acum clteva zile, last week. s siptamina trecuté, He sald goodbye and lett, Spuse la revedere gi plecé. b) im pe rfect, cind Past Tense exprim& o actiune repetata in trecut, de obicei insofita de adverbe de frecventa: She often leit her English textbook at home. + Deseori {gi uita manualul de englez& acasa. 2) in propozifiile subordonate, prin: 4) prezent, in vorbirea indirect (dup un verb trecut): He told me he was ill. Mi-a spus c& este bolnav. b) viitor, tn proppzifiile temporale, end verbul din principala esto Ja un timp trecut: He said he would bring me the book when he came to my place. Mi-a spus ci-mi va aduce cartea-cind ma va vizita. 17 @ — Gramatica limbu englezePertectul present (Present Perfect) i. Befinijie. Present Perfect desemneazi un eveniment vazut din perspectiva axe prezentului, anterior momentului vorbirii, dar a cirui ante- Tioritate nu este fixatd, avind un caracter nedefinit: DPve painted a picture. 1.7.2. Forma. tn structura formei Present Perfect intré verbul auxiliar have la prezent gi participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: - I PL |= } nara « noise, Am/Ai/Au auzit un rgomot, They He She | _ } heard a noise. A auzit un zgomot. It Eatred injare. 1) Present Perfect este folosit, la fel ca gi Past Tense, pentru a desemna un eveniment anterior momentului vorbirii, Deosebirea intre cele doud timpuri este tn axa pe care se plaseazd vorbitorul: axa prezentului (Present Perfect) sau axa trecutului (Past Tense); si in natura evenimentului descris: a) nedefinit (Present Perfect) gi b) definit, unic (Past Tense): a) I’ve seen Mary. b) 1. saw her at the conference. 2) Folosirea lui Present Perfect este asociaté cu adverbe care exprimi o perioad’ de timp deschiss, neterminata! today, this waok, this month, etc. I’ve been to the theatre this week. pe cind folosirea lui Past Tense este asociat’ cu adverbe care exprimi o peri- oadé de timp Inchisd, terminata: J went to the theatre last week. 3) Present Perfect este uncori folosit cu valoare de Past Tense, pentru a exprima o actiune savirgita in trecut gi terminaté recent sau chiar inaintea momentului vorbirii: He has come. A sosit. ‘Aceast& intrebuintare a lui Present Perfect este adescori marcat& de adverbe de timp ca just (tocmai), already (deja), up to now, so far (pind acum), lately, recently (in witima vreme): He has just phoned. Tocmai a telefonat. "Cu adverbe ca today, this morning, this month, this year, recently, 82 poate foiosi fie Past Tense, fie Present Perfect, in iunctie de: a} caracterul actiunii (definit/nedetinit} gi b) ol perioade: de timp (Incheiat3/ fneincheiata): a) Did you hear Ion Voien play recently ? (on a certain occasion). Have you heard Ion Voicu play recendly? (in the near past, not a long time ego). b) Did you see him this morning? (Now it’s five o’clock p.m.). Have you seen him ‘this morning? (Now it’s 11 a.m.). 4) Past Tense este folosit pentru evenimente care au avut loc in trecut si ai cdror autori nu mai exist in prezent, pe cind la Present Perfect, evenimen- tele au avut loc In trecut, dar autorii sau efectele evenimentelor mai exista gi tn prezent: Past Tonse Present Perfect : Marin Preda wrote several novels Eugen Barbu has written several novels and short stories. and short stories. (Marin Preda is dead.) (Eugen -Berbu is alive.) 18Did you see: the exhibition? Have you seen the exhibition? (The exhibition is closed now.) (The exhibition is still open.) John injured his arm. John has injured his arm. (It doec not hurt. him any longer.) (It still hurts him.) 5) Present Perfect este folosit. gi pentru a exprima o acfiune inceputa in trecut gi care continua gi in momentul vorbirii, Coraplinirile adverbiale de timp caracteristive pentru aceasta intrebuinfare sint cele indicind: a) lungimea perioadei de timp: for a long time (de mult& vreme), for ten minuies (de 10 minute), for jwo days (de doua nile), etc. He has been here for half an hour. Nott Prepozifia for poate ti omisé In vorbive: He has lived in Bucharest ten years. b) inceputul perioadei de timp: since yesterday (de ieri), since December (din Decembrie), since you came {de cind ai venit), ote, He has studied English since the beginning of the school year, Studiazi engleza de la inceputul anului colar. i Serioada de timp redata printr-o propozitie temporal introdusi de siaco poate fi exprimata: a) printr-un verb la Past Tense, ctnd’se specific& momentul initial al perioadei: { 2 was born, I've lived in Bucharest since | my parents came to live here. J last met you. b) printr-un verb la Present Perfect, otnd cele doug actiuni sint paralele: It hasn't stopped raining since Y’ve boen in this town. I have never come across iny friends since V've stayed in this hotel. " Atentic! Doterminaros for...jsince ... este obligatorie pentra aceastié intebuinjare a perfeotului prezent. Folosirea lui Present Perfect Simple irk determinare temporalii cu for/since ... se referé la o acfiune incheiata (vezi intrebuintarile 4, 2, 4, 8) gi nwia una care continua gi in momentul vorbirii: He has lived in Bucharest (some time in his life: he may live there again, but he is not living there nom }. A loouit tn Bucuresti (ctndva tn viefa luis poate va mai locat seolo, dar nu locuieste in Bucuresti in momontul de faa), He has studied English (some time in the past, 30 bi but he is not studying it now}. A studiat engleza (cindva in tre z um). Nota: Diferenta intre cele dont ti i reiese si din moduli In care se traduc in Hmba romana: actiunea care coutinud gi tn momentul vorbirii — prin prezent, jar cea Incheiata, petreouta im trecut inty-un moment de timp nedefinit, deci nospo- cifieat - prin perfectul compus: He has stayed in this hotel. A stat in acest hotel. He has stayed in thie hotel for week. St& in acest hotel de o siptamtad. 6) Present Perfect poate exprima o actiune caracteristicd, repetat& ta trecut, prezent gi poate gi ta viltor: He has performed in public. A interpretat in public, Aceasti intrebuinjare este maroata de adve: {adesea), always (totdeauna), never (niciodata), has alten performed in public. 7) In propozifii subordonate temporal este folosit pontra q reda o achiune anter c& o gtie, dar nu studiazi be de freevenfi ca: often ymetimes (uneori), ete. He difionale, Present Perfect ii din propozitia princi igs aepala, clnd aceasta este exprimata printr-un verb la imperativ, indicativ pre- zent sau viitor: Ring me up when you have finished. Telefoneazi-mi cind ai terminat. He will help me if he has finished his own work. Ma va ajuta dacd-gi va fi terminat treaba lui. 4.8. Mai-mult-ea-perfectul (Past Perfect Tense Simple) 1.8.1. Definifie. Past Perfect este un timp folosit cind vorbitorul se pla- seaza psihologic pe 0 axi a trecutului, pentru a desemna un eveniment anterior unui moment sau unui eveniment trecut, care este amintit in momentul vor- birii: : by ten o'clock yesterday. 1 baad finished the book { BE the Simo "you came / 1.8.2. Form&. Mai-mult-ca-perfectul se formeaza din forma de Past Tense a verbului have + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: 1{*3"} finished the book before you came. Terminasem cartea inainte s& vii tu. He had already lett by ten o'clock. El plecase deja la ora 10. 1.8.3. Tnirebuintare. Mai-mult-ca-perfectul este intrebuinjat pentru a exprima: 1) oactiune trecuta. incheiaté inaintea unui moment trecut: J had finished my Jetsons by ten o'clock yesterday. Imi terminasem lectiile inainte de ora ieri. 2) o acfiune trecuta, incheiata inaintea altei actiuni trecute: When Doris got to the theatre, the show had (already ) started. Cind a ajuns Doris ja teatru, spectacolul (deja) incepuse. Mother had cooked the dinner by the time father arrived home. Mama gatise deja cina cind a ajuns tata acasa. 1 3) o actiune trecuta, incheiata imediat tnaintea unei alte acfiuni trecute: Thad { py } got into the classroom when the bell rang. No sooner had I got into the classroom than the bell rang. Tocmai/de-abia intrasem in clas& cind a sunat clopotelul. 4) o actiune trecuta, sivirgita intr-o perioada de timp anterioara unei alte actiuni trecute, dar ajungind pina la aceasta (cu compliniri_adverbiale Incepind cu for sau since): He had been in the classroom tor two minutes when the teacher eame in. Era in clasi de doud minute cind a intrat profesorul. He had lived in Bucharest sinee 1975 when I met him. Locuia tn Bucuresti din 4975 cind lam cunoscut. Not: 1, Mai-mult-ca-perfectul este un timp utilizat mai freovent int limba englez decit in limba romana pentru exprimarea anterioritatii. (In limba romana se foloseste adeseori perfectul compus cu valoare de mai-mult-ca-perfect: The passengers got out as soon as the train had stopped. Pasagerii au coborit. de indata ce sa oprlt trenul), 2, In limba englead se poate folosi Past Tense in loc de Past Perfect in urmatoarele situafii: a) dup& conjunctia after, care indic& prin sensul et raportul de anterioritate, nemai- + fiind necesara i o forma vorbala special: The driver started the car after he cheoked the engine. Soferu} porni magina dupa ce verified motorul. 20b) tn prépozitiile subordonate temporale transformate. tn vorbire indirect cind verbul din principala este la un timp trecut: He told me he had seen a bear when he was in the mountains. Mi-a spus ch a vazut wh tirs-ctad a fost a munte. 8. In proporifiile subordonate introduse de after sau until, folosirea mai-mult-ca-per- fectului, prin contrast cu folosirea lui Past Tense, subliniazi raportal de anterioritate, faptul cd acfiunea din principala nu a avut Joc deoft dupa ce acfiunea din subordonats a fost Incheiata: The pupil on duty left the classroom AFTER, she had turned olf the lights. Eleva de servici a pirisit clasa (numai) dupi ce a sting lumina. The eaiter didn’t take the plates away UNTEL they had finished their dinner. Chelnerul n-a string farfurille pto& n-au terminat masa. Mai-mult-ca-perfectul mai poate fi folosit: 5) in vorbirea indirect&, pentru ‘a inlocui Present Perfect sau Past Tense, cind verbul din propozitia principal este la un timp trecut: Tom: I have spoken to Mary about it. I spoke to her last week. Tom said he had spoken to Mary about: it. He added he had spoken to her week before. 1.9. Mijloace de exprimare a viitorului Existé mai multe posibilitafi de redare a ideii de timp viitor in limba englezi: 4. Viitorul simple (Shall) Wil Future) 1.9.4, Definifie. Viitoral simplu desemneaza un eveniment posterior faf& de momentul vorbirii. 1.9.2, Forma In structura viitorului simplu intré verbul auxiliar shall la persoana I singular gi plural, will la persoana a TI-a gi a II]-a singular gi plurel, gi infini- tivul scurt al verbului de, conjugat: ive { shall go tothe seaside tomorrow, Voi, { merge la mare maine. You He ‘will go to the mountains next week. Vei[VetiVa/Vor { sepia ae In engleza britanic&. vorbita gi in engleza americana in general se folo- segte will gi la persoana I singular gi plural, fara nici o schimbare de sens: Ji { will go the seaside tomorrow. Yo { morge la mare mine. We Vor Forma contrasi a viitorului este 'U +infinitiv la toate persoanele: Tl go, He'll go, eto. Aceasta forma este intrebuinfatd cu precidere in engleza vorbité, mai ales cind subiectul este exprimat printr-uin pronume personal, » 212.9.3, Inteebuinjare. 1) Vintorul simplu este un viitor pur, indictnd doar c& actiunea are loc Intr-un moment viitor, mai apropiat sau adeseori mai indepartat, de momentul vorbiri Het come back { W™OFOW. Se va intoarce { Ml itor. 2) Viitorul simplu nu este de obicei intrebuintat in propozifiile subordo- nate, find inlocuit de prezentul simplu: He will come when he has time. Va Veni cind va avea timp. Viitorul simplu apare numai 4a propozifiile subor- donate completive directe sau prepozitionale, dupi verbele think, suppose, expect, believe, doubt, assume, hope, wonder, be sure, be afraid, pentru a exprima opiniile sau presupunerile vorbitorului despre -o acfiune viitoare: I'm sure you'll feel better tomorrow. Sint sigur c& te vei siroi mai bine rifine. 3) Viitorul simplu poate fi folosit gi cu valori modale (pct. 3—7). Viitorul simplu reprezentat prin wull + infinitiv, de exemplu, poate fi folosit, la persoana I singular gi plural, pentru a exprime: a) neaccentuat, o intentie nepremeditat’, spontand, apdrutaé in momentul vorbirii: A: It’s hot in here. B: I'll open the window. A: E cald aici. B: Am s&/MA duc s& deschid fereastra. b) accentuat, hotarirea, determinarea de a sdvirgi actiunea: A: Don’t sell that dictionary. It is very good. B: I will sell it, no matter what you are saying. ‘A: Nu vinde dictionarul, e foarte bun. B: Am_si-l vind/sint hotarit si-1 vind, indiferent ce spui. 4) Will +infinitivul poate fi folosit gi cu valoare de prezent habitual (,frecventativ): Every Sunday they will go to the seaside. In fiecare duminicé se duc obignuiesc au obiceiul Children will be children. Copiii tot copii. 5) La forma negativa, la persoana I gi a Hl-a singular gi plural, won't +- infinitiv exprima: a) neaccentuat, refuzul: J-won’t go there. Nu vreav si ma duc acolo. b) accentuat, refuzul absolut: Z won't go there. Nici nu ma gindese si mi duc acolo. 6) Will + infinitiv este folosit, la forma interogativa, pentru a exprima: a) ointrebare despre o actiune viitoare: Will they open the exhibition tomorrow? Vor deschide ei expozifia mfine? b) 0 invitafie (la persoana a I1-a): Will you come in, please? Vreti sa intrafi, va Tog? c) o rugdminte (de asemenea la persoana a II-a): Will you help me? Te rog s& ma ajuti. 7) La interogativ, Shall + infinitiv exprima: a) viitorul simplu: Shall I find them at home if I go now? Am sé-i gisesc acast dacé ma duc acum? b) solicitarea unei opinii: Shall 1 buy this watch? S& cumpar acest ceas? Datorita, in mare perte, implicafiilor modale pe care le prezinta, viitorul simplu nu este frecvent folosit in vorbirea curenta, fiind o forma caracteris- ticd limbii scrise (limbajul jurnalistic, emisiuni de stiri, anunfuri oficiale, limbajul literar, etc.). In vorbire, se prefera viitorul cu going to pentru expri- marea ideii de viitor apropiat sau czitoral continuu pentru redarea ideii de acfiune neutré, obignuitd, in desfagurarea normali a evenimentelor viitoare. }oa se duca{ la mare. 22B) Be about to-_ intinitiv 1.9.4, Be about to + infinitiv exprima un viitor imediat: We are about to leave. Sintem pe punctul de a pleca. C) Be to +- infinitiv 1.9.5. Be to +-infinitiv exprima: 4) un aranjament: J am to move house soon. Urmeazi si m& mut in ourind. oe ; 2) un ordin: You are to return before nightfall. Trebuie s& va intoarceti inainte de c&derea noptii. D) Viitorul eu going to (Coing to — future) 1.9.6. Viitorul ou going to se formeari cu ajutorul formei be going to la prezent, urmata de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat: I am going to ‘write letters tomerrow. Voi scrie scrisori miine. You ‘ E We { are going to see a film tomorrow, He {4s going to play tennis They She [“tomorrow. 1.9.7. Intrebuingere. Viitorui oo going io esté intrebuinfat pentra a exprima: 4)o achiune viitoare aprepiat& de momentu} vorbirii (vezi exemplele de mai sus). ‘Not: Verivele go si come nu pot fi precedate de going to. Pentru a reda ideca de vitor apropiat, ele sint Intrebuinyate Ja prezentul continu: Where are you going? Unde te duci? He is coming sonighe. El vine diseara, 2)0 actiune viitoare ce va avea ioc ca urmare a unei intenyii prezente: We are going to spend our holiday in the mountains. (We've already booked a room in Poiana Brasov). Avem de gind/ intenfiondm s& no petrecem vacanfa la munte. (Am rezervat deja o camera la Poiana Bragov). Nott: O intensio spontand, nepremeditat, se exprimé cu ajutorat verbului auxiliar will + infinitiv: 4: P'm thirsty. (Mi-e sete). B: I wili fetch you a glass of woter. (Ma due s8-fi adue un pahar de ap’). (7 2. pet. 3a.) 3)0 actiune viitoare care va avea loc ca rezultat aluneicauze prezente: It’s going to rain. Look at the cdouds. Cred a.jAre s& piou’. Uitd-te la nori, 4) Viitorul cu going to nu este folosit de reguli in propositille principale, oind ele sint urmate de o propozitie subordonata condifionald sau temporala (se foloseste infinitive! cu shall/wl}. Totugi, aceasta forma poate apirea tn Propozifii temporale, cind vrem si subliniem intentia vorbitoruhit: He 1s going to be a pilot when he grows up. Are de gindintentioneazi si se faci pilot oind va cregte. E) Prezentul continuu (Present Tense Continuous} 1.9.8. Prezentul continu, format din verbul be la prezent gi participiul prezent (forma in -ing) a verbului de conjugat, este folosit pentru a exprima 0 actiune viitoare care a fost planificata san proiectata intr-un moment prezent: ‘We are leaving éomorrow. (This is our plan.) Plecira mfine. (Acesta este planul nostrn.) 1.9.9. Prezental continws expri afit de un adverb de timp viitor aflernoonjlater. Avem|Vom avea se ind 0 actiune viitoare este de obicei 0 are having a meeting at 3 o’elock|this inf ls ora 3/dup& amiazA/mai tirziu, 231.9.40. Prezental simplu exprima: 1) © actiune viitoare definita, care va avea loc oa parte a unui program oficial, orar stabilit, etc.: The plane takes off at 7 p.m. Avionul decoleaza la ‘ora 19.00. Term starts in September. Scoala incepe in septembrie. 2) 0 actiune viitoare in propozitii subordonate temporale si conditionale (vezi § 1.5.4. pet. 4b). i: Atentic! Atit prezentul continuy cit gi cel simplu exprimé o actiune viitcare conform unui plan sau aranjament cind sint folosite cu verbe de migcare ca go, leave, arrive, come, ete. Deosebirea ests urmatoarea: We are leaving tonight. Plecim disear’. (Acesta este planul nostra personal). We leave tonight. Plecim diseara. (Acesta este programul oficial, stabilit (al excursiei, ete.)). }e. Viitoral perfect deseraneazé un eveniment anterior unui moment sau everiiment care este la rindul siu posterior momentului vorbirii, 2. Form’. Viitorul perfect confine in structura sa viitorul simplu al verbului have, urmat de participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: / shall/ will have done my homework by the time you return. Imi voi fi facut lectiile pina te intorei t 2yo2*. Viitorul perfect este folosit pentru a exprima: 4) 0 actiune viitoare care va avea loc inaintea unui moment viitor: He will have finished the book by Monday. Ei va fi terminat cartoa pin& luni. 2) o actiune viitoare care va avea loc inaintea unei alte actiuni viitoare: Ho will have finished the book by the time you come baek home. Ei va fi termi- nat cartea pind cind te intorci tu acasi. 3) 0 acjiume viitoare care va avea loc intr-o perioada de timp anterioara unei scfiuni viitoare, dar ajungind pind Ja aceasta: He will have worked in this factory tor forty years when he retires, Va fi lucrat in aceasta fabried timp de 40 de ani cind se va pensiona. **Viiterul perfect este o forma verbala caracteristica limbii scrise, fiind rar folosit, in yvarbirea curenta. * Evenimentele viitoare sint posterioare momentului vorbirii, care este now. Dar evenimentele pot fi posterioare gi unui moment trecut then, care este amintit ‘in momentul Yorbirii, De pe acoastd axd a trecutului, posibilitafile de exprimare a ideit de viitor sint urmitoatele: 4) would Fin fin itiv. (Constructie putin frecventa in vorbirea curenti, caracteristics stilului narativ literar): The time was not far off when he would realize his mistake. Nu era departe momentul cind igi va da seama de greseala. 2) be going to la Past Tense +infinitiv, adesea cu sensul de intenfie nerealizata: You were going to invite me to the cinema, (But you didn’t). Urma/Trebuia sé ma invifi la cinema. (Dar n-ai facut-o). 3) Past Tense aspectul continu (actiune conform unui plan, aranjament): 7 Was meeting them in Tulcea the neat day. li tntiIneam/urma sé-i intilnesc tn Tulcea a doua zi 4) Be to la Past Tense +infinitiv (oonstructie folosita tn engleza literarg, cu sensul de ,urma sé“; ,era aranjat“): He was to change his mind later. The festival was to be held at the end of term. 5) be about to le Past tense +infinitiv (,a fi pe punctul de“): She was about to cry. 241,10. Aspectul (Aspect) t 1.10.1. Definitie. In limba englez4, aspectul-este. categoria gramaticala specified verbului cure se, referd la felul in care este reprezentata acticnen exprimata de verb: ca avind durata sau nu, ca fiind:tepminata sau nu. 1.10.! ista doua contraste in limba englezi: durativ —non-durativ (denumit de obicei, continuu —non-continun) gi perfectiv —non-perfuctiv. In primul, opozitia este intre o actiune care are o anumita durata, este in desfagurare.intr-un anumit moment sau ntr-o anumita perioada de tirip gi este raportatA la momentul de referintd now, then etc., gi intre o actiune pentru care o asemenea informatie nu este importanta. Comparati: John is reading an English newspaper (now). John citeste un ziar engle- zese (acum), cu: John reads an English newspaper (every day). John citeste un ziar engle- zesc (in fiecare zi). In al doilea, opozitia este intre actiuni vazute ca terminate in momentul vorbirii: J have read an interesting article on. pollution. Am citit un artica? inte- resant despre poluare. si intre acfiuni despre care nu se dé o asemenea infortnatie: J have been reading sincé 10 0 clock, 1.10.3. Pentra a analiza contrastul durativ —non-duratiy gi perfectiv — non-perfectiv in limba engleza, trebuie pornit de 1a sensul lexical al verbelot A) Verbele care exprima activitafi in limba englead (activity verbs) sint de doua feluri: verbe de activitate durativa (exprimind actiuni a caror sayirsire necesita 0 anumitd durata in timp): eat, dress, drink, read, walk, etc. * —verbe de activitate non-durativa, care exprim’ actiuni momentane, fara durata, fiind Incheiate aproape in acelagi timp cu efectuarea lor: catch, hit, kick, slam, slap, snap, ete. Notii: Adeseori sensul non-durativ al unor verbe este semnalat de prezenja unor particule adverbiale ca down, out, up, care le deosebesc de verbele de activitate durativa. Comparaji: . sit — sit down drink — drink up stand — stand up pick — pick up La rindul lor, verbele de activitate durativa se impart in: —verbe care nu implica nici un seop: rub, run, walk, ete. —verbe care implica atingerea unui scop: iron a shirt, make a dress, read a book, write an essay. B) Pe ling& verbele care denumeso activitati (durative sau non-durative) exist gi verbe care denumesc s t Ari. Acestea sint durative,deoarece exprima existenja unor fapte pe o perioada indelungata de timp: be clever, be able, Know how, exist, live, Aspectul Continuu (The Continuous Aspect ) 1104, Forma, Timpurile aspectului contimin se formeazi dintr-un timp al verbufui be gr participiul prezent (forma tn -ing) a verbului de conjugat: Present Continuous : J am reading Past Continuous : Z was reading Present Perfect Continuous : J have been reading Past Perfect Continuous : I had been reading Future Continuous : I will be reading Future Perfect Continuous :J will have been reading Ibid, pp. 231-243 251,10.5. Ortografia participiului prezent depinde de forma verbului Ja . infinitiv: a) consoana finala se dubleazi daci vocala care o precede e scurta gi accentuata: stop ~ stopping; refer — referring. Notii: In engleza britanicd, 4 final se dubleaz’, indiferent de accent: control ~ con- frolling; travel — travelling. In engleza americana, -I final se dubleazd numai daca accentul cade ye ultima silaba: controlling; dar: traveling; b) -y final se pistreazé, indiferent dacé este precedat de consoand sau de vocala: study — studying; play — playing, iar -te final se transforms fn -y: lie lying; die — dying; e) -¢ final se omite: have — having. Exceptii: agree —agreeing; be —being; see — seeing; dye — dyeing (a vopsi). 1.10.6. Intrebuinfarea aspeetului continua a) Folosirea aspectuhii continuu ou verbele de activitate durativa fari scoop araté c& acfiunile denumite de verbe sint in desfigurare po axa pre- zentului, a trecutului, sau a viltorului: They are walking in the park now. He was swimming in ihe lake ai this time yesterday. b) Cu verbele de activitate durativa care implic atingersa unui seap, fo! sirea aspectului continuu arata c& scopul nu a fost atins, actiunes nua fi terminata: He is reading a book now. Citegte c carte acum (Nu a terminat~ She was ironing a shirt, Ba cilos o c&maga. c) Verbelo de activitate non-durativé araté o actiune repetata atunci ctnd sint folosite la aspectul continua: He is kicking. Da din picivare. d) Verbele care exprimé o stare arat& cB aceasta stare este limitata, atunci cind sint folosite la aspectul continun: F live in Brasov (that’s where my house is). I'm living in Bucharest this year. Anul acesta locuiese in Bucu- regti. Intrebuintarile aspectului continuy ia diverse timpuri sint csle enumerate ta §1.10.6, Diferentele de la un timp la altul coastau in momentul In care are lor actiunea gi in momentul de referii 1.19.7, Pregentul continuy este u i) cu verbe de activitate durati: a) © acfiune in desfajurare in mome bathroom! Asculta! Cinta in bai Aceasta Intrebuintare este marcata de obicei de adverbe de timp ca (acum), right now (chiar acum), at this moment (in acest moment): A: W. ts Dan doing? 2: He is shaving right now, dar poate aparea yi [ara ele momentul de fat& al actiunii reiegind din forma continua a yerbul A: What is Dan doing? B: He is shaving. A: Ce fece Dan (acum)? B. Se barbiereste. b) o actiune obignuitd, repetata, prezentatdin desfagurarea ei im anumite ciccumstanje: J always take my umbrella when it ig raining. Totdeauna imi iau umbrela cind plowd. J never read while 1 am eating. Niciodata au citesc in timp ce maninc. J meet hun whenever I am wail in the Bote nical Gardens. 11 intiInese ori de cite ori m4 plimb in Gradina botunica. 2) cu verbele de activitate durativa implicind un scop, 0 acfiune care nu a fost terminata la momeniul vorbirii: He is doing his homework. Igiface tera 3) cu _verbe de activitate non-durativa, o actiune repetata in momeatui vorbirii: He is knocking on the door sau o actiune repetata In mod frecvent, aura a exprima: fara. scop: sul vorbinli: Listen / He is singing in the now 26care deranjeazd sau irita pe vorbitor: My neighbour is always starting his car when I want to have a rest. Vecinul meu totdeauna tgi pornegte magina cind vreau s& m& odihnesc. Aceasta folosire a prezentului continuueste obligatoriu insotita de adverbe de freeventi ca: always, forever (totdeauna), continually, all the time (tot timpul). Peete se agaza intre auxiliarul be gi forma in -ing, cu exceptia lui all the time care ocupa pozitie finala in propozitie: That little child is continually erying. dar: He is crying all the time. 4) cu verbe care denumesc o stare, 0 actiune cu caracter temporar, care are loo pentru o perioada limitata de timp, (incluzind si momentul vorbirii): Ann is attending the Poly. Ana urmeaza politehnica (studiaza politehnica). Complinirile adverbiale pentru aceasta intrebuintare a prezentului con- tinuu sint: today (astazi), this week (siptimina aceasta), these days (zilele aces- tea), this month (luna aceasta), this year (anul acesta), ete.: My father usually teaches geometry, but he is teaching algebra this year. Tatal meu preda geometria de obicei, dar anul acesta predi algebra. 5) Prezentul cqntinuu este de asemenea folosit pentru a desemna o acti- une viitoare planificata din prezent (vezi § 1.9.8.): We are leaving tomorrow. Plecdm miine. 1.10.8. Past Tense Continuous exprimi 1) eu verbe de activitate durativa [ara scop: a) o actiune in desfagurare intr-un moment trecut, amintita in momentul vorbirii: cas walking { 2 {0 e’elock yesterday. 7 was walking + at this time last week. Notd: Aceasta forma verbali este freevent folosit’ in descrieri, pentru redarea unor activitati durative, in desfasurare, care contrastenz’ cu activitaji, non-durative, succesive si terminate, pentru redarea cirora sé foloseste: Past Tense simplu (forma caracteristick naratiunilor]: ¢was a cold winter evening. Outside, the wind was blowing and it was getting colder and colder. Yet the drawing roam was warm and comfortable. A big fire was burning in the fireplace. The old women came in and went near the fire She warmed her hands and sat dawn. b) o actiune durativa in desfagurare, intrerupta de o actiyne non-durativ’, momentana: when } { eind He came in { white f 7 as eating, A intrat {tf tims } ce mincam. When ke rang up 1 was (just) going out. Cind a telefonat (tocmai) leseam. He called me just as I was leaving. M-a strigat exact cind plecam. v) doud actiuni paralele tn desfagurare in trecut: She was eating while I was washing. Ea minca in timp ce eu ma spalam. Not: Daca nui ne intereseazd aspectul de desfasurare, de duratd al actiunilor, ci doar ci actiunile au avut loc Intr-un moment din trecut putem spune: She ate while J washed. sau: She ate while £ was washing, (ace ~ actiunea a fost mai scurth, termi- nails was washing acfiune ~ mai de durata, neinchelata In momentul in care cea~ alta a fost Incheiat} 2) eu verbe de activitate durativa care implicd atingerea unui scop: ~~ 0 actiune trecuta, dar neincheiats: He was reading a book last night. Citea carte aseara. (Comparati cu: He read a book last night. A citit o carte aseara. A terminat-o). 273) cu verbe de activitate non-durativa, 0 actiune repetatd in trecut. iritanta pentru ceilalfi,( + always, forever, continually, all the time): He was always coming ‘late to the English lesson. Totdeauna intirzia la ora de engleza. 4) ou verbe care exprimi o stare, ° 9 acfiune trecutd cu caracter temporar: He was living in Brasoo when I met hi 5) Past Tense aspect continuu Tei Poate exprima gi o actiune viitoare, planificaté intr-un moment trecut, fiind subinteleasd neindeplinirea ei (Vezi § 1.9.15. pot. 3.): We were leaving the next day. 1.10.9. Viitorul continuu (Future Continuous) 1) cu verbe de activitate durativé fri scop, viitorul continuu exprima: a) 0 aciune in desfagurare intr-un moment vitor, posterior momentului vorbirii: L shall be walki at two o’clock tomorrow. will Walking | at this time next week. miine la ora doud. Ma voi plimba { saptamina viitoare la ora asta. b).o acfiune in desfagurare in viitor intrerupta de o actiune momentan’: When he comes, I will be eating. Cind va veni, eu voi fi in mijlocul mesei. c) o actiune in desfagurare in vitor, in paralel cu o alta acfiune in desfagurare, de asemenea in vitor: She will be walking while I am sleeping. Ea se va plimba in timp ce eu voi dormi. Atentie! A doua actiune viitoare in desfagurare nu poate fi pus& tot la viitorul continuu deoarece face parte dintr-o propozifie subordonata tempo- rala (in care nu se folosegte viitorul in limba engleza). 2) cu verbe dé activitate durativA care implic& atingerea unui scop, o actiune neincheiata: She will be having her piano lesson when you come. 3) Viitorul continuu exprimé gi ideea de actiune viitoare care va avea loc in desfigurarea fireasca a ovenimentator: Tl be seeing him tomorrow mornii (This happens every morning). 1] vid miine dimineata. (Il vad in fiecare dit neat). /'ll be passing the grocer’s on my way to school. Trec prin fata bacaniei in drum spre gcoala. 1.10.10. Traducerea formelor aspectului continua in limba romana: Verbul romanese nu are o categorie mareata formal. pentru redarea con- trastului aspectual contiauu/non-continun. Ideea de desfagurare sau duratd limitata a actiunii este redata tn limba romani cu ajutorul adverbelor de timp: He is teaching now. Preda/Are ori acum. He is teacknig arithmetic this year. Preda aritmetica anul acesta. Singura forma verbala din limba romana care exprima, ca gi aspectul continuu din limba engleza, o actiune neterminata la un moment dat, sau-de duraté limitata, este imperfectul i acesta este folosit de obicei pentru traduce- rea lui Past Tense continuu in limba romana: She was working in the garden when I arrived. Muncea in gridina cind am sosit. Mai dificil& insa este traducerea imperfectului in limba englez&, deoarece existd tendinta de a folosi Past Tense Continuous $i atunci cind imperfectul romanesc are alta valoare, cea de actiune repetata in trecut, pentru care limba englez& foloseste Past Tense Simple: Romana: Munceam in gradina cind ma duceam la bunici. Englezi: J worked the garden when I went to my grandparents. 2811. Verbe care nu-pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu. Existé mai matte a ae Fete nara dt fi folosite a Tor texieall nu pot fi foloite ne aspectul continuu. Acestea stint: A) verbe de activitate non-duratiy, care sint conside- rate afi Incheiate in momentul tn care au fost inifiate: He kicks, slams, bangs the door. B) verbe care exprima actiuni desfagurate atit de rapid sub oohii vorbitorului, inelt pot fi considerate non-durative: score, shoot, place in -the oven. Aczesta se intimpla de obicei in comentarii sportive sau demcnstratit practice (aga numitul prezent simplu instantaneu — vezi § 1.5.4. pet. 3.) 7 C) verbele care exprimé un adevar universa! sau o carac- teristic’ generala: Fish swim. Cows give milk. The Danube flows into the Black sea, D)verbe care exprim& o perceptie senzorialad (Verbs of inert perception): see, hear, smell, feel, sound. The flower smells nice. Floarea are un miros plicut, At ont ie! Verbele de perceptie se folosese cu verbul modal can pentru a reda o acfiuhe unici, concreta, in desfasurare: J can soe him now. {l vad aun. 1 see him every day. Il vad in fiecare zi, + Verhele care redau percepfia senzoriala pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu daca ele indic& o folosire congtient& a simfurilor: a) prin folosirea unor perechi sinonimice:: listen to, look at, watch: -Aspectul simplu: Aspectul continuu: J (can) hear music. J am listening 10 music. I (can) see him. Zam looking at him. J (can) seo the TV set, 7 am watebing TV. b) prin folosirea tranzitiva (ca activitati) a unor verbe care exprimé o calitate Permanenta (folosite intranzitiv): The cake tastes good. Jam tasting the cake. ©) vorbele de perceptic pot avea forme ale espectului continuu cind sint folo- site cu alte sensuri: Pve beon hearing ail about her exams. Arn auzit (Misa spus totul) despre examenele ei. (hear = a primi vesti). I’m seeing him tonight. Ma tntilneso cu el disearé. He is seeing the sights. Viziteara obiect, vele turistice. (see =a intllni, a vizita locuri turistice). E) verbele care exprimk o activitate mintal& (Verbs of cognition): believe, know, think, imagine, mean, mind, remember, recollect, recall, suppose, forget, suspect, guess, presuppose, realize, understand. sAveste verbe stnt urmate de obicei de o propozitie subordonata introdusd do that sau de un cuvint relativ tncepind cu wh-: I think (that) you are right, Cred cf ai dreptate. I don't remember what he said. Nucmi amintese ce a spus. Unele din ele pot fi folosite 1a aspectul continun daca sint folnsite ca verbe de activitate: A: What is he doing ? B: He is thinking of his future A: Ge tare el? B: Se gindeste la vitor. F) verbo care exprimi sentimente, stiri sufletesti: Inve, Tike, care for, adore, huts, dislike, detest, regret, prefer, wish. I Whe my job. tori 29place sexvieiul mon. 7 detest lacy people. Detest oamenii lenegi, dar gi: are you Uking the trip ? Cum thi place oflétoria/Cum te distrezi? G) verbe exprimtnd o selatic: apply to, be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, inclade, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, possess, have, require, resemble, seem: Phis book belongs to him. Acoast’ carte ti aparfine lui. He owns this house. Aceastd casi e proprietatea lui len. resembles her mother. Hlena seamana cu mama e!. ‘Aceste verbe nu pot fi folosite Ja aspectul continuy, cu excepfia hui de si have cind ele wa oxpritnd siarca, respectiv posesia: He is kind. El este amabi Gin general). Why, he is boing kind today! Ni, so poartd cu amabilitate (cr amabil astazi!) (este o-situalie necaracteristicd, temporari), He has a Bike. Ave o bieisleta noud. He ie having a ride now. Se plimbé cu bicicleta acum. In vorbirea curenti, verbs sa resemble, cost, ebe, sint uneori intrebuints Je aspectul continuu, dacé exprima o intensificare treptat& a acfiunii: Peter resembling his father mare and more. Potre seamaaé din ce in ce mai soult fatal siu, Groceries in Britain are evsting so muck mare these days! tn Ang! preful articolelor de bécinie a cresowt aga de rault tn zilele noastre! H) verbe care exprimio sonzatie fizica (Verbs of bodily senso tion}. Aceste verbe pof fi folosite Ia aspectul continuu sau simple, cu mici diferenfe de sens: ,, { de you feet How 9 are you feeling | Lisdey? Cum te simti astézi? 11GAB, Definigte, Asnectal perfectiv arat& ci wn eveniment {o acfiune nowt stare) este reprezentat oa incheiat de cAtre vorbitor in momentul fn o este discutat, 10.48, Intrebainjare. In fmefie de sensul lexical al verbelor i de adver- hele care le Insofesc, aspec otiv are traditional mai multe valori jpaspectul perfestiy revultativ (Resuleative Perfcst) apere cu verbe de activitate dv va once implicd un scop gi araté cf acest scop a fost atins: a) J have brekew vhe case. b) He had vead J In coneecintg, vorbis anterioare: a) The vase is broken now. Vora este spart& acum. b) He knew what the book was about, Stia despre ce este vorba in carte 2) aspectul porfectiv continuativ (Conlinuutive Perfect) ente folosit cu verbo care exprima o stare gi sint insofite de adverbe de dure‘, pentru a exprima o acfiune inceputa tnainie gi care continua gi fd momentul wezent, aminti¢ sau anticipat: We bave lived tx Bucharest for ien yee: Focuim in Bucuresti de 40 ani. London hes stood on the Thames for thous ands of years. Londra este situatX pe Tamisa de mii de ani. remultatul unei scfiuni 3) aspoctul perfectiv al experiengei (The Perfect of Experience) araté c# actinnea @ avvt loc odatit seu de mai nzulte oi in expe Fieafa vorbitorului: They bad lived in several towns in Romania. Locuiseré in mai multe orage din Romania, Whenever I have asked my father a ques 30T have received a straightforward answer. Ori de elte ori i-am pus tatalui mou © intrebare, am primit un raspuns fird ocoliguri, 1.10.14. Aspectul perfectiv si aspectul continua sint combinate in urma- toarele forme verbale: perfectul prezent continuu, mai-mult-ca-perfectul continuu gi viitorul perfect continuu. Perfeetul prezent continun (Present Perfect Continuous) este aloxtuit din forma de Present Perfect a verbului be urmata de participiul prezent (In ing) al verbului de conjugat: 1 {23° } eon reading for three hours. Citose de trei ore. He { has } been reading for three hours. Citeste de trei ore. Aceasti forma verbal exprimi: 4) 0 actiune inceputa intr-un moment trecut, care continua in prezent gi poate gi in viitor: They have been playing tennis for half an hour. Joaca tenis de jumatate de ora (= They began playing tennis half an hour ago. They are still playing tennis and they may continue dving so). Aceasti intrebuintare a lui Present Perfect continu poate fi redata gi cu ajutorul lui, Present Perfect simplu !n cazul unor verbe ca live, stay, work, study, etc. ‘olosinen aspectului continuu, prin contrast cu cea a aspectului simplu, seoate in evidenfa continuitatea, caracterul neintrerupt al actiunii: He has lived in Bucharest for ten years. He has been living in Bucharest for ten years, Un alt contrast poate fi cel de actiune tocmai incheiata — actiune nein. cheiata: J’ve worked on this composition since five oclock. (I've just finished it). J’ve heen working on this composition since five o'clock. (and I’m still working). 2) o actiune repetata frecvent, intr-o perioada de timp care se tntinde di ‘trecut pina in prezent: /'ve been riding a bicycle for three years. Merg cu bi cleta de trei ani. He has been writing poems since he was a child. Scrie Poezii de eind era copil. In aceasta situatie (2) se foloseste Present Perfect simplu (51 nu continuu) daca se specifica de cite ori a fost sivirbité-actiunea repetata: I've ridden my bicycle hundreds of times. Am mers cu bicicleta de sute de ori. He has written, fifty poems. A scris 50 de poezii. Intrebuintarile 1) gi 2) ale lui Present Perfect sint marcate de compliniri adverbiale indicind: a) lungimea perioadei de timp: for ages (de multa vreme), for a few minutes (de citeva minute), for three hours (de trei ore), etc. b) inceputul perioadei de timp: since December 25% (de 1a 25 decembrie), since last year (de anul trecut), since Monday (de luni), ete, 3) 0 actiune trecuta, incheiata recent, care este cauza unui efect simfit in Prezont: A: Why are your hands dirty? B: I've been repairing my bike. A: De ce ai miinile murdare? B:.Mi-am reparat bicicleta. 1.10.15, M, ultea-pertectul continnn ai. Berfece se formeaza din verbut o¢ la mai-mult-ca-perfect gi din Batticipiul in -ing al verbu- lui de conjayat. El are aceleagi valori ca gi Present Perfect continuu, momentul de referinga find ins axa trecutului, 31Aceasté forma verbala exprimi: ; 41) 0 actiune trecut&, tnceputd tnaintea altei actiuni trecute gi continulnd ping la ea: : : Thad been waiting for my friend {jeer as hoan feng Fmalty 11 agteptim po prictemut mou { $2 je.eFtat, ado ora f ctnd tn stlrit x sont 2) 0 actiune treouta incéputa tnaintea unui moment sau a unei actiuni trecute, continuind pin& tn acel moment sau pin& la acea actiune gi poate gi dupa aceea: The boys were still playing football at noon. all morning. They had beon playing football { Sen ten Sctock, Baiefii mai jucau fotbal la ora prinzului. Ei jucaser& fotbal toata di- mineaja. | Ei jucau fotbal de la ora 10. 3) 0 actiune repetata frecvent Intr-o perioada de timp trecutd, anterioar& unui moment sau unei acfiuni de asemenea ttecute: He had been writing poems for two years when I met him. Scria poezii de doi ani cind I-am cunoscut. Atenfic! Daci se face o precizare numerica, se foloseste Past Perfect simplu: He had written fifty poems when I met him. Scrisese 50 de poezii cind am cunoscut. : 4) o actiune anterioard unei alte actiuni, de asemenea trecuta, terminata cu pujin tnaintea ei, si find cauza acesteia: He was carrying a hammer and nails because he had been mending the fence. Avea in min& un ciocan gi cuie pentru c& reparase gardul, 5) Present Perfect si Past Tense continuu devin mai-mult-ca-perfect con- tinuu in vorbirea indirect, dupé un verb trecut in propozitia principalé: “Pve been reading for three hours.” She said she had heen reading for three hours. Atentie! Timpul Past. Tense continuu devine Past Perfect continuu numai daca se referd la o actiune incheiata (Vezi § 26.3.9.): “I was thinking of going away, but I have changed my mind.” He said he had been thinking of going away, but he had changed his mind, Altminteri, Past Tense aspectul continuu ramine neschimbat in vorbirea indirect, mai ales dac& el apare tntr-o propozitie subordonata temporalé (Vezi § 26.3.8. pet. f): “When I was attending the secondary school in Craiova, J often met Dan.” He said that when he was attending thé secondary school in Craiova, he (had) often met Dan. 1.10.16, Viitorul perfect continu (Future Perfect Continuous) 8@ for- meaza din viitorul perfect al verbului be §i din participiul in -ing al verbului de conjugat. ; Viitorul perfect continu exprima o acfiune in destégurare in vitor, inainte gi pind la o alta acfiune viitoare (gi poate gi dupa aceea): When the bell rings, ie shall/will have heen writing for fifty minutes, Cind va suna clopotelul, noi vom fi fost ocupafi ou scrisul / noi vom fi scris de 50 de minute. 32 -. Atentiet! Acfiunea sivirgita tn aceast& perioad’ de timp viitoare, anterioar& unui moment sau unei acfiuni de asemenea viitoare, este la viitorul fect continu dacd se specifica lungimea perioadei de timp sau inceputul ei: By sia o'clock p.m. she will have beon selling blouses for elght hours. Pind Ja ora 48 ea va fi vindut bluze timp de opt ore; gi Ja viitorul perfect simplu dack este prezenti o precizere numericd in legituré cu actiunea: By siz o'clock p.m. ‘she will have sold eighty blouses. Pind la ora 18 ea va fi vindut 80 de bluze. Noth: Viitorul perfect continu este rar folasit tn vorbire, fiind o forma caracteris- ticd limbii scrise. : Diateza este categoria gramaticali specifics verbului care exprimé raportul dintre verbul predicat, pe de o parte, si subiectul si obiectul (complementul direct sau de agent) al verbului predicat, pe de alti In limba englezi exista doud diateze marcate formal: diateza activa gi diateza pasivi. a netive Fos) Verbul este la diateza activa cind subiectul gramatical sivirgogte actiunea, care, la verbele tranzitive, se ras- fringe asupra obiectului: Luey (subiect) has written (predicat) a letter (obiect), Lucia a scris 0 scrisoare. : Pentru clasificarea verbelor din punct de vedere al tranzitivitiii, veri § 1.5. — 14.8 Dintezn pase’ “Pa .-Verbul este la diateza pasiva cind subiectul gramatical sufera actiunea sivirgita de obiect: This letter (subiect) has been written (predicat) by Lucy (obiect). Aceasta scrisoare a fost scrisd de Lucia. LA Bet p svecut. Indieii formali ai diatezei pasivé sint: a) verbul be sau uneori get, b) complementul de agent introdus de Pprepozitia by. a) Verbul be marcheazi sategoriile de mod, timp, persoana si numir la diateza pasiva. El este urmat de un verb notional la participiul trecut: She was met at the station by my brother. Ea a fost agteptata la gard de fratele meu. (Was —modul indicativ, Past Tense, persoana a IlI-a singular). Conjugarea unui verb la diateza pasivi, modul indicativ este: Aspectul simplu: Present : Iam seen. He is seen. We are seen. Past : I was seen. We were seen. Present Perfect : J have been seen. He has been seen. Past Perfect : ZT had been seen, Future : I shall be seen. He will be seen. Future Perfect : J shail have been seen. He will have been seen, Aspectul continuu este folosit la diateza pasiva doar la Preseni gi Past Tense. : Forma continué la diateza pasiva are in structura ta verbul be la aspoctul continu (timpul Present sau Past) gi participiul trecut al verbului do conju- 33 3— Gramatica limbit englezegat: The classrooms are being cleaned now. Se face curitenie in clase acum. The school was being eleaned when we wanted to visit it. Se facea curiitenie in gcoala cind am vrut s-o vizitim. : In alari de verbul be se mai poate folosi gi vorbul get pentru formarea diatezei pasive. ‘Vorbul get ++ participiul trecut este utilizat, mai ales in vorbirea curenta, pentru a indica trecerea dintr-o stare in alla: Her skirt got eaught in the door. Ts-a pring fusta in ugi. AU our glasses got broken when we moved. S-au spart toate paharele cind ne-am mutat. Un sinonim al verbului get cu sensul de schimbare treptata este verbul become, insotit deseori de more and more, increasingly: The production of this factory is becoming increasingly specialized. Productia acestei fabrici devine din ce in ce mai specializats. Complementul de agent introdus de pre- posifia by indica came a sivisgit actiunea suferita de subizetul gramatical al propozitiei: The poem was recited by Mary (not by Lucy or Ann). Poezia a fost Tecitatd de Maria (nu de Lucia sau Ana). Complementul de agent este considerat subiectul logic sau real al propotitiei, deoarece el sivirseste actiunea. Complementul de agent nu este mentionat in majoritatea propozifiilor pasive. El se omite cind: a) nu se cunoagte subiectul real, cel care a sivirgit acfiunea: AU villages in Romania are supplied with electricity. Toate satele din Roménia sint alimentate cu curent electric. A doctor has been sent for. Au/s-a trimis dup& doctor. b) vorbitorul nu doreste sk menfioneze subiectul real al actiunii: This subject will he treated fully in the nest chapter. Aceasta problema va fi trataté pe larg in urmatoral capitol. ©) subiectul real al actiunii se poate deduce din context: He was elected Presi- dent of the Teacher-Parent-Association. A fost. ales pregedinte al comitetului de paringi. In aceste cazuri, subiectul verbului la diateza activa este de obicei expri- mat printr-un pronume personal cu valoare generic’: you, they, one, printr-un pronume nehotarit: everybody, somebody, all, sau printr-un’ substantiv ca people: Activ: a } speak English all over the world. Pasiv: English is spoken all over the world. Complementul de agent se omite gi cind forma pasiva este get + participiul trecut: The little boy got hurt on his way to school. Baie{elul s-a lovit in drum spre gcoala. In limba englez&, ca gi in limba romana, se folosesc constructii pasive gi nu active cind intentia vorbitorului este de ase sublinia actiunea si nu pe cel care a savirgit-o: ‘Activ: Millions of people have seen this film. (Aceentul cade pe subiect: Milioane de-oameni au vizut acest film). Pasiv: This film has heen seen by millions of people. (Accentul cade pe verb: Acest film a fost vazut de milioane de oameni). Constructiile pasive sint intrebuinfate mai frecvent in limbajul stiinfific gi fn cel jurnalistic, caracterizate printr-o exprimare impersonal, obiectiva. 34Diateza pasiva se folosegte cu majoritates verbelor tranzitive gi cu unele verbe intranzitive cu prepozitie obligatorie in care verbul formeara. o unitate semanticS ou prepozifia, devenind practic echivalent cu un verb tranzitin Verbele cel mai frecvent folosite din aceasta categorie sint: care forjlook after = tend, come to = reach, deal with = analyse, laugh at == ridicule, listen to = hear, look upon — regard, rely on = trust, send for = call, talk of = dis- cuss, think of = consider. ’ This matter will be dealt with at once. Ne vom ocupa indati de aceasta problems. An alternative was not thought of. La o alternativA nu s-au gindit. Pe plan sintactic, trecerea unei propozitii de la diateza activa la cea pasivi aduce cu sine mai multe schimbiri: Diateza activa: Our form teacher has lent me this book. Diateza pasiva: 7 a) subiectul activ al actiunii devine complement de agent pasiv (care poate fi is In cazurile de la §1.11.7.): This book has been lent to me by our form teacher. b) obiectul activ (complementul direct sau indirect) devine subiectul verbului pasiv: This book has been lent to me by our form teacher, sau: I have been lent this book by our form teacher. c) prepozitia by este introdusi tnaintea agentului: J have been lent this book by our form teacher. Pentru descrierea-transformérilor pasive, vezi § 14.8. Un verb engle- zesc la diateza pasiva se traduce de obicei tot printr-o constructie pasiva: The car was repaired yesterday. Magina a fost reparaté iori, In cazul verbelor urmate de un complement direct si unul: indirect, se pot folosi gi construcfii reflexive cu valoare pasiva cind complementul indirect al persoanoi devine subiect: The teacher was offered flowers by her pupils. Pro- fesoarei i s-au oferit flori de catre elevi. Verbele intranzitive cu prepozitie obligatorie se tradue prin diateza pasiva, diateza activa sau prin forme reflexiv-pasive, de la caz la caz: The children ‘Were well looked after. Copiii au fost bine ingrijiti. A doctor has been sent for. Au trimis/S-a trimis dupa un doctor. In a englezd existA o categorie aparte de verbe intranzitive folosite la dinteza activi cu valoare pasivd si care se traduc tn limba romana fie prin construcfii reflexive pasive, fie prin verbe la diatezapasiva: The book has sold very well. Cartea sa vindut foarte bine. The cake cuts easily. Prajitura se taie usor. The clause reads both ways. Clauza poate fi interpretata in doua feluri. Spre deosebire de verbul romAnesc, verbul englez are pufini indici formali care si marcheze persoana gi numérul, Singura desinen}ii specifica este -s pentru persoana a III-a singular, indi- * cativul prezent, addugata la forma de infinitiv a verbelor nofionale. (Verbele modale nu primesc -s): He plays the piano. El cinta la pian. Datorita absen{ei formelor flexionare, persoana gi numérul tn limba englez& sint identificate de obicei cu ajutorul s iectului, mai ales cind acesta este exprimat printr-un pronume personal. 35 a”In consecinti, subiectul este de regula exprimat in limba englezi, mai ales cind este un pronume personal, spre deosebire de limba romana: T'work very hard. (Eu) muncesc foarte mult. We work very hard. (Noi) muncim foarte mult. Modul este categoria gramaticala specifict verbului care arat& felul in care vorbitoral considera acfiunea din punctul de vedere al posibilitafii de indeplinire a ei tn realitat Pentru redarea acestui raport al acfiunii cu realitatea, limba engleza di pune de doud moduri marcate formal: indicativul (actiune reala) si subjoncti- ‘vul (actiune posibila sav presupus’). Unele gramatici menfioneaz gi modurile con ditional si imperativ. In aceasta lucrare, formele de conditional (prezent gi trecut) sint tratate in cadrul modului subjonctiv (vezi § 4.19.10, § 1.43.42.) datorita formei identice cu unele forme ale subjonctivulai analitic si functiei similare (acfiune posibila sau presupust, tn acest caz condifionata de tndeplinirca unei alte actiuni), iar folosirea condifiona- Tului este tratatl In cadrul Sintazei frazei: § 25.444, Formele folosite pentru exprimarea unei actizni poruncite (asa-numitul mod impe- rativ) sint analizate in cadrul capitolului Felurile proposijiilor, Propositia impera- tiod, § 23.4. Dup& categoria gramaticald a persoanei gi a posibilitatii de a forma pre- dicatul unei propozifti, formele verbale in limba englezi se tmpart In pe r- sonale (indicativul gi subjonctivul) si nepersonale (infinit participiul si Gerund-ul). Modul indicativ prezinta actiunea, starea, etc. exprimataé de verb ca read, indeplinita chisr. Modul indicativ are urmatoarele timpuri, in ,inveci- narea lor cronologica: Pe axa trecutului: Pe axa prezentului: Pe axa viitorului: Past Present Future Past Perfect Present Perfect Future. Perfect Future in the Past Fature _ He returned the book to the library after he had read it, A inapoiat cartea la biblioteca dupa ce a citit-o. J ean return the book to the library now. I have read it. Pot si inapoiez cartea la biblioteca (acum). Am citit-o. He will return the book to the library next Monday. He will have read it by shen. Va inapoia cartea la bibliotec& lunea viitoare. O va fi citit pind atunci, +Pentru analiza folosirii timpurilor, vezi: § 4.5. — § 4.9. ; ; Modul subjonctiv prezinta actiunea ca posibild, otnd actiunea este provectata in ¢titor, sau ca virtuald, nerealizata, deci ireald, cind actiunea trebuia sé aiba loc in treeut. Modul subjonctiv in limba engiezi are forme sintetice i analitice. He ; Subjonctival sintetic are forme de prezent gi trecut. 36aijenctivul present (7 Jj este identic ca he here, come in time. Present ie iss j forma eu infinitival scurt al verbului: It és neeessary that he { 8a fie aici. Este necesar ca el {8 vind la timp. Subjonctivul prezent exprima o actiune considerata posibils, deci nu contrara realitatii. Subjonctivul prezent este putin folosit tn engleza contemporani, fiind de obicei inlocuit de alte construcfii: subjonctivul analitic, infinitivul, lntrebuin. farile lui sint limitate la: 4) propozitii principale continind: a) urdri: Long live peace! Traiascd pacea! b) anumite expresii, in constructii fixe (Formulaic Subjunctive): So be it then I Asa sa fie! Sulfiee i to say that... Este de ajuns s& spun ca. 2) propozifii subordonate introduse de that, cind propozitia principala exprima 0 recomandare, decizie, rugiminte, speranfa sau intenfie pentru vitor ori un sentiment de surprindere (Mandative Sudjanciive). Astfel, subjonctivul sintetic este folosit in urmitoarele tipuri de propozi subordonate: a) in propozitii subiective: /t is necessary that the chairman inform the com- mittee of the decision. Este necesar ca presedintele si informeze comitetul asupra deciziei. b) in propozitii atributive apozitionale: There was a proposal that he be elected chairman. Exista o propunere ca el si{ fie ales presedinte. c) in propozitii completive directe: They suggested that steps he taken to con- solidate peace and security in Europe. S-a propus luarea de masuri pentru consolidarea pacii gi securitatii in Europa. 4) in propozitii condifionale sau concesive introduse de 0 conjunctie: If this Tumour be true, we cannot stay here. Dacd acest zvon e cumva adevirat, nu putem ramine aici. Though everyone desert you,-I will not, Chiar dack toata lumea te va pardsi, eu'nu o oi face. Folosirea subjonctivului prezent este caracteristicd stilului oficial, find intilnité in tratate, rezolufii, regulamente sau in stilul tehnico-gtiintific. Subjonctivul prezent oste mai freovent folosit in engleza americana (literara si vorbita). Engleza britanicd curenta prefera constructii cu: a) infinitivul: Jt is necessary for him to come in time. b) should + infinitiv: They suggested that steps should be taken. : Subjonctivul treout coincide ca forms eu Past Tense simplu, modul indicativ: J wish he told the truth. Ag dori sé spun& adevarul. Verbol be are o form unied pentru toate pensoanele: were: 1 wish { 82} were here, In vorbirea curenta insi, exista tendinja de a1 inlocui pe were cu was la were persoana I gi a Ill-a singular: If he { __ } il, I would send for the doctor. Dac& ar fi bolnay, ag trimite dupa doctor. Forma de subjonctiv trecut poate fi folosita si la aspectul continua. Ea confine in structura sa forma were urmata de participiul in -ing al verbului de 37conjugat: I wish he were revising for his exam now. Ag dori sa repete pentru examen acum. Subjonctival trecut este folosit in propozifii subordonate, pentru a exprima o actiune contrar& realita{ii: a) in propozitii eubiective, dupa it's (high) time: It’s time you went to bed. E de mult timpul s& va ducefi ja ouleare (Este foarte tirziu), Comparafi ou: It’s time + infinitiv: It’s time for you to go to bed. B timpul s& vai duceti la culcare. (E ora de culears b) in completive directe, dup& verbul wish: 7 wish you were telling the truth. ‘Ag dori s& spui adevarul. ¢) in propotifii condifionale: It 1 saw him, 1 would give him your message. Dacd l-ag vedea, i-ag transmite mesajul téu. 4) in circumstafiale de mod comparative: Ske talked as if she were ill. Vorbea de parca era bolnava. 0) in propozitii concesive: Even though he were i Chiar daca ar fi bolnav, n-ar lipsi de la scoala. Subjonctivul trecut este utilizat atit in stilul literar cit gi in limba vorbita. El este confundat de obicei cu Past Tense, cu care este identic ca forma. In capitolele de sintaxi a frazei s-a folosit termenul de Past Tense gi nt de subjonctio weeut in. discutia propozifillor subordenate in care apare aceasta forma, pentr simplificare si ugurarea memorari he would not miss school. Forma de mai-muit-ca-perfect a indivativu- ini are gi valoare de subjonctiv perlect, olnd exprim’ o achiune contrara unei realitali trecute, deci iteala, in unele propozitit subordonate: a) in propozitii completive directe, dup verbul wish: I wish J had been there too. (but I wasn't). Ag fi dorit 88 fiv gi ew acolo. b) in circumstanfiale de mod comparative: He talked as if he had seen ber. Vorbea de parca ar fi varui-o. ) in proposifii conditionele: If he bad read the book, he would have written a better term paper. Daci at fi citit cartea, ar fi seris o tex mai bun’. In limba jonctivul analitic, mai pte sau actiuni ipote- concesii sau a unui englezi contemporana exist’ tendinja de a folosi 5 freevent deel subjonctivul sintetic, pentru a exprima tice, sub forma unor presupuneri, indoieli, ur scop. Formele urmate de verbe no ; Exist’ mai multe posibilitafi de exprimars a subjonctivului an o forma unic& pentra toate persoanele): should + infinitio : should leave should -+ infinitivul perfect: shouid have left would | infireitio : would leave would -+ infinitioul perfect: would Raye left may leave may have left might leave : might have ieft eould leave could have left may + infin may -+ infinitionl perfect might + infinitiv might -+ infinitioul perfect could + infiniti could +- infinitioul perfect 35Formele de subjonctiv aleaituite din verbe modale urmate de infin: prezent se refera la o actiune simultana sau posterioara actiunii din propozitia principald, pe cind cele urmate de infinitivul perfect redau o actiune ante- rioara actiunii din. propozitia principala. Aicn til Degi congin verbe modale, formele subjonctivului analitic si-au pierdut in multe cazuri intelesul modal, verbele modale devenind simple verbe auxiliare: He left early so that he might arrive in time. A plecat devreme ca sé ajunga Ja timp. 898.8, Trost e+ Formele de subjonctiv analitie sint folosite atit in propozifiile principale, oft si in propozifiile subordonate. t Folosirea acestor forme tn propozitiile principale este limitata de obicei Ja exprimarea unor urdri, in expresii fixe, sau pentru exprimarea ideii de con~ ditional: May he Live long! I should like to go now. Formele subjonetivului analitic (mai ales should + infinitio) stnt- mai frecvente in propozifiile subordonate (in special cele introduse de that), pentru a exprima_o acfiune posibila, presupusd, pentru a sublinia ideea de actiune gi nu actiunea propriu-zisd sau indeplinirea ei, care sint redate prin indicativ. Comparagi: The idea is that sport facilities should be improved. Ideea este si se imbu- natajeascl baza material pentru sport. (Aceasta se poate intimpla sau nu.) The fact is that sport facilities will be improved. Faptul este c& baza materials pentru sport va fi imbunatafiti. (Aceasta se va intimpla). : Should +infinitivul este folosit: 4) tn propozifii principale, in alc&tuirea formelor de condifional prezent gi trecut: a) Should +infinitivul prezent este utilizat pentru a reda condie Fionalul prezent tn limba englezs, Ia persoang I singular si plural: yy } \ should like to see him. au} dori si-1 vedem, fn vorbirea curenta exist tendinta de a folosi would in loc de should: a } would like to see him. b) Should +infinitivul perfect este folosit cu functie de condi- tional treout Ia persoana T singular gi plural: by, } should have tikea 1 see him. $i aici este prezentd tendinfa de a inlocui should cu would: Wwe would have liked to see him. ©) Tot tn propozifii principale, should + infinitivul este folosit pentru expri- marea unei atitudini emofionale, in intrebari incepind cu why sau how: Why should we quarrel about such a trifle? De ce si ne certim pentru un asemenea fleac? 2) ta propozifii subordonate: a) tn propozifii subicctive introduse it is/was necessary, strange, unusual, important, impossible, natural, (un)fortunate, remark le, surprising, etc.: 39It is necessary that the chairman should inform the committee of the deci- sion taken. Este necesar ca pregedintele si informeze comitetul despre decizia luata. b) in propozifii subiective introduse de it is/was a pity, shame, surprise, wonder: It is a wonder that they should come so early. E o minune ca ei si vind aga devreme. c) in propozitiile atributive apozitionale, dupa substantivele reason, supposi- tion, thought, idea, hint: This is no reason why he should be late. Aceasta nu este un motiv pentra care si intirzie. a) in propozitiile completive directe dup& verbe care exprim& un ordin, o sugestie, o hoturire: order, command, demand, request, insist, suggest, propose, offer, arrange, agree, setile: They demanded that the meeting should be held without delay. Au cerut ca gedinta si fie tinutd fird intirziere. e) in propozifii completive prepozitionale, dup’ adjective ca: I am glad, pleased, anzious, sorry etc., care redau sentimentele vorbitorului: She was anzious that they should see her dancing. Era neribdatoare ca ei s& o vada dansind. £) in propozifii condifionale, pentru exprimarea unei condifii putin probabile: It he should come, tell him to wait in the sitting room. Dac& vine cumva/se intimpla si vind, spune-i si agtepte in camera de zi. g) in propozifii circumstanfiale de scop negative introduse de lest, for fear (that), in case (that ), urmate de un verb la forma afirmativa: He hurried for fear he should be late. Se grabea de frict si nu intirzie. h) in propozifii concesive introduse de though, although, whatever pentru a exprima o acfiune ipotetica: Whatever he should do, he is not likely to succeed. Orice ar face, nu are ganse si reugeasca. i) in propozifii subordonate temporale (rar): He was advised to keep a diet till he should feel better, A fost sfatuil si find regim pind se va simfi mai bine. Subjonctivul analitie exprimat prin may|might -+-infinitivul prezent sau perfect este folosit: 4) in propozitii principale, pentru a exprima o urare, dorinja: May you live long / Sa& trdiegti multi ani! Oh, that he might recover soon! O, de s-ar insinatogi repede! 2) in propozifii subordonate. Dac& verbul din propozitia principala este la un timp pre- zent, in propozitia subordonata se poate folosi may sau might ++ infinitiv (perfect). Utilizarea lui might + infinitiv indic& o nesiguran}& mai mare dectt may: it is possible that he may come later. Este posibil/Se poate si vin’ mai tirziu. Zi is possible that he might come later. S-ar putea si vini mai tirziu. Might +infinitivul este intrebuinjat intotdeauna dupa un verb trecut in propozitia principala: He spoke loudly so that everybody might hear him. A vorbit tare ca s&-] aud’ toata lumea. May|might +infinitivul (prezent sau perfect) este folosit in urmatoarele tipuri de propozitii. subordonate: 40a) in propozitii subiective introduse de it is/was possible, probable, likely, la “ forma afirmativa: It was possible that they might have visited the Exhibition the day before. Era posibil cai ei 84 fi vizitat expozitia cu o zi tnainte. “tiiLa forma interogativa sau negativa, aceste constructii sint urmate de should +. + infinitiv: Was it possible that they should have visited the Exhibition already? Era posibil ca ei si fi vizitat deja expozitia? by in_propozitii completive propozitionale dup’ be afraid: He was afraid J might turn down his offer. Se temea si nu-i resping oferta. c) in propozifii circumstanfiale de scop introduse de conjunctiile that, so that, in order that: She repeated the explanation so that the pupils might under- stand the lesson hetter. A repetat explicatia ca elevii sé infeleaga mai bine lectia. 4) in propozitii concesive introduse de though, although, whatever, however, no matter etc., pentru areda‘o actiune nesigura, presupusa: However tired he might be, he must come down and taik to us, Oricit de obosit ar fi, trebuie s& coboare si vorbeasc& cu noi. : Subjonctivul analitic exprimat prin would --infinitivul prezent sau perfect este utilizat: 4) In propozifii principale, pentru construirea formelor de conditional: a)condifionalul prezent, la toate persoancle, este format din would +infinitivul prezent: They would like to come now. Ei ar dori si vind acum. b) would +-infinitivul perfect este intrebuinfat pentru formarea con dic fionalului trecut la toate persoancle: They would have liked to come now. Ei ar fi dorit s& vind acum, 2) in propozitii subordonate: a) in propozitii completive directe, dup& verbul wish, pentru‘a exprima o acfiune dorita, dar avind putine ganse de realizare in vitor: J wish he would Tend me his book. (but don’t think he will ). Ag dori si-mi tmprumute cartea. (dar nu cred c& o va face). b) in propozifii circumstangiale de scop introduse de so that: She kept the food in the oven so that they would eat it hot. A finut mincarea In cuptor ea s-0 minince caldi. Could + infinitival este folosit de obicei in Propovifiile circumstantiale de scop, ca o alternativa a lui may/mizht -+ infini- tivul. Deosebirea dintre cele doua constructii este urmitoarea: may/might esto mai formal gi indicd un grad mai mare de nesiguranta; ould este utilizet tn vorbire gi indica de obicei o actiune real&: She sent him money s0 that he could buy the dictionary. I-a trimis bani ca s& poat cumpira/sd cumpere dictionarul. In unele din situafiile de mai sus in care se intrebuinjeaza subjonctivul analitic, se poate folosi si indicativul, Acesta este utilizat de obice? cind acfiunea este mentionata ca un fapt real si nu ca o presupunere: It’s a pity you have missed such an opportunity. E Piicat ci ai pierdut o asemenea ocazie (faptul s-a potrecut). I's a pity you Should have missed such an opportunity. E paca s& fi pierdut 0 asemenen ocazie, (Se subliniaz& ideea de a pierde 0 asemenee ocazie). Penwri analiza mai detaliaté a folosirii modurilor si timpurilor in propozifiite subordonate, vezi Sintaza frazei, § 25.4. — § 25.17. 41Formele nepersonale ale verbului in limba engleza sint infinitivul, participiul in -ing, forma Geruna (gerunziul) si participiul trecut. Formele nepersonale aie verbului nu au categoriile gramaticale de mod, persoang yi numar si nu pot indeplini in propozitie functia de predicat. In unele sittatii insi, ele pot forma constructii cu caracter predicativ, tn care forma verbaii se afld-inte-un vaport predicativ implicit fafa de elementul nominal: Father eoiming home early, we went for a walk, Tata venind devreme acasi, ne-am dus la plimbare. The preparations for the exam completed, the candidates were allowed fo enter the examination room. Pregatirile pentru examen (find) terminate, ii s-a pormis candtlatilor sa intre tn sala de examen. Formele nepersonaie ale verbuivi an atit caracteristici verbale, eit si caracteristici nominale. mune cu cele ale formelor porsonale, sint: 2) Formele nepersonale ale verbului au traditional categoria de timp, diatez’, jar infinftivul are qi categoria de aspect. b) pe plan sintactic, pot evea subiect (formind constractii predicative impli- cplement direct. (dupa verbe tranzitive) sau complemente circum- si formele personale: J can imagine them worrying abowt it. imagines na-gi fae pronieme despre acest lucre. Having read the book, nod :t ta the library. Dupa ce a citit cartea, a inapoiat-o la biblioteca. one pupils running in the playground. Am observat cifiva elevi cuirtea gootii oeste caracteristici verbale, infinitival si Gerund-ul_au datavitd cérara ele pot indeplini in propozitie tantivului, tar participiul are gi caracteristici adjecti- grora s8 poate comporta ca un adjectiv in propozifie: To see her again was his only desire, S-o vada din now era singura lui dorinté. Running is good for you. Crosul iti face bine. He would add stamp after stamp to his ing collection of od Romanian stamps. AdSuga timbru dupa timbru la eolectia ini in erestere, de vechi marci postale romanesti. There is the Lost Office, Acolg este Birws si gi functii vale, datos} Infinitivul are dowd forme: infinitivul lang Tafinitioe), marcat de particula to gi infinitivul sourt (The Short Infinitive }, turd particula to. Intinitivul eu advord interealat (The Split Infinitive). Gramaticile mai men- fionenz’ si infinitivul ou adverb iatercalat,o coustructie destul de Pceeventa in engleza contemposand, aloatuita dintr-an infinitiv lung si un adverb de mod, agezat Intre to si verbul principal, De exewp 0 clearly understand = a inteley appreciate ~ a aprecia cy y refuse = a rel rie ote. Phey cams to tully realize the importance of she event. Au pe deplin de impertenta evenimentul m trebuia ajuns sisi dea seama 42LSS, Caracteriefieitc vordvte 5 4 4) Infinitivul are categoriile gramaticale de timp (prezent gi perfect), aspect (simplu gi continu) gi diatezd (activa gi pasiva). Infinitival (timp, aspect, diatez’) “oes pie “epee wntiove Pree Distera activt | Diesa pas Diaters astra Prozent seash be washed be washing a-spila a fi spalat 2 opi Perfect have washed have been washed have been washing afi spalat | me 8 fi fost spalat i 8 fi spill Ba, cen te Shien In propozifie, infini- tivul indeplineste de regula functiile unui substantiv. Infinitival este folosit: 4) la inceputul propozitiei: a) cu functie de subiect: To err is human. A gregi este omeneso. -tn vorbirea curenta, subiectit! exprimat printr-un infinitiv este anticipat de Pronumele it: It ie quite easy to learn English, Fste destul de usorsa inveti englezeste. ) ca element independent in propozitie, in construcfii parentetice: to be sure, to put it mildly, to speak frankly, to tell the truth etc.: To tell the truth, I don’t like him. 2) dupa substantive, indeplinind functia de atribut: He is not the man to do it. El mu este omul (care) s& fack acest lucru. New houses will be built in this area in the years to come, In anii ce vor veni se vor construi case noi in aceasta zona. : sx Unele dintre aceste substantive provin din verbele de Ja § 1.153., pot. 6: atiempt, decision, intention, wish etc.: He announced his DECISION to resign. $i-a anunfat hotarlrea de a demisiona. 3) dupa verbe modale, ca parte a predicatului: a) infinitivul Jung, dupa: ought (10), have (to), be (to), used (to) gi uneori dupa dare si need (vezi § 1.20.5. si § 4.20.11), ca parte a predicatului: We HAVE 10 get up early every day. Trebuie sine sculim devreme in fiecare zi, b) infinitival scurt, dupa can, may, must, need, dare, shallishould, will|would: You SHOULD seo a doctor. Ar trebui si mergi la doctor. 4) dupa verbe copulative (in special be), Indeplinind funcfia de nume predica- tiv: To see her IS to like her. A o yedea inseamnd a o plicea. 5) c& 0 complinire a unor adjective care exprima stdri sufletesti, folosite predicativ: afraid, certain, content, eager, glad, pleased, sorry, sure, Grong etc.: He is EAGER to help you. Este dornic 84 te ajute. I'm very GLAD to. have seen them. ‘Sint foarte bucuros c& i-am vizut. 6) dupa verbe tranzitive: arrange, attempt, decide, learn, offer, promise, refuse, want, wish etc. ttdeplinind funcfia de complement direct, a) singure: They HAVE DECIDED to repeat the experiment. Au hotirlt si repete experienta. b) im constructia Acuzativ cu infinitiv, dup& verbe exprimind © activitate mintald, (believe, consider, think eto,), permisiunea (allow, Permit}, un ordin sau o rugiminte (order, command, request, beg, ask etc.) We requested them to complete the survey. Le-am cerut s& termine ancheta, 43Dup& verbele de porcepiie: hear, see, watch, nolice, observe perceive si dup’ have, let gi make ta constructia Acuzativ ou infinitiv (Ver § 18.3.4.) se foloseste itivu! scurt: J BBARD them come. J-am auzit venind. J MADB her work herder. Am fijeut-o s{ munceasci mai mult, 1. Verbul notice poate fi urmat sf de infinitival cu to: Z noticed them (to) come, J-am observat, venind. 2. Verbele de lo pet. 6.c] stat wemate de infiniti constractiei Acuzatiy cu infinitiy — Nominativ She wes made to works harder. nul cu to tn transformarea pasiva a infinitiv: They wore heard to come. 7) in constructia Infinitivul eu for —to: They were anzious for her to begin her song. Erau nerabdatori ca ea sd-gi inceapa cintecul. 8) tn constructia Nom nitiv: They were reques- ied to complete tho survey. Li s-a cerui sé termine ancheta, 9) dupa verbe tranzitive sau intranzitive, indepliaind functia de comple- ment cireumstantia! de soop: 7 came to talk to you. Am venit (ca) 84 stau de vorba cu tne Infiaitival ea tone} jement circumstantial de scop poate fi precedat, de in onder to, $0 a3 to: He repeated the new words everyday (In order} nat to forget them, Repeia cuviniels noi tn fier nativouin 10) pentru « istooui o prop 8 un pronume/ adverb inter nu deo {where te go. {what to buy Thow to de Le Verbub Anow ca sensul de 4 git gum of. este urmat de how + infinitio: She imows how to captivate ner Stie cum s8-si captiveze auditoriul. t, learn si teach sink foiosi milar: She taught me how to cateh butter- Show me He has tol bey). how I showld éo it). me un verb care a fost deja mengem, B: Nu vreau (88 mentionat: A: don’t wan mergem). She bow, artes desi i Forma in fe. -ung i Gerund-a ing reprezinté yaa forme verbale distincta: participiul Acestea au for 4 identicd, putind fi diferentiate numai pe baza determiarilor pe dupa fanctiile pe eare le indepiinese in propazil care He at nstruiegte din infinitivul verbului de conjugat, la care > read reading erying; ite ~ = lying; sit + -0 eg acestei forme verbele, vezi § 1.40.5,} rite sbi ~ing = writing ; . Pentru orto- 44Functiile indeplinite de cele doux forme verbale deriva din caracteristi- cile lor: participiul in -ing are caracteristici verbale gi adjectivale : He is sleeping. El doarme. The sleeping child. Copilul care doarme. iar Gerund-ul, caracteristici verbale si substantivale: We had the advantage of working in a factory near our school. Am avut avantajul si lucrim intr-o fabric ling’ scoala noastra. Working in a factory is useful for our future careers, Munca in fabrica este folositoare pentru viitoarea noastr& profesiune, Participiul in -ing sau participiul prezent (the -ing Participle, the Present Participle) exprima o actiune in desfagurare sau o stare nelogate de un agent prin categoriile de persoané sau numar, Baa Le salie. ve ; a) Participiul tn -ing are categoriile gramaticale de timp gi diatez Participinl in -ing (timp, diatez’) Distexk rae ee aetiet I pat Present Participle reading | being read | | Participinl Prezent citind find citit Perfect Participle having read having been read find citit 1 | Participiu! Perfect citind Participiul prezent exprima o achiune simultand cu verbul Ja mod personal din propozitie: Running across the park, he heard somebody call his name. In timp ve traversa pareul In tug, a auzit pe cineva strigindu-] pe nume. Perticipiul perfeet* se formeazi din participiul prezent al verbului have si din participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat. El exprimé o actiune ante- rioard verbului predicativ din propozitie: Having run across the park, he felt tired. Dupa co a traversat parcul In fugit s-a simlit obosit. b) Participiul tn -ing este folosit pentru formarea aspectului continuu al verbolor: They are going home. Se duc acasi. J was playing chess when the telephone rang. Jucam gah cind a sunat telefonul. , ¢) Pe plan sintactic, participiul In -ing poate avea subiect, complement direct (dupa verbe tranzitive) si complemente circumstantiale, ca si formele personale: 7 saw him reading an English book in the library. L-am vazut citind o carte englezeasea 1a bibliotec’. Participiul in -ing poate fi folosit gi ca adjectiv. El se agazi inaintea substantivului, daca * Participiul perfect (Perfect Participle) si participiul trecut (Past Partioiple) nu sint una gi aceeas: forma verbala. Participiul perfect reprezinth forma perfecté a participiului in -ing, indicind 0 acfiune sivirsiti anterior actiunii exprimate de verbul predicativ: Having Tinished the book, he went to bed. Deoarece / Dupa ce a terminat cartea, s-a dus la eileare. Participiul treeut reprezinté alta forma verbalt, lipsita de categoria de timp, si care denumeste actiunea ca rezullat: The furniture made in Romania is exported 'o many countries. Mobila fabricatd in Romania este exportata in multe {ari Participiul trecut intra in structura formei de participin perfect: Having made a useful suggestion, he had our support. Deoarece a fAcut o propunere ulild, (el) s-a bucurat de sprijinul nostru 45se accentueazi latura sa adjectivala gi dup& substantiv, dac& letura verbala este mai evident’: All sleeping children are beautiful {sleeping = not awake). Toti copiii adormifi sint framogi. The child sleeping in the next room is my baby brother (sleeping = who is sleeping) Copilul care doarme in camera alaturata este fréfiorul meu. Participiul in -ing este folosit (singur sau precedat de conjunctii, in special when sau while ): 1) in expresii parentetice: generally speaking = in general, judging by appearances = judecind dupa aparente; beginning with September 15 = ince- pind cu 45 septembrie, considering the circumstances == luind in considerare condijiile. Judging by appearances, nobody is te blame. Judecind dupa aparenje, nimeni nu este vinovat. 2) ca nume predicativ, dupa verbele stand, sit, lie: Ske STOOD gazing at the brightly lit shop windows. Se uita cu admiratie la vitrinele viu luminate, 3) ca inlocuitor al unor propozitii subordonate, indeplinind in propozitie functia de: a) atribut: She looked at the children playing in the garden (= who were play- ing...) Se uita la copiii care se jucau in grédind. b) parte dintr-un comploment direct complex (Acuzativ cu participiu in sing): She heard somebody knocking at the door. (= that somebody was knocking). A auzit pe cinova batind la uga ¢) complement ciccumstanfial, mai ales de: “Arriving at the station, he started looking for his friend (= when ) Sosind la gard, a inceput sd-gi caute prietenul. uza: Having read the book, ke was able to comment on it, (= As he had read the book...) Deoarece citise cartea, a putut so comenteze. —imprejuriri insofitoare: She came out of the room wearing along ovening dress. (She came out... She was wearing...) A iegit din camer& purtind o rochie jungi de sear. ntului circumstantial printr-un participiu tn -ing ick. ongiezei literare. fn vorbire se prefer propozifiile e (Vari parantezete} ‘a ~ing se traduce tn limba roména printr-un jo subordonata: Passing the shop, ke saw his gerunziu sau printr-o p in timp ce trecea prin fafa magazinului, o vazu pe mother inside. mama sa inguntry, Gerund are, la fel ca gi participiul in -ing, caracteristici verbale: a) ere categoriile gramaticale de timp gi diateza: Diateza activa: Gerand: I enjoy learning English. Imi place 8a Invat engleza. Perfect Gerund: He denies having taken the books. Neaga ci luat carfile. 46Diateza pasi Gerund: He can't stand being interrupted. Nu Poate suferi s& fie intrerupt, Perfect Gerund: He denies having been invited to the Party. Neag& c& a fost invitat la petrecere. Gerund denumegte do reguld o actiune simultand cu actiunea verbului predicativ (cu exceptia situafiilor in care Gerund-ul este precedat de prepo- zitia before sau after). The teacher enjoyed taking the children to the museum lait Sunday. Profeso- rului i-a facut plicere si-i duc& pe copii la muzou duminica trecuts. Forma perfecta (Perfect Gerund) denumegte o actiune anterioar’ verbului predicativ. Aceasta forma este mai rar folosita decit Gerund gi ea apare mai ales dup& verbul deny: He DENIES having seen her. Neagi ci a vazut-o. In cam altor verbe, mai ales remember, excuse, forgive, thank gi dupa prepozifiile on, after, without, raportul de anterioritate poate fi exprimat $i de Gerund: doing 1 can't remember { FOE ang } this exercise before Nu-mi amintesc s& mai fi facut acest exercitiu, ic helping FE 7 T thanked him for { having helped ™¢. T-am mulfumit ck m-a ajutat. Sensul pasiy al Gerund-ului este redat de obicei prin forma pasiva: The children enjoyed being taken to the museum. Copiilor le-a facut placere sd fie dusi la muzeu Dupi verbele want, need, require, deserve, si dupa adjectivul worth se foloseste inst Gerund-ul activ pentru redarea sensului pasiv: Your shoes NEED mending. Trebuie siti repari pantofii/Pantofii tai trebuie reparafi. What is WORTH doing is WORTH doing well. Ce meritt tout meritd facut bine. . b) Pe plan sintactic, Gerund poate avea subiect, complement direct in cazul verbelor tranzitive, complemente circumstantiale: J can't imagine him driving a car in this weather. Nu mi-l imagines conducind magina pe 0 asemenea vreme. Spre deosebire de participiul in -ing, care are gi caracteristici adjectivale, Gerund are gi carac- teristici substantivale: a) poate fi determinat de articole, adjective, substantive la cazul genitiv sintetic: a loud knocking on the door The sound of | her coming in | ncrraped their discussion. a baby’s crying i. Dac un verb tranzitiv + complementul sdu direct este folosit la Gerund precedat de un articol, complementul direct se transforma intr-un atribut ‘prepozi- fional cu of. Comparafi: The strengthening of peace and security in Europe is an essential pre- requisite for strengthening peace and security throughout the world. Intdrirea picii gi securitafii in Europa este o condifie esenfialA pentru intarirea pacii gi securitaii in Tumea intreaga. 47Res books } takes a great deal of time. Sorierea cfirfilor ia foarte malt timp. b) este intrebuinfat dup prepozijii: AFTER walking for an hour, we went to the cinema. Dup& ce ne-am plimbat o ori, ne-am dus la cinema. He is in the habit OF going fishing every week. Are obiceiul/Obignuieste si meargi a pescuit in fiecare saptamind. ©) pe plan sintactic, Gerund-ul indeplineste funcfii proprii substantivului: 1) subiect: Camping is the ideal way to spend a holiday. Subiectul exprimat printr-un Gerund este adeseori introdus de un it antici- pativ: It’s no good worrying. It’s hopeless trying to get this car going. 2) parte dintr-un preditat verbal, dupa verbele indicind inceputul: begin, start; continuarea: continue, go on, keep (on) gi sfingitul acfiunii: stop, end, finish, cease: BEGAN He { WENT ON } searching for the document, FINISHED 3) nume predicativ (rar): Seeing is believing. 4) complement direct: Fancy meeting you here! 5) parte dintr-un complement prepozifional: He has succeeded in collecting all the “material. 6) parte dintr-un complement complex: T ean imagine { Maryry } getting upset 7) parte dintr-un complement circumstantial (precedat de 0 prepozitie, care indic& gi felul complementului: —de timp: After eyeling down the avenue, he turned right. | —de mod: He won the competition by guessing all the answers. 8) parte dinti-un atribut prepozifional: J had the pleasure of travelling with them. 4) Forma Gerund este folosita: a) dupa prepozitii ca after, before, by, for, from, om, ete. care indica relatii tem- poraie, cauzale, de mod, de scop, ete.: ON waking up, he found himself in a hospital ward. Cind s-a trezit, s-a vazut intr-un salon de spital. Read your paper again BEFORE handing it in. Citeste inc o data lucrarea inainte sho predai. You'll get a ticket FOR parking here. Ai sd primesti amend& pentra ca ai parcat aici. She keeps healthy BY keeping a sirict diet. Isi men- fine sinatatea finind un regim strict. b) dupa parti de vorbire urmate in mod cbligatoriu de anumite prepozifii: —substantive cu prepozifie obligatorie: —doubt + about; —cause, reason + for; — belief, confidence, delight, difficulty, expe- rience, faith, interest, luck, pride + in; — charge, favour, habit, hope, inten- tion, opportunity, point +- 01 contribution, objection, opposition + to; etc. He has a lot of EXPERIENCE IN foreign ianguage teaching. Are muita expe- rien} in predarea limbilor straine. adjective si participii trecute cu prepozifie obligatorie (vezi § 8.2.5}: —angry, anzious, certain, enthusiastic, 48happy, optimistic, pleased, sure, worried + about; — angry, astonished, bad, clever, delighted, expert, good, pleased, skilful, surprised +/at; —eacel- Tent, famous, responsible, sorry, suitable, useful ++ tor; — consistent, correct, diligent, experienced, expert, fortunate, helpful, interested, late, prompt, quick, right, slow, successful -- in; — afraid, ashamed,. aware, capable, certain, fonscious, convinced, fond, guilty, proud, tired +-ot; —based, dependent, intent, keen + on; —accustomed, equal, equivalent, opposed, used + to; "— annoyed, bored, content, delighted, furious, disappointed, happy, pleased, satisfied, sick, upset + with. I'am DELIGHTED AT her winning the first prize. Sint incintat ca a clstigat premiul intti. a { USED TO Iai } getting up early. Sint obignuit si ma scol deyreme. —verbe cu prepozifie obligatorie: —complain, dream, learn, worry + about; —aim, hesitate + at; —fight, struggle 4- against; —begin, conclude, end +-by; — apologize, care -+-for; — prevent, recover, refrain, retire + trom; — believe, consist, delight, participate, succeed -+- in; accuse, approve, boast, complain, consist, hear, think + of; — agree, concentrate, congratulate, count, decide, focus, insist, live, rely + on: — agree, contribute, look forward, object, resort + to; -- agree + with. T OIECEITO: an your leaving earlier than the others. Nu stat de acord sa pleci mai devreme decit ceilalti. J won't HEAR OF buying a new TV set. Nu vreau si aud si cumparim un telovizor nou. D’m LOOKING FORWARD TO seeing you again. Astept cu neribdare sa te vad din nov. These measures CONTRIBUTE TO strengthening peace and security. Aceste masuri contribuie la intarirea pacii si securitati 2) Gerund este tntrebuin{at dupa substantivul wse in constructia it is no use sau there is no use gi dup& adjectivul worth: This book is WORTH reading. ‘Aceast& carte morita citité. IMS NO USE trying to mend the vacuum-cleaner, Degeaba incerci s& repari_aspiratoru . 3) dupa verbe tranzitive: admit, avoid, consider, deny, detest, dislike, escape, fancy, finish, give up, cannot help, keep (on), don't mind, miss, post pone, practise, put off, resent, resist, risk, cannot stand, stop, suggest, etc. You must AVOID being late in future. Trebuie si eviti si inlirzii In viitor. He HAS GIVEN UP smoking. S-a lasat de fumat. J CANNOT HELP laughing at his jokes. Nu pot sa nu rid la glumele lui. J CANNOT STAND being interrupt- ed in'my work, Nu pot suferi s& fiu intrerupt din lucru. 4) dupa verbe exprimind 0 activitate mintala: forget, remember, under- stand, etc, sau o stare sufleteasca: cannot bear, dread, hate, like, love, neglect, prefer, regret, etc. in alternan}a cu infinitivul (vezi si § 4.4 I remember being disappointed. Imi amintese ca am fost dezamagit. [ FATE their arriving late, Nu-mi place ci fntirzie. : 5) dupa verbe indicind un proces: plan, tr start; continuarea: continue sau sfirgitul actiuni nitivul (vezi § 1.17.8.) undertake; inceputul: begin, cease, in alternanta cu infi- STARTED They { CONTINUED f comparing notes. 7 CEASED. 49 4 — Gramatica timbil engteze1.17.4, Traducere. Forma Gerand nu are un corespondent perfect in limba yomand. Ea se traduce de obicei, in funofie de context, prin: a) un gerunziu: He ended his speech by thanking everybody for their attention. Si-a incheiat cuvintarea mulfumind tuturor pentru atentie. b) un substantiv: Swimming keeps you fit. Inotul te mentine in forma. c)o propozitie subordonata: He is fond of reading aloud. Ii place s& citeascd cu glas tare. 1.47.5. Infinitivuleu to siforma Gerund. Infinitivul cu to gi forma Gerund ‘au unele caracteristici substantivale gi verbale comune, datorita carora: a) pot avea: —subiect: I want you to go first. I can't stand Tom interrupting me all the time; —complement direct: J intend to read this tomorrow. I remember spending a holiday with them. . complement circumstantial: We wanted to go to the theatre. He had the benefit of studying at a Romanian university. : b) pot indeplini aceleagi functii in propozitie: —subiect, nume predicativ: To see her is to like her. Seeing is believing. — complement direct: J love to swim in the sea. I love swimming. : —atribut prepozitional: He has no desire to go. He has no intention of going etc. In alte cazuri ies, numai una din cele dowd forme este posibilé. Vom ana- liza deci cazurile: 4) cind se foloseste numaivinfinitivul; 2) cind se folosegte numai forma Gerund; 3) cind se poate folosi sau infinitivul sau Gerund-ul si care sint diferentele de sens. ail a) dupa verbele enumerate la § 1.15.3. pet. 6: arrange, ask, attempt, choose, decide, demand, etc. + agree, aim, consent, determine, hope, manage, etc.: DECIDED they { AGREED } to make another attempt. CONSENTED b) dupa verbe, substantive sau adjective, pentru a exprima scopul: hurried We { had no time } to explore the cave. found it exciting ©) in constructia Acuzativ cu infinitiv, dupa verbe care exprima un ordin sau o rugdminte: ORDERED el REQUESTED | us to leave immediately. ASKED a) dupa verbele enumerate la §1.17.3. pet. 3: He AV OLDS mentioning the subject. Why do you PUT OFF telling her the truth? I DON’T MIND doing it again. b) dupa prepozitii: BEFORE going out, switch off the lights please. He is keen ON reading poetry. c) dupa adjectivele worth, like gi dupa there is no: J's WORTH listening to him. THERE 18 NO accounting for tastes. 501.17.8. In alte situatii, se poate folosi fie Infinitivul eu zo si formaGerund Deosebirile principale intre cele doud forme, in anumite situatii, sint urma- / toarele: a) Gerund indic& actiunga in general, infinitivul — savirgirea actiunii in anu- mite cireumstan’ t's no use to deny that I was frightened at first. Nu are rost si neg cA mi-a fost teamé la inceput. Ji’s no use erying over spilt milk. b) Gerund indic& o acfiune anterioaré verbului la mod personal, infinitivul — o acfiune viitoare: J remember giving her the parcel. {mi amintesc ca i-am dat pachetul. J must remember to give her the parcel. Trebuie s& nu uit si-i dau pachetul. 7 c) Gerund indica 0 actiune anterioara, infinitivul —scopul actiunii exprimate de verbul predicativ: He stopped reading. S-a oprit din citit. He stopped to read the advertisement. S-a oprit s& citeascé reclama. d) Gerund-ul se refera la o actiune deliberata, infinitivul, la o actiune involun- tard: She began speaking. A inceput sa vorbeascé. She began to weep. A Inceput s& plinga, ete. Deosebirile de intrebuinfare dintre infinitiv gi forma Gerund, detaliate pe verbe, sint urmatoarele: cia da btrebuintove totes labinifiv gf Gerund a + itn T Gerund : sata, | |r _____ ahr om Beem tem taemata hate, like, dis- | —ou refenre la| I hate to get up| —actiunea va-| I hate getting like, prefer © anumitd oca-| early on Mondays.| 2uti in ge-| up early. zie: T like to go to con-| eral: T like going to certs conducted by | concerts. Tan Voicu. | | remember —aefiune pos-| I must remember to| —aetiune an-| I remember post- forget terioard: ost, the leer, terioaré:’ | Ing the letter. forgot to phone | | PU never forget Aer ao nights | seeing her dance. regret —aotiune si-| regret’ to say if] Z regret saying multand cu} wasn't true. ‘it wasn’t true. regretul: i Begin —actiune invo-/ i began to rain| —actiune de-| He began writ- cease Iuntara: while” they were liberata: . |.ing when he was walking. fifty. He began to realize his mistake. | | | 7 | slop —scopul actiu-| He stopped to talk| —incetarea ac-| He sloped talk. | nif: to her. (= in order| —_ jiunii: ing. (He became to talk) silent). continue, dread, | —freovent in| I intend to spend| —inlimbascri-|-I intend spend fev, intend, ne- | yorbire gi in| the holidays af the} 4, literara:| ing my holidays exprimarea | seaside, at’ the seaside, serisk fami- 7 iar: deserve, need, infinitiv pa-| His statement needs | — constructia | Your shoes need require, want to be checked, cu Gerund | mending. mai freeven- th decit eu infinitivul 51Vorb, | a | subtitn, | Adjectiv ‘Sens ‘Exempla ‘Exempla hoy —a Incerea, a| Try to write with) —a trove prin, | I tried writing | face un efort: | your left hand. a oxperimen-| with my left | (your right hand is| ta: hand when Tas | + | an plaster ) a child, i mean —a intentiona:| I meant to tell you,| —ainsemna: | His coming to- | | but I forgot. ‘morrow “means | mother's work- | ing extra hard | today. | allow, permit + complement | He doesn't allow/| —far& comple-| He doesn't al- | indirect al per-| permit pupils to| ment —indi-| low/permit talk- soanei: talk during teste.| rect: ing during teste, opportunity + yerbul be=| Thie will be a good| — posibilitate: | I had the oppor- un moment con-| opportunity (for tunity of mee- venabil, ocazie:| you) to mest him, ting him. afraid —tntr-o anu-| I’m afraid to dis-| —{n general: | I can’t play re- mité situa-| turb him at this peords here at Dm tie: late hour. afraid of alsturh- | ing him. LATS. Exista gi situafii in care folosirea infinitivului cu to sau a Ge- rand-ului nu implica diferente mari de sens: a) Unele substantive, ca ambition, chance, charge, honour, intention, possibility, pot fi urmate fie de infinitiv, fie de of + Gerund: We had the HONOUR OF meeting the great singer. Am avut onoarea de a fi prezentati marei cintarefe. I do-not have the HONOUR to bélong to this association. Nu am onoarea de a fi membru al acestei asociafii. She had no INTENTION OF going on the trip. Nu avea nici o intentie s& mearga in excursie. She left at eight, with the INTENTION to go to bed early. A plecat la 8 cu intenfia si-se culce devreme. ). Unele substantive, adjective sau verbe pot fi folosite uneori fara prepo- zifie, gi atunci sint urmate de un infinitiv, iar alteori cu prepozifie gi atunci sint urmate de un Gerund: She AGREED to come. A fost de acord sa vin&. T AGREE TO her coming. Sint de acord si vina. We DECIDED to visit the exhibiti Am hotarit si vizitim expozitia. We DECIDED ON visiting the exhibition. You were quite RIGHT to refuse his offer. Ai avut dreptate s-i refuzi oferta. She was RIGHT IN refusing him. (Ea) a facut bine ca la refuzat. Atengie la urmatoarele situatii care prezinté deseori dificultafi pentru elevii romani: a) manage ++ infinitiv; sueceed -+in + Gerund: He MANAGED to set every- thing right, dar: He SUCCEEDED IN setting everything right. bd) aim ++ infinitiv; aim + at + Gerund: This book { ame treeiving f a description of the structure of present — day English. . ¢) occasion -+infinitiv; opportunity + of +Gerund: J hope I won't have OCCASION (= reason for/need to) to punish you. Sper c& nu voi avea motive si te pedepsesc. Jf J have OCCASION to meet him, J'U give him your 52message. Daci_am motiv sé-l intilnesc, am sa-i transmit mesajul tau. If [ have an OPPORTUNITY OF meeting him, I'll give kim your message. Daca se ivesle vreo ocazie/Dacd am posibilitatea s&-l {ntlinesc am sé-i transmit mesajul tau. 4) (un)able + infinitiv; (un)eapable + of + Gerund: He was (UN)ABLE to do it. He was (UN)CAPABLE OF doing it. 1 treeut (The Past Participle) '.Participiul trecut este forma nepersonala a verbului care denu- meste actionea ca rezultat. oe Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaza de Ia infinitiv, la care se adaugi lerminatia -ed: listen — listened, move — moved, carry — carried, stop — stopped, et : (Pentru particularitajile fonetice si ortografice ale formei in -ed, veri $1.6.5 Pentrn forma de partivipiu trecut a verbelor neregulate, veui jista prinei- palelor verbe neregulate, pp. 12 — 46. L. fuvaciscistietis verhate ale partielpiului tr a) Participiul trecut, este folosit la formarea diatezei pasive, impreund cu verbul be: Fresh fruit and vegetables are sold here. Aici se vinid. fructe gi jegume proaspete. b) Participiul trecut este intrebuintat la formarea tampuruor pertecte ale verbelor, impreuna cu verbul auxiliar have Present Perfect : He has read the book. El a citit cartea. Past Perfect : He had read the book. El citise cartea. Future Perfect : He will have read the book. El va fi citit cartea. Past Conditional: : He would have read the book. El ar fi citit cartea. ‘Verbul go si mai rar come pot reda ideea de perfect prezent si respectiv de mai-mullca-perfect, ea ajutorul verbului be la prezent sau Past Tense (in loc de, auxiliarul have): The plumber is come. A sosit instalatorul. The guests were gone Musafirii plecasera, trecut are gi caracteristici adjectivale, putind i propozitie. Sublinierea, fie a naturii verbale a participiului trecut, fie a celei adjecti- vale, reiese din pozitia acestuia. Cind se accentueaza caracterul verbal, participiul urmeaza substantivul, funcfionind ca un inlocuitor al unei propozitii relative: The things not wanted were given away (= which were not wanted). Cind este accentiiat aspectul adjectival al participiului, el se agazé tnain- tea substantivului: These are portraits of wanted persons. ut Participiul unctiona ca un adjectiv in + kaet Unele verbe au forme speciale pentru participiile treeute folosite adjectival: 8) participiile unor verbe regulate (aged, beloved, learned, cursed, blessed) igi schimba pronuntia, addugind 1m [id] silabie? 53Participiu trecut: ‘Adjectiv din participiu: He has aged. {eidsd] He is an aged [ ‘eidsid] man. He was beloved {bilavd] by his Our beloved [bi lavid] country. students. ‘He has learned {ia:nd) this He is a learned [ ‘lo:nid] man. lesson. b) Unele verbe neregulate au doud forme le participiul trecut: una folositt ca partivipiu, cealaltd ca adjectiv (care poate apdrea fie singur, fie in anu- mite combinatii): | Pasticpin trout: | __Adjeotiv ain pactcipia: ‘The tills child was heaton by ths bigger boys. | He was doad-bext (mort. de obeseali) afler | the day's work. | A aranken man is unpleasant to ook at. (ioiosires atributiva a adjectivulai) dar si: He was halt — drunk. Molosirea predicativa a adjectivalui) Molten steel/gold/lava (atributiv), pentru metale, dar: melted butler/snow. We have drank tuo nucl coffe ‘The stect hug melted grief Hie was nt stricken (folosit predicativ). error He ous etricken with fever. Mowa grass/hay (doar atributiy) A handsewn dress. 4 cloanshaven man, | | | | | The tree was struck By Hightning. 1 i | | | i ‘Phe lown was mown/mowed yesterday. She hae sewa,sowed « dress. | | \ i | ' 1 He has juet shaven. | i \ They hare sharaishesred fhe shee 4 whore lamb. | The shiel fas abamk. Shrunken clothes. The ship has sunk. | Sunken eyes. He has sownjsowed the field, | Sown seeds. He has spilt/spllled the amt. Spilt milk | They have spoilt! A spoilt child They have werked Wrought iron; wrought-up nerves. Participiul trecut intactios de: a) atribut: {here is the Lost Property Office. Acolo este biroul de obiecte gisite. as anpresced by her kindness. A fost impresionat de indeplineste func{ii t complox (Acuzativ ou parti 2 aceasta si fie facut imediat. iroumstantial (de timp, cauzi, condifie, Juncilile when, if, as iffas though, ete. , she turned und looked at kim, Impresio- itea in vovea lui, (ea) se intoarse gil privi, She if puraled dy my words. Tacea ca gi clad cuvintele mele i-ar treout se traduce de obicei in limba romana zifie subordonata: He looked at the clerk. hent over the pap: arul aplecat peste hirtii. The preparations for the birthday party completed, 7 went out to buy a birthday cake: Dupa ce am terminat pregatirile pentru aniversare, am iegit. si cumpar un tort. 5438.2 3 verbal call intern actied Tipit \speotul 5 Aepeetul \spectu ; ‘inp conta ‘imo ative Indicatival I am being preront Teall, | £ am calling Tam called called Perfectul T have I have been I have been - present called calling called Past Tense | I eailed I was eatling I was called T was being called | Mai mult Thad called | I had been Thad been | ca perfect: calling called 7 I | Viitorut Tam going | Lam going @ | I am going to apropiat ‘to ealt be calling be called = | Viitorul T shalijwitt | 7 shaitfwitt ° }°T shallfwill, simplu ‘all be calling be called as rub T shalljwill T shalljwill have Z shalljwilt perfect | have called | been calling have been called oe I call I be calling I be called Subjonetivat | I should call | I should be calling | I should be called - ete, ete. ete. Conditionalu) | I should/ T should}would L shouldjwould present would call | be cling be called ~ Conditionalul | 1 shoulay I shouldjwowd | 1 shouldjuould trecat would have | have been calling | have been called = called | Imperativul Let me call! Let me be calling! | Let me be called! Call! | Be calling | Be called t Infinitival call be calling be called = prevent, Infinitivul have called have been calling | have been called _ perfect, Partieipiul \ present calling a being called ~ si Gerund Participiul Si Gerund-ul | having - having been — perfect, called called Participiul | trecut called ~ called = 5510.1, Verbele auxiliare au urmatoarele caracteristici: 1) sint golite de sens lexical: J shall leave after he comes. Voi pleca dupa ce vine el visUnele verbe auxiliare (will / would, shall} should» may | might) pot fi folosite si ca verbe modale: Fou should see this film. Trebuie si veai filmul acesta. Alte verbe anxiliare pot fi folosite si ca verbe notionale, avind un sens lexical proprin in xnumite contexte: J Wave a book. Am o carte. Do this translation, please, will you. Fa te rog aceasta traducere 2) indeplinesc functia de marci a categoriilor gramaticale de diatezi, mod, timp, persoana si numara verbele pe care le insotese: She was offered flowers. 1 s-au oferit flori. 3) inlocuiese verbele notionale in réspunsurile scurte gi fatrebarile dis- junctive (la fel ca gi verbele-modale): A: Do you like this book? B: Yes, I do. He has written a good composition, hasn’t he? 4) din punct de-vedere al pronuntatii gi ortogratiei, verbele auxiliare apar adesea sub forme-teduse, contrase, ele fiind de obicei neaccentuate in vorbire. Folosirea formelor contrase este caracteristica vorbirii curente gi exprimsrii famifiare in scris. Unele forme contrase sint cazacteristice exprimarii dialectale saw vorbirii necultivate: He ain’t no fool (= He is no fool) Hi au e-prost detoc. seecte din punet de vedere gramatical in vaport cu limba fle apar ca forme standard, constau in scurtarea verbelor auxiliare la forma alirmativa si a negatiet not Ja forma negativa: I’ve got a book. I haven't got a book. O forma contras& poate avea mai muite valori: He’s come = He has come. He’s here = He is here. Formele contrase ale verbelor auxiliare gi modale (Ia afirmativ gi la negativ cu adverbui not contfas).sint urmatoarele: { : i i | | Forma oxninsi fa too de Fora contrss | tu too €o | | | I i | | tee (Pre, yowee ete.) | have {| haven’e | dave not i {os Che's tee.) | 1) has 2) as hadn't | isd rot [oa | VD had | isn't [i not | | | 2) showla 1 aren't | arent i i ; 3) would i] eats | | ea | asa | re (you're ete.) |. are | eren't | teore ‘not |W (PI, you'll ete.) | 4) shalt |} skan’e | shail not | 2) will | | don't do ol | | doesn’t daes ‘ot Hl shouldn't | should not {didn't aed not | won't | will not | | wwonldn't | sould not i | daren’t | dace not | needn't need not | | | cannot |) iets ef us | | couteén’e | could not |] “lemme” et me i | aust must not || ain'e | 1) am nol | i I | 8) ae not I i j | 56 jsinter Formele contrase ale verbelor auxiliare Ja afirmativ nu pot fi folosite: ile scurte: Has he got a new bicycle? Yes, he has. interogative:,Shall we go to the cinema? Where did he go? c} in partea finala a intrebarilor disjunctive: He wasn't there; was he? a) oind sint accentuate, pentru subliniere: He was at the conference. I did see him there. St Teese wemsshicen (a fo} Verbul be, Past Tense: was, were, parti- cipiul trecut been, apare in structura: a) aspectului continuu (be + participiul prezent): Diateza activa: Diateza pasivi: Infinitive: be reading. Present: He is reading. It is being read. Past: He was reading. dt was being read. Future: He will be reading. al Conditional: He would be reading. = Infinitive Perfect: Have been reading = Present Perfect: He has been reading. - Past Perfeet: He had beon reading. ae Future Perfect: He will have heen reading. - Conditional Perfect: He would have been reading - b) a diatezei pasive (be ++ participiul trecut): Infinitive: be read Perfect Infinitive: have been read Gerund: being read. Perfect Gerund: having heen read. Present: It is read. Present Perfect: It has been read. Past: It was read. Past Perfect: It had been read. ° Future: It will be read. Future Perfect: It will have been read. Conditional: It would be read. Conditional Perfect: 11 would have been read. Verbul have, Past Ten: trecut: had, apare, atit la diateza activa, cit si la cea pasiva, melor perfecta : + had, participiul in structura for- Diateza activk: Diateza pasivi: Perfect Infinitis have read have been read. Perfect Gerund: having read. having been read. Present Perfect: He has read. It has heen read. Past Perfect: He had read. Jt bad been read. Future Perfect: He will have read. Jt will have been read. Canditional Perfect: We would have read. It would have been read. apare: a) la ambele diateze, in structura timpurilor viitoare, modul indicatiy gi ale timpurilor modului conditional, la persoana I singular si plural: : Diateza activi: Diateza pasivi: Future: I shall give I shall be given Future Perfect: I shall have given I shall have been given 57Conditional: I should give I should be given J should have given I should have been given ‘Not&: Should + infinitiv este folosit si ca viitor-Intrecut (Future in the Post): I said X should do it. Am spus c&-am s-0 fac. b) la toate persoanele, pentru formarea subjonctivului analitic: It’s strange that they { stants Be he Bae a intra tn componenfa aceloragi forme verbale ca i shall, should (viitor §1 condifional), la persoanele a Il-a gia Ill-a singular fi plural’, iar in vorbire, gi la persoana I singular si plural: Diateza activa: Diateza pasivi: Fature: He will give He will be given, Future Perfect: ‘He will have given * He Will have been given Conditional: He would give He would be given mad: nal Perfect: He would have given He would have been given Would + infinitiv este folosit gi ca viitor-tn-trecut: He said he would do it. A spus ci 0 s-o faca. apare in structura subjonctivului analitic, folosit mai ales in propozifiile circumstantiale de scop: Hurry up, so that we may arrive in time. Grabeste-te ca si ajungem la timp. They hurried so that they might arrive in time. S-au grabit ca si ajunga la timp. apare in structura imperativului, persoana I gi a Ill-a singular gi plural: me Let{ | think! them a) forma de Past Tense intra in aledtuirea formei interogative gi negative a verbelor nofionale la timpul Present Simple, respec- tiv Past Tense Simple: Do you live in this town? Lacuiesti in acest ora? Does he work here? Lucreazé aici? Did he attend this school? A urmat aceasta scoala? I don’t like it. He dovsn’t understand. They didn’t go. Verbul auxiliar be primeste auxiliaral do la imperativul negativ: Don’t be silly! Nu fi prost(ut)! 2. Verbul have formeazi interogativul si negativul cu ajutorul lui do tn engleza ‘vorbitd si In varianta americana a limbii engleze: / don’t have enough time to do this. N-am destul timp ca s& fac asta. b) Do apare in structura formei negative a modului imperativ: . bet let’s { listen to that nonsense. c) Do este intrebuinfat pentru sublinierea predicatului la forma afirmativa a indicativului, timpurile prezent si Past Tense gi a imperativului, in care situatie este accentuat: She does make all her dresses herself. Intr-adevar tigi face toate rochiile singura. Do read this letter to me. Citeste-mi, te rog, serisoarea. 581.20. Verbele madate (Moda 1.20.4. Verbele modale exprima atitudinea vorbitorului fata de enunt, actiunea din cadrul acestuia fiind vazuta ca posibila, probabila, necesara, obligatorie, de dorit, ete. : 11 might rain later. S-ar putea sd ploud mai urziu, You must meet him at the station. Trebuie sil agtepti la gard. Din punet de vedere al caracteristicilor formale, verbele modale engle- zesti se impart in: i)verbe notionale exprimind modalitatea (want, wish, order, oblige, advise, intend, mean, prefer, ete.) care se comport ca cele, lalte verbe notionale: He wants to see the play. Vrea si vada piesa. Don’t oblige him to do this. Nu-l obliga s faca asta. 2)verbe modale defective (Defective Modal Verbs) (can/ could, may|might, must, have to, shall|should, will}would, ought to, be to, used to, dare), care exprima de asemenea modalitatea, dar care din punct de vedere formal, prezinta anumite caracteristici. vi: Termenul de verbe modale folosit pe parcursul lucrarii se refera la verbele modale defective. Verbele modale au urmatoarele caracteristici: a) sint defective, adica le lipsesc anumite forme verbale. In consecin}a, nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile gi timpurile. Formele pe care le au verbele modale pot fi folosite pentru redarea mai multor timpuri gi moduri. Can, may, must, need si dare, de exemplu, exprim indicativul prezent: I can help you. Daca ele sint ins& urmate de un adverb de timp vitor, actiunea exprimata de verbul Ja infinitiv se refer la un moment vitor: J ean only help you next week. Am 8a te pot ajuta ab.« saptimina viitoare. Formele aparent trecute ale verbelor modale au valoti: — de Past Tense, conditional gi subjonetiv (could, would, might): I could skate when I was a child. Stiam & patinez cind eram copil. 1 eould help you of you wanted me to. Ag putea si te ajut daca ai dori. She lent him the camera so that he could take photos on the trip. I-a imprumutat aparatul de fotogra- fiat ca sa facd fotografi in excursie. Might poate fi folosit cu valoare de Past Tense doar In vorbirea indirectA: She said you might go. — de conditional gi subjonctiv (should): I should like to come tomorrow if you don’t mind. Ag dovi sa vin mine, daca nu te deranjeaz’. He demanded we should come the next day. A cerut 34 venim a dova zi. — la unole forme care le lipsesc, verbele modale sint inlocuite de pe ri- fraze modale, de anumite constructii cu sens modal (Modal Equi- galents ): ean — be able to; must — have to; may — be allowed to|permiited to: Prezent: You may go now. Poti/Ai voie sa pleci acum. Past Tense: He was allowed to go. I s- permisjdat voie si plece. Past Perfect: He had been allowed to zo out and play before they left. 1 se permisese si iasd afara si se joace Inainte ca ei si plece. b) nu primese -s la persoana a III-a singular (cuexceptia lui be to gi have to): He must see this play. Trebuie sa vada aceasta piesa. ©) formeaz& interogativul si negativul fara ajutorul auxiliarului dojdid (cu exceptia Tui have to): Must you do this? Trebuie si faci asta? 59She cannot sivim. Nu gtie si inoate, dar: Do you have to type that report? Trebuie si dactilografiezi raportul? d) sint urmate de infinitivul scurt al verbelor nofionale (cu excepfia lui be to, have to, ought to): She can eook. Stie si giteasci, dar: He has to get up early every day. Tre- Dbuie sa se scoale devreme in fiecare 21. Cind sint urmate de infinitivul prezent, verbele modale se refers la o achiune prezenta sau viitoare: He might be there now. S-ar putea ca el sa fie acolo acum. She might come Jafer. Ea s-ar putea sa vind mai tirziu. Cind sint urmate de infinitivul perfect, actiunea exprimata de verbul no- fional are un caracter trecut, de anterioritate: He might have been here before we arrived. S-ar putea si fi fost aici tainte sa sosim noi, e) pe plan sintactic, verbele modale defective aleatuiese un predicat verbal compus impreuna cu un alt verb Ja infiniliv: You ean buy a 1'V-set in instal- ments. Poji 84 cumperi un televizor in rate. In cadrul predicatului verbal compus, verbele modale indeplinesc 0. funetie dubia: —functia gramaticalii de marca a Limpului: He ean skate now. Stie si patineze acum. He could skate when he was a child. Stia sa patineze cind era copil. — fanctia lexicala de exprimare a modalitatii: She can type. Stie sé bala la magina. You needn’t type this. Nu este nevoie s& bafi asta la magin’. Can este folosit pentru toate persoanele Ja indi- cativ_prezent. Could este folosit condifionel. Can | could poate exprima: t)capacitatea (fizicd sau intelectuala) de efectuare fa unei acfiuni: Tom ean speak three foreign languages. Tom stie trei limbi straine. J could run faster than you last year. Puteam sa alerg mai repede dectt tine anul trecut. (an urmat de un verb de perceptic senzorial& (see, hear, ete.) corespunde aspectului continuu al verbului respectiv: J can see the car now. {ean hear footsteps. (veri gi § 4.40.44. pet. D.) Gan exprimind capacitatea fizick sau intelectual (ability) este inlocuit de be able tolbe capable of know how to: Prezent: 1 ean ski now)! am able to ski now. (mai putin freevent) Past Tense: / could skate when I was a child. Stiam s& patinez cind eram copil. (capacitatea de a patina In general). Although 1i was very cold yester- da, we were able to skate for an hour. Degi a fost foarte frig ieri, am reusit sit patin&m o ork. (capacitatea de a patina — manifestata in anumite conditii, in special nefavorabile). Viitor: I'l be able to skate next year. Conditional: Wontdvrn be able to f manage by yourself if it was necessary? To-ai putea descurca singur dat ar fi nevoie? Diferenta de sons intre could gi wasjwere able to se pierde Ia negativ sau cu verbe de percepjie: I { couldn’t tru toate persvancle la Past Tense $i subjonctiv- wasn’t able to I { couldn’t } ski yesterday as the weather was very bad. wasn't able to } see him in the dark. 602) Can este folosit pentru a exprima’ permisiunea, cao alterna- tiva a lui may in oxprimarea familiard: A: Can I burrow your umbrella? B: Of course you ean. Pot 8 iau umabrela ta? Desigur. Could este folosit pentru a exprima permisiunea in trecut: On Sundays we could stay in bed until ten o'clock. Duminic&d aveam voie si stam in pat pind la ora 10. ; In acest sens, can/could poate fi inlocuit de be allowed to, be permitted to; On Sundays we were allowed to stay in bed until ten o'clock. 3) Posibilitatea datorita circumstantelor se exprima astfel: Prezent: You ean ski at Predeal now.. There is enough snow. Past Tense: Weeould ski at Predeal last year. There was enough snow. Vitor: fwilhe possible for 4" Vig ski at Predeal, there’ will be plenty of snow in December. ‘ Forme de conditional: It’s fogsy. The airport could be closed. If he had enough money he could buy a bicycle. 4) Canjcould sint tolosite pentru aexprima: 0 cerere, rugiminte politicoasa: am you wait a few moments? Could este mai politicos decit can. 5) Could +infinitivul perfect este folosit pentru a exprima capacitatea nerealizata de efectuare a unei actiuni in trecut: Ske eould have helped me. (But she didn’t). Ar fi putut si ma ajute. 6) Can'ticouldn’t+infinitivul prezent al verbului de exprima o deductie negativa despre un eveniment prezent: A: I'm hungry. B: You can’t he hungry. You've just had your dinner: Can't|Couldn't -infinitivul perfect exprima o deductic nega- tiva despre un eveniment trecut: A: Did Ann type the report? B: She can’t/eouldn’t have typed it. She hasn’t learned to type yet. May este folosit Ja toate persoanele cu valoare de indicativ prezent gi vitor, Might este folosit pentru toate persoanele cu valoare de conditional gi subjonctiy. Might este intrebuin' recta. “/¢ may rain late May este folosit: 1) pentru a cere(a) sau a acorda(b) permisiunon (mai oficial dectt can) a) May / go? Pot sa plec? b) You may go. Poti s& pleci. Forma negativd de neacordare a permisiunii este may not, rar mayn’t: A: May J go out? B: No, you may not. Must not (mustn't) este folosit pentru, a exprima interdictia, mai ales in regulamente, instrucfiuni: You mustn’t walk on the grass. Nu caleati pe iarbi. Echivalentul modal pentru exprimarea permisiunii este be allowed to/ be permitted to: allowed permitted {cu valoare de Past Tense doar in vorbirea indi- he said. He said it might rain later. He was }t0 Bo. I s-a permis/l s-a dat voie si plece, 612) May|might poate exprima o cerere, 0 rugdéminte poli- ticoasa. (may este mai politicos si oficial dectt can/could): Mey I use your phone? Imi dati voie sa dau un telefon? olosirea lui might-in acest sens indici un grad de nesiguranta mai mare dectt may (cu privire la réspuns): Might J use your phone? Ag putea s& dau un telefon? 3) Maylmight -+infinitivul present exprimi o posibilitate pre- zenta sau viitoare (in sau dupa momentul vorbirii): may toda: So poate } ....., f azi He { me } come { eee } S-ar vata f sa vind { miine. Might este folosit: a) pentru a exprima o posibilitate mai indepartata (s-ar putea...) b) dupa un verb trecut, in ‘vorbirea indirecta: He said he might come. ¢) in Irazele continind subordonate condifionale: If you shouted, he might hear you. Daca ai striga, s-ar putea si te auda. La forma interogativi si megativ, may exprimind posibilitatea este inlocuit de constructiile do you think ++ prezent|vittor sau be likely ++ infinitiv: Do you think he'll come today ? Is he likely to come today? } croai cdo sa vind asta? May|might + infinitivol perfect este folosit pentru a exprima o speculafie despre o actiune trecuta: may 47 $e poate He { Midye } hace arrived. Siar putea 4) Might mai este folosit: a) in cereri insistente sau atunci cind vorbitorul este iritat de neindepliniea unei actiuni (might + infinitivul prozent): You might give sear capyof that paper. ( Please give me a copy. I’m annoyed that you. haven't given me one.) : b) pentru aexprima iritarea, reprogul in legiturd cu necfectuarea vrei actiuni trecute (might -+infinitivul perfect): You might have told me what had happened. Ai fi putut si-mi spui ce s-a intimplat. Must este folosit Ja toate persoanele, la } 88 fi sosit. indicativul prezent gi vitor. ‘Have to este folosit ca inlocuitor al lui must exprimind obligatia, iar need este folosit cu valoare de prezent gi viitor, mai ales in propozifsi negative gi interogative. Must se folosegte pentru a exprima: t) obligatia: They must stop because the traffic light is red now. ‘Must exprimind obligatia poate fi inlocuit de have to sau ‘ve got to. HAVE TO. Intre must si have to exist urmatoarele diferente de sens: - a) Must exprimé o obligatie impusi de ciitre vorbitor, pe cind have to exprima o obligajie impusi din exterior: J must go. (It’s my decision ). We have to go. (The shop is closing ). b) ‘Must exprima o obligatie importanta, urgenta: J must be at the hospital at two. It's most important. ‘Hace to exprima o obligatie obignuita, repetaté (habitual obligation ): T have to b¢ at the hospital at seven o'clock every morning. I begin work at seven. Prezent: You must stay in bed for a few days. You've got flu. You have to stay in bed when you have flu. 62Past Tense: He had to stay in bed last week. He was quite ill. Viitor: You must stay in bed tomorrow if you don’t feel better. You'll have to stay in bed when you feel feverish again. HAVE GOT TO In vorbirea familiard, se adaugit got la have to, iar have se contrage, obtinindu-se J’ve got/I haven’t got to phone her. : ~ " Aceasta formi exprima de obicei obligafia implinirii unei singure actiuni, Forma must not (musin’t) exprimi interdictia, sau un sfat la prezent sau viitor: You must not move. You mustn’t walk on the grass. You mustn’t miss that film, it is very good. : Lipsa obligativit &fii se exprima cu ajutoral lui needn’é, sau not have to[not need to: needn’t You} don't have to f come carly. Forma negativi a lui have to exprimi o obligatie externa sau repetata, habituala: We don’t early on Sundays. (We don't go to school won't | have to get UP fon Sundays). Need poate fi folosit Ia mai multe timpuri (ca gi not have to): Prezent: A:Need J go there now? B: No, you needn't, A: Do Z need to come here every day? B: You don’t need to. Past Tense: Did you need to go there yesterday? I didn’t need to go. Viitor: You needn’t/won’t need to go there tomorrow. Tn propozifiile interogative, folosirea lui need in Jocul hui must arata ca vorbi- lorul se asteapl la un raspuns negativ: A: Need I wash the dishes? (1 hope not.) set! ©" Need gi needn't sint urmate de infinitivul scurt. Celelalte forme sint urmate de infinitivul lung: You needn’t come. He didn’t need TO come. She won’t need TO come. Needn’t 4-infinitivul perfect exprima o actiune care a fost efectuata in trecut, degi nu era necesara: You needn’t have bought two loaves of bread. I’ve bought a loaf myself. Need poate fi folosit si ca verb principal, insemnind: He needs help. Are nevoie » de ajutor. Did she need the dictionary? A avul nevoie de dictionar? 2) Must poate exprima gi deductia logic a: She must be at home. She left'an hour ago. Deductia negativé se exprima cu ajutorul lui cannot/ean’t + infinitivul prezent al verbului to be: She left ten minutes ago, she can’t be at home now. Must --infinitivul perfect exprima o deducyie logica (in prezent) despre o acfiune trecuta: She's got @ ten in her term paper. She must have worked very hard. Deductia logicd negativa se exprimi cu ajutorul lui can't/couldn’t + infinitivul perfect: ste { Courant } have baked this pie. She can’t cook. In vorbirea indirect se foloseste must sau have to dupa caz, dupa un verb declarativ la un timp trecut: She said she would have to leave early. in the morning (obligatie). We thought she must be il, Am crezut ef este bolnava (deductie logica). 631.20.6, SHALL/SHOULD. Shall este folosit: 1) pentru a exprima o bligatia, in stilul oficial —acte, regulamente, ete. la persoana a II-a gia Ill-a: The seller shall supply the spare parts in dus time. . Vinzatorul { ye tae este obligat si furnizene } piesele de schimb in timp util. 2) Shall este folosit in propozitii intero gative, la persoana I singu- lar sau plural: a) pentru a cere un sfat, 0 sugestie, un ordin: Where shall we put the flowers? ‘Unde 88 punem florile? Shall we go to the cinema tonight? (Ce spui), mergem la cinema diseari? What shall I do? Ce trebuie si fac? b) pentru a face o oferta: Shall / help you? Sa te ajut? Should este folosit” pentru a expruma: 1)obligatia, necesitatea Togica de tnfaptuire a unei actiuni, de obicei sub forma de sfat dat de ciitre vorbitor: The book is very interesting. You should read it. Cartea e foarte interesanta. Ar trebui s-o citesti, He shouldn't teil lies. N-ar trebui si minta. 2) o presupunere (indicind un grad de nesiguran{a mai mare decit will): He should be there by now. Ar trebui sa fi ajuns acolo deja. He should have left by now. Ar trebui.si.fi.pleoat aeja: : 3) Should este frecvent folosit in propozitii sub or donate (vezi cap. 25): a) in propozitii subiective: It's strange that he should behave like that, b) in propozitii completive directe: J suggest we should leave at once. ¢) in propozifiile conditionale pentru a exprima o conditie mai pufin proba: bila (§ 1.13.40. pet. f): If she should come, tell her to wait for me. Dac& se intimpla sd vind, spune-i si ma agtepte. 4) in propozitii de scop, in parale! cu would: She put on her sun glasses so that no one should/would see her tears. Igi puse ochelarii de soare ca $4 nu-i vada nimeni lacrimile. e) in propozitiile de scop negative, dupa lest si uneori dupa in case: She was afraid in case she should slip on the icy road. li era team si nu- alunece pe drumui inghefat. ‘Should +-infinitivul perfect exprima neindeplinirea unei obli- gayii sau a unei actiuni in trecut: You should have sent her a telegram. Why didn’t you? Ar fi trebuit s&-i trimiti o telegrama: De ce n-ai facut-o? 126.7. OUGHT PO. Ought to indica obligatia sau datoria, de obice: sub forma de stat dat de catre vorbitor (la fel ca should ): A: You ouglit to finish the book before going on holiday. A: Ar trebui si termini cartea inainte s& pleci in vacanta. I know J should: B: Stiu c-ar trebui. Exprimarea unui sfat, a'unei recomandari, sugestii, prin ought to/should este mai putin puternica decit prin must: Comparati: You { het to f see « doctor. Ar trebui sa te duci la doctor. You must see a doctor. Trebuie si te duci la doctor. Ought to +infinitivul perfect exprimi.o datorie neindeplinita, © actiune care ar fi trebuit efectuatd (la fel ca should): You { $yea” } have erossed when the lights were green, 64Ar fi trebuit s& traversezi cind lumina semaforului era verde, ‘ You { Speman? } have crossed when the lights were red. N-ar fi trebuit sa traversezi pe lumina ‘rosie a semaforului, Ought to/should rémine neschimbat tn vorbirea indirecta, dupa un verb la un timp trecut: He toid me you { SnBNa" } auend the conference Mi-a spus c& ar trebui sa vii la conferinta. 1.20.8. WILL/W OULD. Will este folosit pentru a exprima: 4) 0 comanda impersonal& (similar cu must, be to): You will come here at once. Vino incoace imediat. 2) insisten$a, hotarirea de a efectua o actiune: He will study chemistry whatever his father says. Va studia | este decis s& stu- dieze chimia, indiferent de parerea tatalui sau. 7 3) o achiune repetat, un obicei al unei persoane (will ,frecven- tativ*): He will sit on the bench for hours and gaze at the stars. Obignuiegte sk stea ore-n gir pe banca si s& se vite la stele (vezi § 1.9.3. pet. 5)). 4) 0 invitafie, in propozifii interogative, la persoana a II- you have another sandwich? Mai vrei /ia te rog un sandvig. 5) 0 cerere sau rugaminte (pe un ton politicos, dar mai autori- tar decit would): Will you sign the register? Va rog si semnafi in registru. 6) 0 intentie spontanad, nepremeditata, in momentul vorbirii (Vezi $1.9.3. pet. 3 a)), la persoana I (de obicei contras in Ul): A: I’m thirsty. B: I'll fetch you a glass of water, A: Mi-e sete. B: St-ti aduc un pahar de apa. Wil devine would sau infinitiv tn vorbirea indirecta, in functie de sens (vezi § 26.3.7; 26.3.10; 26.3.1): Would este folosit: 4) pentru a exprima o cerere, orugaminte politicoasa: Vreti Va rog : Wil Would you do me a favour? } si-mi facefi un serviciu? Nota: Would like este de obicei folosit in locul lui want, fiind ¢ forma de exprimare mar politicoasa: I { would like to talk to the manager. want Ag dori si vorbese cu directorul. Would you like to talk to him, now? Dorigi sA vorbifi cu el acum? 2) Ca forma de Past Tense a lui will, would este folosit pentru a exprima: a) inten fia (in -vorbire indirecta): J said, “7 will help her”. I said I would ‘help her. b) intenfia negativa (refuzul): Present: He won't help me. Nu vrea sé m& ajute, Past Tense: He wouldn't help une. Nu voia 84 ma ajute. 65 3 — Gramatica limbii engieze2) insistenta, hotarirea de a efectua o acfiune tn trecut: He would keep silent for hours, no matter what arguments I used. t tivitate repetat&, un obicei in trecut (would ,,frecven- -! iv"): She would ‘wait for me in front of the school gates. “ould este folosit gi pentru a exprima probabilitatea: That he their car, Probabil c& aceea este magina lor. (Aceea trebuie s& fie r). Yaz rather |). oer sae 5 listen to the concert thaie see the films. ‘Ag nesfera si ascult concertul decit s& vid filmul, 4.20.9. USED TO. Used toeste folosit doar la Past Tense, peniru aexprima: ne repetaté, un obicei trecut, care nu mai bieat in prezent: J used to swim in the Ol river when but £ dot do this any longer. Obignuiam sk inot in Olt cind cpil, sar acum nu mai tnot. june repetaté, un obicei trecut, care mai sete n prezent: They ved to spend their holidoye te the y likely they still do it} Used to poate fi inlocuit de would ia se would spend their holidays in the mountains. jetveacn } Yavenfele la munte. Used to ma are forma de present. Pentru 9 exprima un folositi prezontul simplu: 1 (usually) spend my holideys Wrould este } 7 f petrec vacanele la munte. ia este folosit penta i efin Ve ‘Trebuie Urmeaz’ f ae planificat& (constructic des folosita ta 1 ompriition is 16 start in a week's th Sin sau o comandé, in vor come”. He says that J ain te wait Rere till he eames. 2, be poate fi urmat: prement: He was to go. Urma 8& cere nu oflém dac& sctiunea planifica: Ject, pentru a exprima o gofiuns plénuite have gone (but he didn’t}. i" 681.20.11. DARE. Dare se foloseste cu sensul de avea curajul, tn special in propozifii interogati dare you contradict me? Cum indraznegti sé mA contras: not tell his father what he had done. Baiatul n-a tndréc: su ce a facut. La afirmativ, dare se conjuga ca un verb principal: Prezent: dare, dares; Past Tense: dared. La negativ gi interogativ, dare poate fi conjugat cn ca un verb modal: Dare he speak? Indritzneste si vorbex speak? Dare ca verb modal este urmat: a) de infinitival f&r& to dupa forma invariabila dare (p sau Past Tense): I wonder whether he BABE coin, va indrazni si vind. He felt that he DAREN’T try. n-are curajul s& incerce. b) de infinitivul cu to; dupa participiul prezent sau dups per singular: Now he dares to attack me / Acum indr&znesic 24 ma atacei c) de infinitivul cu sau fara to dupa forma de infinitiy a Past Tense dared gi participiul trecut: He wouldn’t N-ar Sndr&ani sX-mi spund acest lucru. He dared (to) « A avut curajul si scrie despre’ acea problema. He hea me. Na indraznise niciodata si ma intrebe. Atentie! Verbul dare este urmat de infinitivul ox ca verb principal: He dared me to compete with him. M-a » ai, for 1322 ‘ EXERCITH I, Ortogrofiayi urmdtodrele verbe la persoana a I]}-a s Past Tense, forma in -ing gi participiul treeut: study, play, pay, writ g0, do, begin, cry, see, stop, cut, travel, oceur, die, egret, free, tie, lie, lay, saw, HL Puneti verbele din parantezt ia timpul poirivit. 1, Look! It (rain). Take your umbrella. 2. Why (1 He usually (drive) very carefully. 8. It (start) to rair the park yesterday. 4. The telephone (ring) just as he (20. ago. 5. The weather (be) bad this week. 6 Last night trees down. 7. It (snow) for three days now. 8 (You, }: No, I haven't. 9. I (just, speak) to her. 1 (speak) to i 10. Last night she (lend) me the book only after I (asi: } (be) in Predea} for more than a week when we (arrive) (Live) in Bragov for two years when I (meet) him in 107° (be) fine tomorrow, we (go) on a trip to Poiana Brasov good we (ski) from ten to twelve o'clock. 18. We (ski) time we (have) lunch at twelve o'clock. 16: What (you, a party. Lalways (have) a party at the end of term. 17. ¥ 67 Be ,leave)? Yt (leave) at 8 o'clock according to schedule. 18. What (you, do) there? I (look) at some photographs. How long (you, look) at thom? 1 (look) ab therm since I (come) back home. What time (you, come) back home? I-(come) back home at 6 o’elock. Wl. Traducefi in limba englecd: 1. Ploud. Ploud adesea toamna. 2. Ploud de cind ai venit. 8. A plouat. 4. A plouat gi ieri, 5. Ploua oind m-am uitat pe fereastré. 6. Plouase cind am jest afard. 7. Ploua de multa vreme. 8. Sta s& ploud. 9. Sigur o sa ploud azi. 40. Va ploua cind te vei intoarce de la servici. 11. Vom face o plimbare dupa ce va fi stat ploaia. 12. Nu vom merge in parc dacd nu va sta ploaia. IV. Trece}i urmétoarele propozifii la diateza pasivd, transformind complementul persoanei in subiect. Exempla: They offered her flowers. She’ was offered flowers. j 1. The guide is showing them the museum. 2. They have appointed him president. 3, The teacher asked the pupils several questions. 4. The captain ordered the soldiers to stand to attention. 5. She has given me-a good dictio- nary. 6. They will tell you what time the bus leaves. 7. I'll pay the carpenter for his work. 8. He promised them new bicycles. 9. The form teacher has lent me this book. 10, We shall offer the singer flowers. Y. Traducefi urmatoarele proposifii in timba englecé, folosind verbe la diateza pasivd: 1. Aceasté problema trebuie analizata. 2. Nu s-a dormit in acest pat. 3. Copiii au fost bine ingrijiti. 4. Clinele a fost célleat de un autobuz. 6. Vor ride de tine daca vei purta rochia asta. 6. Sticlele goale nu trebuie _aruncate. 7. Nu s-a baut din acest pahar. 8. M-a picalit purtarea lui, 9. Trebuie si dai socoteala pentru fiecare moment. 10, Nu-i place si se holbeze Iumea Ia ea. VL. In propozitiile de mai jos, inlocuifi subjonctioul sintetic cu sudjonctivul analitic cu should sau" may: Exemplu: a) It is vecessary that he send the letter at once. It is necessary that he should send the letter at once. b) Whoever the woman be, you must send for a doctor. Whoever the woman may be, you must send for a doctor. 1, Father insisted that his son read books on Romanian history. 2. It is imperative that they exceed production, 3, The doctor recommended that the old woman keep to bed for a few days. 4. Long she be happy! 5. The chairman demanded that proposals be made. 6. They required that. a solution be found to the problem. 7. It is important that all litigious issues between nations be settled by negotiations. 8. He suggested that they do the exercise in writing. 9. It is right that the best pupil be given a prize. VEL. Traduceti in limba englect folosind forme ale subjonctivului sintetic sau analitic: 1. Este recomandabil sé fii acolo Ia ora 8 fix. 2. Ei cer ca trupele inamice si fie retrase de pe teritoriul lor. 3. De ce si facem noi asta? 4, Dorinfa lui ca - noi si devenim profesori s-a indeplinit. 8. Fie ce-o fi, voi porni motorul. 6 Ag dori sa fii mai linigtit. 7, Ag dori ca ei s& fie acum aici. 8. Ag fi dorit ca ei si fie prezenti la conferinta. 9. Ce-ai face dacd ti-ar oferi aceasta shujba? 10, Daca 68se intimpl& s-o caute cineva, spune-le ca este plecata. 11. Mama mi-a dat nigte bani ca 84 cumpar dictionarul de care aveam nevoie. 12. Am sé-fi dau numarul lui de telefon ca si] suni. 18, A muncit foarte mult de teama 8A nu cada la examen. 14. Oricit de tirziu ar fi, telefoneazi-mi. 15. Oricite gregeli ar fi facut, lucrarea lui este cea mai buna din clasa. . VILL. Puncfi verbele din paranteze ta infinitioul lung (cw to) sau scurt (férd to). Exemplu: You must (help) him. ‘ ‘They want (come) now. ®) You must help him. ) They want to come now. 1. He has decided (become) a mechanic. 2. Will you (come) to the theatre with me? 8, You ought (revise) for your exams this week. 4. We can (wait) for you here. 5. I saw them (cross) the street. 6. [ asked her (repeat) the question. 7. I'd rather (wait) for you outside. 8. He is (return) tomorrow. 9. They were seen (compare) notes. 10. This book is too difficult for her (understand). 11. He dared me (compete) with him. 12. He looked at her not daring (say) anything. 13. I'm sure that he daren’t (try). 14. I'm sorry (hear) this. IX. Completayi spatiile libere cu prepozitiile necesare, Puneti verbele din paran- teze la forma Gerund. Exemplu: We finally succeeded ... (sell) his old car. He finally succeeded in selling his old car. 1. The bad weather prevented him... (leave) last Monday. 2. Our teacher doesn’t approve... (study) late at night. 3. He worries... (lose) his position. 4. He finally succeeded ... (post) the letter. 5. She insists . .. (do) everything herself.” 6. This research aims... (find) a more efficient method. 7. I’m looking forward... freceive) your answer. 8. You can’t rely... (get) help from him. 9 They congratulated the pianist... (play) so beautifully. 10. The policeman accused the driver... (drive) carelessly. X. Puneti verbele din paranteze la forma Gerund. Punefi pronumele personale la acuzatie (pentru o exprimare familiard ), san transformafi-le tn pronume posesive (pentru o exprimare mai literari). Exempla: 1 can’t understand (he, forget) to come to the meeting. T can't understand { Hela } forgetting to come to the meeting. 1. My mother hates (/, read) while I'm eating. 2. 1 don’t remember (he, come} late before. 8. Excuse (f, interrupt) you. 4. L don’t like (she, wear) my dresses. 5. I object to (they. make) so much noise. 6. He doesn't agree to (we, come) late to school. 7. I don’t like (you, go ow!) alone at night. 8. Can you imagine (she, act) on the stage? 9. I don’t mind (they, play ) in the garden, 10. It’s no use (he, pretend) to be asleep. 1. It’s no good (you, try) to find excuses all the time. 12. He is surprised at (we, work) so late. XI. Puneji verbele din paranteze ia infinitivul cu to sau forma Gerund in functie de sens: 1. I will remember (give) vour mother your message. 2. I remember (meet) him at your birthday last year. 3. Please stop (interrupt) me in the middle of a sentence. 4. He stopped (talk) to his former pupils. 3. Did you forget (gicc) him that message? 6. [ definitely recall (leave) my Coat in this room. 7. I like (eycle). 8.1 like (walk) in the rain. 9, I don ¢ like 69air up so early. 10. I meant (ell) you, but 1 forgot. 1L.The road repair means (walk) to work every day. 12. He tried (sell) news- vork ) in caié and various other jobs before he took up (write ). 18. He ake ) himself understood. 14. Why don’t you try (write) more clearly? ways loved (sing). 16. I'd love (hear) you sing this aria again. hair wants (cut). 18, 1 want (go) to the hairdresser’s with you. c+ {walk) to (travel) by bus, 26. Upreter (go) by bus today if you ad. 81. Late (see) little Tom dirty. 22. I hate (see).dirty childre zulations don’t allow (smoke) in school. 24. The headmaster doesn’t ‘eachers (smoke) in the teachers’ room. je din paranteze la forma corectd: participiu in «ing sau rect. ngla: a) We saw an (entertain) programme on TY lest night. Wo saw an enleriaining programme on TV last night. b) The carpenter repaired the (break) chair, The carpenter repaired the broken chair. ¥ell have to work hard the (follow) weeks. 8. The police were on t i the (follow) man. 8. That was a very (interest) book. 4. The : ries signed the agreement. 8. They sell (freeze) goods here. is below (freeze) point. 7. Where is the (ride) school? are of high quality. 9. Romania is both ‘aa import) 10, The (tire) woman set down to resi for 2 minute. {lice) work indeed. 12. The (accuse) man was found not asi mean faecuse) look. 44. 1 like (bake} apples. 15. The [time of this tram is 8.15, 16. He made some fastonish) (lose) child was crying for his mother. 18. (Frighten } horses 19. It was a (frighten) sight. 26. Raisins are {dry j grapes. oa a (crowd) bus. i in limba englesd: imprumutate de la bibliotec’ trebuie tnapoiate la timp. &. Fe- ai se deschideau spre o terasi cu privire la mare. 3, Auzind ind. 4. Toate lucrurile pe care le stim de mult ne sint d mirat de purtarea mea. & Dupi ce a terminet co-avea 7. Apoi plee%, clinele urmindu-l. ‘ind ea exercitiul it s-o ajute pe batriag. 1 ise cartea de ulitea ori fusese si invete cuvintele noi, ‘age atentia auditoriului. #8, Imi pare rau cA te-am deran- 14, Incepu s&-i tremure vocea de emotie. 18. Am promis 16. Am vazut-o plingind. 17. Imi pare rau. N-am vrut 8. Nimeni nu este de vind, 19. Aceasta problema este prea difi- m rezolva. 20. Neaga cd a fost acolo. i cuvintele scrise eursiv cu verbe modale potrivite ca sens gi verbe la infinitivul prezent sau perfect. ve are obliged to de our homework every day. 2 to do our homework every day. Leen permission to leave. 2. Perhaps they have heard the news. went to Oradea on business. 4, Children are forbidden to play 79with matches. 5. She didn’t forget about the appoint: 6. As you don’t feel well it’s good for you to see a doctor. 7, to repair his bicycle himself but he didn’t; he took it & sho says is most probably true. 9. Although your obligate home as soon as you arrived, you didn’t even write a; students were obliged to take a test last week. XY. Traducefi tn limba englezt, folosind verbe modale 1. Vrei si-mi aduci ziarul, te rog? 2. S& cumpar ai s& cumperi niste portocale. 8. Vreti si semnati in re, si ma ajutati la bagaje? 5. Doriti o ceagca de cafea? o.ceagcd de ceai. 6. Ea nu gtie ined englezeste dar va s citiva ani. 7. Ar fi putut invafa poezia, dar n-a yrut. 8. £ neze mai tirziu, 9. Pot sa imprumut aceasta carte ? Da, merg la inot in fiecare zi cind eram mai tinar. 11. Se p dar nu sint sigur. 12. Ar fi trebuit si plece mai devrem. ¢ trenul. 12. E un concert bun la televisor, N-ar trebui absent azi. Cred c& e bolnav. 15. Nu aveti voie si vA ji 46. Nu crod c& a fost plecat din ora sAptamina trecut multe oti. 17. S-a dus Ja culcare la ora 8 aseara. Cr 18. Copiilor li s-a dat voie 88 iasd afard cind a sta’ ploai s@ spund asa ceva? 29. Nu era nevoie s&-{i iei amabrels: impossible. the ability 8. What 2. SUBSTANTIVUL (The Noun) 2.1. Definitie Substan: Us a} denumegte obiecte tn sens foarte tang, adicd (man, chair, snow, walk, wisdom }; b) are categoriile gramaticale de gen, numar g 2} poate indeplini in propozifie funcfiile de subiect, Con i, element predicatiy supiitaen 2.2. Clasificare Substantivele din limba englez’ pot fi clasi de vedere, 2.2.1. Din punet de vedere. al formarii a) substantive simple: boy, meal, day; b) substantive formate prin derivara cu suf disgust, unhappiness; ©) substantive formate prin compunere (sub boy, classroom ;4) substantive formate prin conversiune, din alte pari de vorpire: — adjective: the good, the evil, the rich, the poor —verbe la infinitiv: cook, fall; —verbe la Gerund: reading, boxing; —verbe la participiul trecut: the injured; e) substantive formate prin contragere: ad (advertisement), fridge (refrigerator), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium), lab (laboratory), lio (living- room), poly (polytechnic), pram (perambulator), pub (public house); f) abrevieri: MP (Member of Parliament), Dr (doctor), Mr Brown (Dl. Brown), Mrs Brown (dna Brown), Miss Brown (dra Brown), Ms Brown (abelativ pentru femei, cisatorite sau necasatorite). 2. Din punct de vedere al gradului de individualizare, substantivele in limba engleza se impart In doua clase mari: substantive comune gi substan- tive proprii. A. Substantivele comune sint lipsite de posibilitatea de a individualiza prin ele insele. Ele denumesc un element dintr-o categorie de obiecte de acelagi fel: table, school. Substantivele comune se subclasificd in: a)substantive apelative, care denumesc un element dintr-o categorie: table, school : b) substantive colective, care denumese obiecte constind din mai multe elemente de acelagi fel: family, people; ce) substantive concrete, care denumese obiecte sau substanta constitutivd a unor obiecte: table, wood, steel; d) substantive abstracte, care denumese abstractiuni: difficulty, worry, peace, love, music. B.Substantivele (numele) proprii au capacitatea de a individualiza un obiect dintr-o categorie de obiecte de acelagi fel, denumind in principiu un singur element dintr-o categorie. In limba englezd, substanti- vele proprii denumese: a)nume de persoane: Churchill; b) denumiri geografice: —nume de localitati: London, Bucharest; —nume de fari gi continente: Romania, Britain, the United States, Europe; —nume de ape gi munfi: the Danube, the Black Sea, the Suez Canal, Lake Michigan, the Carpathians; ce) diviziuni temporale: —lunile anului: January; —ailele siptiminii: Sunday; — s&rbitori: Independence Day; d)nume de cari, ziare, reviste: Hard Times, The Times, The Sunday Times; e)nume de institufi British Museum. The Grand Hoiel, the National Theatre, the Ortografia substantivelor preprii. In limba englezd, substantivele proprii se scriu cu liter& mare, ca gi in limba roména: Helen — Elena; Rome — Roma; Great Britain —Marea Britanie. Exosti insi unele situafii in care uzajul in limba englez& este diferit de cel in limba romana: 72a) numele lunilor anului gi ale zilelor siptaminii se scriu cu jiterd mare tn limba englezi; find considerate substantive proprii: April — aprilie, Sunday — duminiea; b) toate cuvintele (cu exceptia articolelor, prepozifiilor si conjunctiilor) dintr-un substantiv propriu exprimat printr-o perifrazi substantivald se scriu cu litera mare in limba englezé: : —titluri de cari: Dombey and Son —Dombey i fiul; —titluri de ziare: The Daily Mirror; —titluri de reviste: English Language Teaching Journal; —titiuri de capitole, articole, lucrari, institugii, etc.: The Conference for Peace and Security in Europe —Conferinja pentru pace $i securitate in Europa; the United Nations Organization — Organizatia Nafiunilor Unite, c) numele de nafionalitati gi limbi-se scriu de asemenea cu liter mare in limba englezit: He speaks English. (El) Vorbegte englezeste. We are Romanians. Noi sintem romani. 2.3, Numirul substantivelor (Number of Nouns) Substantivele in limba englez au categoriile gramaticale de gen, numar si car. Numarul este categoria gramaticalA care se recunoaste cel mai ugor, datorita desinenfei -s, specifies pentru forma de plural a substantivelor. Din punct de vedere al ideii de numar, substantivele in limba englezi se impart’ in numarabile (Count nouns) si nenumarabile (Mass nouns). Substantivele numarabile sint de obicei variabile ca forma (Variable nouns), avind atit singular cit gi plural, iar cele nenumarabile sint de regula invariabile ca forma (Invariable nouns), avind forrad numai de singular sau numai de plural. 2.3.1, Substantivele numdrabile (Count Nouns). Substantivele numarabile denumesc nofiunile ca unitati separate, care pot fi numarate: a boy, two boys, a few boys, etc. Substantivele numarabile au urmitoarele caracteristi a) sint varigbile ca forma, avind atit numérul singular, ctt si numarul plural: museum — museums, child — children ; b) pot fi precedate de numerale cardinale sau cuantificatori: one book, care books, several apples, a lot of brushes; ¢) la numérul singular se acorda cu verbe la singular: The book is on the table. iar la numérul plural, cu verbe la plural: The apples are in the basket. 2. Clasificarea substantivelor numirabile. Substantivele numarabile pot fi: apelative: garden, pencit; sau coiective: committee, audience; concrete: child, school;sau abstracte: difficulty, question. Substantivele colective sint o subdiviziune a substantivelor numarabile. Ele se comport: 1) ca substantive numarabile propriu-zise cind denumese o colectivitate considerata ca un intreg.: The two football teams are in the field now. Cele doud echipe de fotbal sint acum pe teren. \ In acest caz, ele au numarul singular si numérul plural gi se acord& cu verbe la singular sau la plural: His family is larger than mine, Familia lui este 73maai numoroasé decit. a. mea..On each floor live two families. Joouiese dou familii. <0 emcee 2) Cind-aceste substantive se refers la membrii componenti ai colecti +t8tji ele se comporta'ca eubstantive colective propriu-zise...In aceasté situati Jetantivele. colective se folosesc cu forma de singulat, réferirea fiind Ja colectivilate: family, team, care se acorda cu verbul la plural, referirea, fii Ta membrii colectivitapii: My family are at home, Familia mea este acas (L All the members of my family... es. | Din grupa substantivelor colective fac parte substantivelebarmy, assembly.g audience, class, club, committe, company, orem, eroad, family, government Jury, party, press, public, regiment, troop, flight (of birds, insects, planes) Hock (of sheep), herd (of cattle), pack (of wolves), poultry, shoal (of fish), swar (of -bees). : : 2.8.8, Formarea pluralului substantivelor numdrabile. Substantivele numa rabile au dowd forme: o-form& de singular gi. forma de prural. Forma de singular este nemarcata: book, bos, child. Formele de plural sint de dou’. feluri: ots i ‘A. regulate, ctnd pluralul so formeaza prin adiugarea desinentei -s la forma de singular: book — books. B neregulate, cind plurehil se formeaza in alte moduri. A.Pluralul regwiat al substantivelor se formeazi prin adiugareo dosinentei -s la forma de singular a substantivului. 2.3.4, Pronunfarea pluralului regulat este urm&toarea: a) {-s} dupa consoano surde [k], (1, (ph [4] 51 [0]: books, proofs, lamps, carpets, ‘months; . b) [-z] dupa consoane sonore gi vocale: gloves, tables, boys, trees; 6) fiz] dupa sunetsle [s], (21, Uf], [tf], [da]: etasses, noses, brushes, matches, i villages. 2.3.5, Ortogratia pluralului regulat 4) Desinenta -s se scrié -s dup& majoritatea substantivelor, inctuzind substantivele terminate in -e mut: book — books, table — tables. 2) Exceptiiz Exista unele situafii care fac excepfie de 1a aceasta regula generala: a) Substantivele terminate in -8; -; -x; ~ch; -sh adaugii 08 : bus — buses; glass —glasses; buzz — buzzes; box —bowes; watch —watches; brush — brushes; b) La ctteva dintre substantivele din acest grup se dubleazé consoana finala: fei — feases, quiz — quizzes. c) Substantivele terminate in -o : — adauga desinenfa -8 + —cind -0 e precedat de o vocal&: cuckoos; kangaroos; radios; scenarios: studios; 2008; —Ja substantive proprii: Filipinos; Eskimos; Neros; Romeos; —in abreyieri: kilos (Kilogrammes), photos (photographs), pros (profes- sionals); —la unele substantive stréine: concertos, dynamos, pianos, solos, sopranos, tangos, tobaccos; — adaugs -e8 iz substantive ca: echoes, heroes, mosquitoes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes; 14~~ au dou’ forme de plural: banjos — banjoes; buffalos — buff ‘aloes; cargox = eargoes; mementos — mementoes; mottos — mottoes; valcanos — vo). canoés; zeros — zeroes ete,; d) Substantivele terminate tn -y Pprecedat de o conscani transform in | gi adauga -98 + city — cities; factory — factories, Transtorman joc: — dupa vocale: bey — boys, play — plays; — {a substantive proprii: the Kennedys; >is substantive compuse: stand-bys; e)Literele, numeralele gi abrevierile formenzk pria edaugarea unui sposteol gi <8: A’s, 1989's; MP's: There and three 8's in the number of that English car. There are wa 2 iohby, fn onglena contomporané exista tendinfa ca numeralele i at 98 formeso plurelui gi prin adaugarea doar a unui -# la singular: 1 t} MP (Member of Parliament) ~ MPs; Mt (Mountain) — ji (volume) — vote; tb. (pound) —ibs; PO (Post Office, Postal Onder ; Forma de plural {ara apostrof este mai freevent folosi apoztrof. 3) Plursiul substantivelor compuse a) Majoritates substentivelor compuse adaug& -s la ulti room classrooms; forget-me-not — forget-me-nols; —¢1 sp8; horse race (oursi de cai) — horse races; raze horse (cal de ¢ Barace; merry-go-round — merry-go-rounds; 5) Uneie substantive compuse, do obicei cele aledtuite dintr-un $i ¢ consteuctic preposijionala, adaug& -s la primul cl Jaokess-on; maiher-in-law —- mothers-in-law; passer-by — pi ©} substentivels compuse in care primul element este man sat « fermi ta plural embele elemonte: man singer — men sing: — werner doctors. Neti: Clué cubstantivul compus este alestuit din dou sub cu ral de adjectiz oste de obicei le singular: @ canna nt; @ ten-minute film; & tooth-brush; a two-piece oerdss. Adesoori ins’ aceste substantive igi pastreard forme de are munal formé de plural, fie cind este folosit ou sons de pi §he gomee iiotrasa; goods train, 2 sweets vendor: The Public Rela ‘The United Nations Organization; The United States Congress. 2.3.6. B. Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor formeax% in mai multe feluri: 8) eousoans surdé [6], [f] sau [s] in care se termina substantiy im poveches i sonor&: [€}, {v] sau [z] (voicing) la uncle substex 4) th[6] ~ the [e2): bath — baths; mouth — mouths; path —~ pau youths; 2) fe) [f] > ves va): calf — calves; elf — elves; half ne Baines; leaf —leaves; life — tives; loaf —toaves; self — solves: ahslvess thief — thieves; wife — wives; wolf — wolves, 3) -s2 [8] — see fiz}: hovse — houses. 1%