“Topic 13: Bret summary Brief summary Concrete: Bun, pig, toy ... countable: — Abstract: Difeuty remark. Dual class membership: Similar mearing — Brick ‘Common: Mixture: ee 2 separate items:Paper—+ Count: newspaper vs. Uncount paper. rine a) Concrete: But, go, Ns uncountable: ee ‘Masi, homowerk, pe ee Countable: The Smits, shakospeares Proper: [Sell Uncountabie: Jn Pare PARTITIVE CONSTRUCTION: A construction denoting a part of a whole which expresses quality of partition (piece of paper) v vy v EGIEOUREENE may achieve LGGINENE o piece of cannot be used with pl SHHBIGBINFENES Partives uses ‘expression of quantity by means of Count Ns. Other partitives are used ~A piece of a loat. feMtaIn general parive Ne plece, A packedpaceor cgarettes ‘A brauoh of tree bit. item folowed by an oF phrase. ‘A bunch of fowersfeenagers. ‘A page. a book nglish NUMBER SYSTEM constitutes a two-term contrast: sing, which denotes “one”, & pl. which ‘denotes more than one. Dual number also exists in English (reference to two), but only in a few constructions (both ethor & nether) ‘Noncount Ns are sing and have no plural. excopt for: ‘Concrete noncount Ns can be reclessified as count Ns with specie meanings: Beer + beer (=a glass of beer) « Abstract noncount Ns can be reciassified as count Ns: regrets ¢ Noncount Ns denoting Natural phenomena may be pluralized: snows ofthe hilimaniar, - lnvariable Ns ending in -s which take a sing rs - Diseases ending Ins: measles. Ns ending in ~ies: Mathematics, poitics ~Games ending ins: Billarcs, darts Propor Ns aro usually invariable and sing. Howover, there are special circumstances in which they are reclassified as common No. thus could appear inthe sing or Pl form: The Smiths (a group of people, family or not, who share the same surname) - Suumarion puuzaus denote tools, instruments (glasses) & articles of dress (Jeans) consisting of two equal parts jointed together. { ~PuumaLia vawrun (that is, Ns that, in a given sense, occur only - UNmanKeo euunaL Ns: ~ Ross FUNCTIONND AS. | tReglura)end ns: Damages Compensation nmoney People Pole Foulty Livestock MEAD OF tHE MP: | imposed by law for causing loss oriniuny) Arms (=neacons) Falk Cate Vermin The poor; the rich 1 - Regular pronunciation: ~ Regular Spelling, ! Teg Tel tablats ae |__sblonis# <2 /__ Constr : + [/_Vowi#¥Vd Cons 4 path > paths + Man le! men ie) Woman/->women + Goose + geese 4 flelIG > -veslval wite + wives; half halves. + Foot —»feet Tooth >ieeth + Mauce > mie ‘¢ House Ihavs! > houses fsavzia! -en plural: - Zero Plural SBrother > bretiren child children Ox 4 Oxen, ‘Animal Names: choco. ‘¢ Nationalities: Chinese. Foreign plural ‘¢ Quentiive: dozen, hundred milion: foot length)» stimuli + antennae curricula + appendices * phenomenon «analyses PLURAL IN COMPOUNDS: - Appositional compounds whose fist elements, ar includes, man or woman pluralze bath the 1 & the last elements: Woman doctor Women doctor - Pluralization in the 1" element ~ Pluralization in the last element (regular form) Comnardlerinrchief > Commnarders-inchiet «Babysitter =‘Topic 1: Bret summary 23 Jo distinction 's made between the wo numbers except in the present tense, & there its found in the 3" pers only, which in the sing carries an -s. In the simple past of the verb to be we have another solitary example was, pl wore lumber in Vs HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE VERBAL IDEA: birds sing does not denote several acts of singing, but several ‘subjects (in this case, birds) performing a single action (sing). UANTITY IN PRONS PERSONAL, REFLEXIVE and DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: [Ly The kind of reference a particular NP has depends on its det ts. This Fi is typically realized by a ‘set of determiners which occur betore the N head of the NP. We distinguish 3 classes of determiners" (1) PRE- DETERMINERS (half, all, ...), (2) CENTRAL DETERMINER (the, @ ...)& (3) POSTDETERMINERS (cardinal numbers, many ....). v Vv Ww PREDETERMINERS >| CENTRAL DET >| POSTDETERMINER >| NOUN 4 Al both & halt They camot ESSE Baampies 4 CAROWAL NUMERALE: on@, 19, cur with quantitative determiners -EBEE eaten # OnomaLs Nuuena.s: fourth, it, sh (over nothor, each, come, any, pee acim ea Genera. cromaus clue toms ike ro enough eft nove, not last past (another, adational & 4 Teemocreuens double, twice, == further whieh resemble the ora inves times Pas a at somata Oaantiaive numerals granmatealy & semantcaly Ae Fractions one-third, one~ det enough ++ CLosep-cLass auanririers: (1) Many, (a) few, h = Sovoral wl count Ne & (@) Much, (2) ite wth 4 Such & wat soto tie ermach (3) [== | = [Darontaive det theseiose ——] + Orei-cisso auanmrens: a fot of «great deal fa large numberof, 2 smal amount of =) =) =) Wiktart afan evenrand each tithor ntiner ARTICLES IN THE GENERIC REFERENCE. Articles can be specific (element of a class) or generic (class as a whole) (GENERIC USE OF THE INDEFINTE ARTICLE @an: The Dest Way 10 learn a Lg (or any Lg) is to lve among its speakers GENERIC USE OF THE ZERO ARTICLE with both pl count NS and noncount Ns: @ Cigarettes are bad for your heaith; @ Uyarogen is ignter tnan 2 oxigen GENERIC USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE the: ‘With sing NP: formal tone = My colleague has written @ book on the definite articte in Spanish. + With PINP: (a) nationality names or ethnic aroups the Chinese, the English ..) & in (b) phrases with an adj head, {referring to a group of people (The unemployed [people who are unemployed], the bind, the ich