Processes which involve the interaction of the

atmosphere, bodies of water and land which pose

threat to lives & property.
Occur more frequently & sometimes have even
more far-reaching negative effects on the
economy, the environment, & society as compared
to any other natural hazard.
A typhoon is a severe weather disturbance
characterized by strong winds & heavy rains which
revolve around a central pressure area.
Most powerful type of tropical cyclone that forms in
the NorthWestern Pacific Ocean
“typhoon” – derived from the Chinese term “Tai
Fung
“ta” – big “fung” – wind
Locally known as “bagyo”, term coined after
Baguio City
Tropical depression – (wind speed up to 62 kph)
Tropical storm – (wind speed ranging from 63 -118
kph
Typhoon – (wind greater than 118 kph)
Super Typhoon – (wind speed exceeding 220 kph)
Tropical depression – (wind speed up to 62 kph)
Tropical storm – (wind speed ranging from 63 -118
kph
Typhoon – (wind greater than 118 kph)
Super Typhoon – (wind speed exceeding 220 kph)
 Northern Luzon

Central Luzon
Eastern
Visayas
Most frequently visited country by
Islands tropical cyclones
Yearly average of 19 entering the
PAR
West Pacific
Typhoons
1884-2012
 Lowest in May, increases in June

increases in July until September

Activity level eventually dies off

 Total diameter
of 550-2000
km wide
Parts:
*eye
*eye wall
*surrounding rain bands
Area of lowest atmospheric pressure
May span 20-65 km
Winds are weak, temperature is warm, sky is
clear
Region surrounding the tropical cyclone’s center
Can reach as high as 15 km above mean sea
level
Brings the strongest winds, heavy rains and
turbulence shortly after the passage of the eye
Spiralling strips of clouds in the fringes of tropical
cyclone associated with rainfall
Winds of a tropical cyclone blow counterclockwise
(Northern Hemisphere)
Clockwise (Southern Hemisphere)
-> Coriolis effect
They form as a result of the
atmosphere’s natural tendency to
maintain equilibrium by
redistributing heat through wind
from the equatorial regions to
polar regions.
1. Rainfall replenishes ground water & surficial
water.
2. Flora and fauna in the Philippines are heavily
reliant on tropical cyclones for source of water.
3. It would be too hot for life to thrive if not for the
redistribution of heat which tropical cyclones
facilitate.
They form both in the Northern & Southern
hemisphere at latitudes 5 – 30 degrees away from
the equator in parts of open ocean where water
temp. reach at least 26 C to depth of more than
60m.
A tropical cyclone has a life span of 9 days and can
travel more than 10,000 km.
(Pacific Ocean) Usually tend to travel in a more
west or west-northwest direction
(West Philippines Sea) more northward or
northeast direction
Cause the most obvious damage
Usually slows down upon making landfall
Reduces speed down to almost half of its
original speed 7 hours after crossing the
coastline
Typhoon Haiyan
Unusual increase of sea water level way above
the predicted tide level
Happens due to strong winds & lowered
atmospheric pressure (intense tropical cyclones
passing from the sea to the land)
Storm surges resulting from slow-moving and
more intense tropical cyclones are expected to
affect longer stretches of coastline.
Storm Surge (Haiyan)
Occur in tropical cyclones of lower intensity
Rains brought about by tropical cyclones fulfill
the water needs of some areas they cross.
Typhoon Halong
Observation of these typhoon tracks allow
typhoon paths to be established.
Can be used in devising plans to mitigate the
destructive effects
Geohazard map of Cainta (MGS of DENR)
Recently, it was observed that the country’s
‘typhoon belt’ has shifted from Northern Luzon to
Southern Luzon and the Visayas Islands.
Areas which were determined to have a high risk
to typhoon-related disasters suggesting
vulnerability should be prohibited from being
further used
Highly risk areas presently occupied for human
settlement/commercial purposes, should be
designated for other purposes where exposure of
man to risk is put to minimum.
Building permits should be obtained form building
officials at local government units to ensure strict
abidance to the prescribed standards.
With a lot of low-income communities in the
Philippines which are at a high-risk to hazards
associated with typhoons, emergency evacuation
centers should be designated.
Gives ample time for communities to prepare
Gives a lead time for the different businessess
involved to make decisions and arrangements to
minimize the losses
PAGASA – forecasts and observes tropical
cyclones
RSMC – Regional Specialized Meteorological
Center Tokyo-Typhoon Center of the Japan
Meteorological Agency
- one of the six worldwide Tropical
Cyclone RSMCs in charge for the entire Western
Pacific Ocean & South China Sea region
Tropical Cyclone RSMC/Tropical Cyclone
Warning Center – agreed upon at the United
Nations’ World Meteorological Organization
(WMO)
- entity responsible for detecting tropical
cyclones
Names of
Tropical
Cyclones
PAGASA maintains its own system of naming
tropical cyclones
Two names (local & international name)
Revised list of
names for
tropical
cyclones within
the PAR
Names of
Tropical
Cyclones
PSWS #1 – Tropical cyclone winds of 30 km/h
to 60 km/h expected within the next 36 hours
PSWS #2 – winds of 61 km/h to 120 km/h
within the next 24 hours
PSWS #3 –winds of 121 km/h to 170 km/h
expected within the next 18 hours
PSWS #4 – winds of 171 km/h to 220 km/h
within 12 hours
PSWS #5 –winds of more than 220 km/h are
expected within 12 hours
Unusual increase of sea water level beyond the
predicted tide level
Due to intense winds and lowered atmospheric
pressure
Weaker
Primary cause of 90% casualties and damage
Typhoon
Yolanda
Philippines has an extensive coastline length
(36,289 km), 4th in the world
Storm surges are similar to & often mistakes for
tsunamis
Typhoon
Yolanda
Typhoon
Yolanda
Force that the wind exerts on the body of water
= to the square of wind speed (V^2)
The stronger the winds associated with a
tropical cyclone, the higher the storm surge
formed.
Lower atmospheric pressure = higher storm
surge level
Water is pushed down on the fringes & bulges at
the center – the eye of the tropical cyclone.
Atmospheric drop of 1 millibar = water level rise
of 1 cm
Typhoon
Yolanda
Tropical cyclone with a larger diameter = higher
surge
Longer duration = greater amount of rainfall
Tropical cyclone with higher velocity = higer
surge along open coast
Lower velocity = higher & broader storm surge
in enclosed & semi-enclosed bodies of water
The amount of surge formed is affected by the
angle by which the tropical cyclone hits the
coastline.
If it hits the coast perpendicularly, higher storm
surge forms.
Typhoon
Yolanda
Ocean currents are deflected as a result of the
Earth’s rotation (Coriolis Effect)
Northern Hemisphere = currents bent to the
right
Southern Hemisphere = bent to the left
Water levels rise quickly because large volumes
of accumulated rainwater from watersheds in
higher elevation areas which are drained by
rivers encounter waters driven by tropical
cyclone from the open ocean.
Bathymetry – appearance of the ocean or sea
bottom resulting from the variation in depth in
different portions
Storm surge buildup is promoted because
return flow of water hitting the shore is impeded
by the friction created by the gently-sloping
underwater surface.
Typhoon Shallow
Yolanda

Steep
Topography – land configuration resulting from
variation in elevation
Shape of the coastline – storm surge level is
higher when a tropical cyclone hits a concave
coastline (funneling effect)
Man-made & natural local features found within
the coastal area may affect the flow of water &
behavior of the storm surge.
When a formation of a storm surge during a
tropical cyclone coincides with a high
astronomical tide, the resulting surge is higher.
When the surge approaches the coast near time
of the tropical cyclone’s maximum winds speed,
it has greater inland reach.
When storm surge and high tide
happen at the same time
Buildings, roads, bridges & other infrastructure
may not only be submerged, they can also be
washed away and destroyed
Cars and almost everything in the path will
surely be drifted very far
Saltwater may also contaminate groundwater.
Computer programs (to predict location and
flooding
PAGASA – give predictions
Storm surge hazard maps – show areas where
inundation is to be expected
Storm Surge prone areas
in the PH
Gate-like, hard engineering structures installed
in front of tidal inlets
Prevent storm surges from advancing upstream
& avoid life-threatening flooding
Fixed or movable
A storm surge barrier
Thames barrier in
London
Eastern Scheldt in
Netherlands
Protect nearby wetlands
Can dampen the destructive force of storm
surges
Protecting offshore barrier islands & coral reef
Preserving mangrove forests
1. Keep listening to official warning issued by
PAGASA through TV or radio.
2. Find the nearest safe high ground where you
can evacuate.
3. Bring with you only what is important &
essential.
4. Your planned route of evacuation should
avoid any conduits of water as flashfloods can
occur and can be life-threatening.
A violent, transient type of weather disturbance
associated with thousands of meters tall
cumulonimbus clouds
Involves lightning & thunder, strong winds,
intense rainfall
Often occur in equatorial regions
1. Moisture in the lower atmosphere
2. Unstable, rapidly rising mass of warm air
3. Strong upward current of air
Upward growth of a cumulus cloud due to the
continuous updraft & moisture
Latent hear warms the surrounding air &
moisture
The cumulus cloud grows further with domes &
towers  mushroom-shaped
Growth of the cloud continues up until the point
when precipitation starts.
Lasts up to 10 minutes
Accompanied by occasional lightning & very
little rain
Developing or
cumulus stage
Initiation of strong downward current of air & by
precipitation
Keeps on growing until it reaches the
tropopause
Updrafts continue to create clouds sideways to
form an anvil-like formation.
Usually lasts for 10-20 minutes
Produces heavy rain, frequent lightning &
thunder, tropical cyclones, and occasionally hail
Mature stage
Updrafts are prevented by the cool air of the
dominant downdrafts in the lower portions of
the cloud.
Thunderstorm weakens, rainfall decreases &
clouds dissipate.
Lasts less than an hour
Causes very minimal damage
Some thunderstorms may continue to produce
strong winds & lightning.
Final or dissipating
stage
Abrupt, natural, visible high-voltage electrical
discharge
Lasts a few tenths of a second & always followed
by thunder
Thunder – acoustic effect of sudden expansion
of air caused by the heat released of the lightning
strike
Lightning may be too far for its accompanying
thunder to be heard.
Lightning strike – if a lightning hits an object on
the ground
Cloud-to-ground lightning – most dangerous type
of lightning
- involves negative charge from the cloud coming
into contact with the + charge on the ground below
Cloud-to-ground lightning formation
1. Through contact between the main lightning
channel or its branches and the person’s
body or a conductor the person is touching.
Can cause severe external & internal burns,
exposure of flesh & bones, damage to organs
and nervous system
May result to electrocution
2. Blunt force trauma
Hearing damage due to thunder/electrical
interferences to gadgets they’re using
Can indirectly cause electric shock or
electrocution
Electromagnetic fields & electromagnetic pulses
can induce surges within the nervous system
3. May also cause injuries or casualties through
secondary effects
Stay indoors
Do not leave the classroom/school building
Sight of sunshine or clear blue skies doesn’t mean
you’re already far from harm’s way.
Go outdoors only after at least 30 minutes upon
hearing the last thunder roar.
Avoid staying nearby and watching the lightning
through windows.
Contact should be avoided with any anything
which could conduct electricity.
When seeking shelter, avoid open vehicles &
small unenclosed structures.
Using an umbrella can only attract lightning.
Coming close to or touching tall metal & non-
metal isolated objects
Walking in open space
Engaging in activities that involve going near or
being direct contact with bodies of water
Do not hesitate to provide assistance if you
witnessed someone get struck by lightning.
Find a safe place to pull over.
Avoid touching the window and anything inside
the car that can conduct electricity.
Acid rain – can cause deterioration of buildings
built by concrete
May also cause fires
Shockwaves from lightning can also cause
damage.
Could result to power surges which may flow
through electricity outlets
Unplug all of the devices before the
thunderstorm comes.
Use surge protectors and lightning arrestors
Trees are susceptible to damage due to
lightning strike.
Lightning strikes can also introduce heat &
pressure waves that can destroy tissues of
small plants.
Trees can prevent damage to buildings due to
lightning damage.
May increase the acidity of the soil & aquatic
environments
Death of organisms
Hail – type of solid precipitation
Hailstone – individual piece of
layered/irregularly-shaped ice
Usually, thunderstorm clouds which produce
hail have a characteristic green hue.
Largest
hailstone
in South
Dakota
(July 23,
2010_
Hailstones – when a high amount of moist
warm air ascend very quickly in thunderstorm
clouds
Water droplets freeze, drift up and down
repeatedly due to strong upward current of air
Hail formation is favored when the freezing level
in an area is less than approximately 3400 meters
high.
1.) lower temperature
2.) stronger updrafts caused by horizontal winds
that tend to be forced upward (orographic lifting
3.) shorter distance between the clouds and the
high grounds which delays the melting of
hailstone
Hail
formation
during a
thunderstorm
Can create dents or abrasions on the coating of
automobiles and metal roofs
Cracking or breakage of glass in automobiles or
lightweight materials
Hailstorm in
Marikina
(2015)
Hailstorms may pose hazards to aircraft
operation.
Has destructive effects on sensitive crops
Very rarely have hailstorms been the direct cause
of severe or fatal physical injuries.
Hailstorm in
Rodriguez,
Rizal (2014)
Tornadoes – narrow, funnel or cylindrical-
shaped; intensely-rotating columns of wind that
form during powerful thunderstorms
Usually rotate in a counterclockwise direction
Also known as twisters and cyclones
Some tornadoes can be seen clearly even from
afar, while some can be hidden behind clouds.
Waterspouts – rotating column of wind moves
over a body of water
Warm, moist winds & cool, dry winds meet
When the wind direction changes & wind speed
increases with increasing height, a horizontal
spinning effect takes place at the lower
atmosphere.
Formation
of Tornado
Asia, Bangladesh, Japan and the Philippines
have the highest amounts of reported
occurrences of tornadoes.
46 tornadoes hit the Philippines
According to NDRRMC, these resulted in 14
casualties, 72 injured people, 54 missing, 1,364
partially damaged houses, 652 totally damaged
houses, and a total of 38,950 people affected
nationwide.
Provinces frequently visited: (1990-2006)
Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija,
Zambales, Negros Occidental, Leyte , Cebu,
North & South Cotabato, Maguindanao, Sultan
Kudarat, Zamboanga, Sibugay and Sulu.
According to NOAA:
“Get in, get down, and cover up!”
“Get in” – seek shelter in a sturdy house or
building
“Get down” – go to the lowest level of the
structure
“Cover up” – protect yourself from debris that
may possibly fall or fly by and hit you
Relatively small
Violently descending strong winds that travel
along straight-line paths during thunderstorms
Spread out as very destructive horizontal winds
Formation of
Downburst
The continuing updraft can be very strong that
only small amounts are allowed to pass through
and fall to the ground.
When the thunderstorm cloud is no longer able
to contain this weight, it rapidly falls all at once
Dangerous to aviation
Can destroy unstable structures
Vehicles can also be blown away.
Tend to leave debris aligned and in direction
pointing away from the locus of descending
winds
Slow-moving thunderstorms pour a large
amount of precipitation over a very limited areal
extent.
Flash flood – when rain falls on a low-lying area
with low infiltration and drainage channels may
not have enough capacity
Flooding – abnormal rise of water level in rivers,
coastal areas, etc.
Land which is usually dry becomes submerged.
Can cause inconvenience
Flooding duration can be as short as a few
minutes but can take as long as several days or
weeks.
Flooding
along Taft
Ave. (June
2013)
When the level of water flowing through rivers
increases
Rate of increase of water level is dependent on
the river type and source of additional water
input
Extreme & sustained rainfall – cause of riverine
Damage can be avoided by relocation of
communities to higher lands.
Riverine
Flooding
Marikina
when seawater encroaches low-lying land that
is usually still above sea level
Can be a result of storm surges
Astronomical high tide - short-term sea-level
rise caused by the gravitational pull of the moon
and the sun on the Earth's waters
Spring tides - when the sun the earth and the
moon are aligned during new moon and full
moon and cause water to bulge in the direction
of the alignment.
Neap tides - occur during quarter moons, do not
cause extreme tides because gravitational pull
of the moon and the sun are perpendicular to
each other and cancel each other out.
Usually occurs in highly populated, developed
areas set on relatively low-lying areas
Result of: 1) saturation of the ground due too
much rainfall and 2) the presence of large areas
of impermeable surface
1) has a wide coverage, 2) has sufficient
capacity to accommodate volumes of water
based on predicted worst case flooding event
scenario, and 3) is not prone to blockage
Typhoon Haikui in N.
Luzon Expressway
may result from ground failure and/or major
infrastructure failure
Ground failure - weakening of the rock or soil
example of infrastructure failure - the breakage
of dams
rapid, short-lived, and violent arrival of a large
volume of water
also occur due to the collapse of infrastructure
such as dams
the most deadly
1. Drive slowly and cautiously. Drive close to the
center of the road.
2. Driving a passenger car when floods have
reached six inches high can become
unmanageable & can cause damage when the
engine dies & you attempt to restart it likely to be
higher ground.
3. When floodwaters reach a foot high, there is a
high chance that a vehicle might already float.
direct interaction of humans and their property
with flood
loss if lives, damage to amenities and loss of
access to basic necessities.
includes damage to infrastructure
short term, but indirect consequences of flooding
power loss; domestic and potable water loss or
shortage;
acquiring waterborne diseases
difficulty of mobilization
long-term indirect consequences of flooding
destruction of production- and services-based
businesses
additional government expenditures on
rehabilitation of public infrastructure
may also significantly affect the wildlife habitat
1) flood hazard assessment and mapping,
2) flood prediction,
3) flood forecasting and warning, and
4) flood-control engineering measures.
Flood prone areas in
Metro Manila
prevention is always the key
conduct flood vulnerability studies for reference
researchers make use of information on
topography, river dimensions, extreme-rainfall
data, geology of an area
Geography Information System & flood simulation
programs - tools used to manage and process data
Real-time or forecasted data on precipitation and
streamflow, degree of ground saturation, amount
of permeable soil, and amount of vegetation can
be input in hydrological modeling software
State-of-the-art flood modeling soft ware also
considers the presence of flood plains, man-made
flood defenses, & the effects of astronomical tides
& storm surges in coming up with a forecast
model.
Hydrographs-graphs of channel discharge versus
time, in different places-are the outcome of flood
forecasting.
DOST-PAGASA’s Project Noah – provides
information about potential floods
Hydrograph
dam is a barrier that holds back water and can
regulate water flow rates
closely monitored by PAGASA together with
agencies like the National Power Corporation
(NPC) and the National Irrigation Administration
(NIA).
Diversion canals are artificial waterways utilized
to reroute the excessive storm water to an area
Manggahan
Floodway
Most common among flood control structures
Prevent water from escaping river banks
Levee/dike – fixed barrier; built to be sufficiently
higher than estimated maximum flood levels in
the area
To prevent floods due to overflow of natural &
artificial waterways
Vary in size depending on the area that needs to
be protected
SCFB
constructed along coasts to protect communities
from being destroyed
Find out if your area is prone to flooding
Have an easily accessible emergency flood kit
always prepared.
Keep tuned in to the news on television and radio
Gather or call all family members and/or persons
in your household to inform them of the
impending flood
Try to get very important and delicate personal
property to higher grounds
Avoid having to walk or drive through
floodwaters.
Wear boots to avoid getting electrocuted.
Shut down electricity from control panels to
avoid any possible electrocution
Take precautions against risk in entering property
that may have been structurally compromised
and contaminated.
Make sure to still wear boots
Natural climatic phenomenon characterized
mainly by cyclic fluctuation of warm and cold sea
surface temperature and atmospheric pressure in
central and eastern equatorial pacific.
Causes extreme regional-scale weather and
climate pattern changes
Most powerful climatic force on Earth
Opposite extremes of this phenomenon are the El
Niño (warm phase) and La Niña (cold phase)
Prolonged unusual warming of sea surface
temperatures
Entails a 3-Month, greater than usual warming in
a specific portion of the East-Central tropical
Pacific Ocean.
Literally means "Christ Child" in Spanish or Jesus.
Piling of water that can reach up to half a meter
in the western Pacific
Upwelled, deeper, and colder water replaces the
insolated surface water that has been pushed
West
Warmer waters are concentrated in the west and
colder waters are left in the east.
Can bring about dry spells or droughts, weaker
monsoon activity, delayed beginning and premature
end of the rainy season, and suppressed tropical
cyclone activity
Dry Spells--> receiving below normal amount of
rainfall for a period of 3 months
Droughts--> receiving below normal amount of rainfall
for a period of 5 months
Causes drastic lowering of water levels reservoirs
 Reduced irrigation water supply
Households may find it difficult to draw water
because of reduced precipitation.
Power supply shortage
Increased energy demand
Increased utilization of sources of energy
Massive coral bleaching
Causes drying of fish ponds
Can drastically affect fish growth.
Shortage in food supply causes substantial food
price hike
Can be degraded to desert-like conditions
Flora and fauna and surface and groundwater can
potentially be largely impacted.
Seawater, being denser because of its mineral
content(salts), naturally force its way inland
Groundwater pressure, has been greatly reduced.
Salt water intrusion
Forests have lost their canopies to logging, a
significant amount of moisture is lost and dried
out vegetation, leaf litter and logging remnants
fuel the wild fires. Ecosystems that thrive in
these forests can also become displaced.
Pores of water-bearing sedimentary rocks
(aquifers) become depleted in water
Grains of subsurface sedimentary rock layers
compress into the voids previously occupied by
water.
People tend to stay at home and refrain outdoor
activities.
Health problems during El Niño
Affected approximately 450,000 hectares of land
Damaged approximately 640,000 metric tons rice
and corn crops
The worst hit areas were Central Luzon, Southern
Tagalog, Northern Visayas, and Western
Mindanao.
Incurred damages worth up to 4.1 billion and
approximately 478,000 metric tons of destroyed
corn crops.
The worst hit areas were Cagayan,Isabela
,Bukidnon, North Cotabato, South Cotabato, and
Maguindanao.
Happened when the country was experiencing a
four-year continuous economic growth.
Almost 70% of the country was affected
Approximately 622,000 metric tons of rice and
565,000 metric tons of corn amounting to almost
3 billion pesos were destroyed.
Salt water intrusion
Modoki
Typical El Niño Effects: Dec.-Feb.
Typical El Niño Effects: Dec.-Feb.
Spanish for "the girl"
Opposite of El Niño
Prolonged unusual cooling (of at least -0.5°C) of
sea surface temperatures
May last for 1-3 years
Caused by the strengthening of the easterly trade
winds which blow more warm water toward the
west and allows the upwelling of cold water in
the east (near west coast of South America)
Common health problems:
Flood-contaminated water diseases
Leptospirosis
Dengue & malaria
Injuries and accidents
TYPICAL LA NIÑA EFFECTS: Dec-Feb
TYPICAL LA NIÑA EFFECTS: June-Aug
See-Saw shift - observed by Sir Gilbert Walker in
atmospheric pressure between the eastern and
western tropical Pacific that accompanies both El
Niño and La Niña episodes in the ocean.
During the periods of reduced rainfall in the west
Pacific(El Niño), escalation of pressure in the west
was usually accompanied by lowering of pressure in
the east Pacific.
PAGASA defines and defects El Niño or La Niña
phenomena based on SOI (Southern Oscillation
Index) and SSTA (Sea Surface Temperature
Anomaly) indicators.
SOI
Calculated using the pressure differences between
Tahiti and Darwin(T-D)
Indicates whether an El Niño or La Niña will take
place in the Pacific region
EL NIÑO--> is described(and detected) by negative
SOI Values
LA NIÑA--> described by positive SOI values
A) WEAK EL NIÑO/LA NIÑA--> deviation in sea
surface temperature by +0.5 to +1.0°C for an El
Niño or -0.5 to -1.0°C for La Niña
B) MODERATE EL NIÑO/LA NIÑA-->deviation in
sea surface temperature by +1.0 to +1.5°C for an
El Niño or -1.0 to -1.5°C for a La Nina
C) STRONG EL NIÑO/LA NIÑA--> deviation in sea
surface temperature by more than +1.5°C for an
El Niño or less than -1.5°C for a La Niña
El Niño and La Niña occur alternatingly and usually
recur every 3-5 years but can range to 2-7 years. El
Niño and La Niña both usually develop during
March-June, teach maximum intensity during
December-April, and eventually weaken during May-
July.
Neither El Niño nor La Niña occurs
Occur during the transition between El Niño & a La
Niña
Sea surface temperatures (tropical precipitation
amount and patterns, and atmospheric wind
patterns in the equatorial Pacific Ocean) are close
to the long-term average conditions.
utmost importance in battling the negative effects
of an ENSO event
Timely detection of an approaching extreme
climatic event
information is provided by the National ENSO Early
Warning and Monitoring System (NEEWMS)
Adaptation strategies on issues concerning water
resources and industries, energy, agriculture,
environment, public health and geohazards.
Enforcing stringent water management & conservation
measures should be implemented in coordination with
the NEEWMS of PAGASA
The National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the
National Irrigation Administration(NIA) & the National
Power Corporation(NPC) in anticipation of possible
water shortages during El Niño.
Dams are closely monitored due to the possibility
that there will be a depletion of water supply.
During La Niña , the problem is managing the
oversupply of water due to excessive rainfall.
PAGASA, NIA and NPC are agencies in charge on
issuing advisories to dam operators
Decline in production and shortage of staple food
crops
Utilization of technology, implementation of
policies, and observation of appropriate practices
1)Monitoring of weather forecast
2)Planting Varieties of rice(and other food crops)
which are drought tolerant and early maturing
3)Planting more drought-resistant crops
4)Monitoring and management of drought-induced
outbreaks of pests and diseases.
5) Using water-saving technologies
6)Employing no-till farming and modified dry-direct
seeding methods.
7)Using evaporation suppressants
8)Employing weather-modification methods
9)Discovering new water supply sources,
maintaining existing irrigation systems, and
installing additional irrigation pumps where needed.
10)Implementing of legislation that support:
a)Farming Subsidies
b) Provision of technology and facilities
 c)Means to guarantee a market for harvest
11)Governments entering into import contracts for
rice, corn and other staple food crops
1)Planting submergence-tolerant food crops
varieties.
2)Adjusting planting calendar
3)Repairing infrastructure
4)Draining excessive water from rice paddies before
and after heavy rains.
5)Using windbreak structures to prevent damage of
crops due to strong winds.
6)Using mechanical dryers
DOH advises:
1) Constantly rehydrate
2) Conserve household water supply
3) Wear light clothing
4) Avoid strenuous physical activity
5) Listen to updates on shellfish ban.
DOH advises:
1)Boil water intended for drinking
2)Properly wash hands & clean parts of the body
3) Avoid striding in flood areas
4) Clean up or dispose of all possible breeding
sites of mosquitoes
Issues on marine biodiversity, land degradation,
water quality deterioration, land subsidence, and
shortages on electricity generation by hydroelectric
power plants can only be addressed by a
community effort in cooperation with government
agencies
Individuals can help in solving these issues, for
instance, by reporting any untoward incidents
caused by El Niño or La Niña to the authorities.