4.4, Mander's o-€ model for confined concrete Recently, John B. Mander (9, 10}, based om his test results, developed a theoretical model for the uniaxial stress-strain law o,-€, of confined concrete, which in- cludes unloading. This model is used in the present work; therefore, it will be briefly described below. The steps by which the compressive axial stress — strain law ,-€, of a confined RC column, with rectan- gular section, can be determined, by J.Mander’s model, are the following 1. First, the maximum lateral passive confining pres- sures Oy.) yy, from transverse reinforcement, along each principal direction of column section, are deter- mined, assumed to be uniformly distributed over the lateral surface of the column: O14 = Om Aulsb, y= Oy Avid, (15) where Ay, Ay the total cross-sections of transverse re- inforcement along the two principal directions of col- umn section. The other symbols of above formulas have already been defined in present work. 2. It is assumed that an external part of the confined concrete spalls out by the so-called arching action. After this spalling, the outer surface of confined con- crete core forms parabolic arches with initial slopes 45°, in the elevation between consecutive sets of trans- verse reinforcement, as well as in plan between consec- utive longitudinal bars. The spalled concrete is subtract- ed and the effectively confined concrete core section area, at midheight between two consecutive transverse bar sets, is found, according to Fig. A, = (bd - $w3/6)(1-s/2b)(1-s/24) (16) where w, is the span between consecutive longitudinal bars in plan and n the total number of longitudinal bars around the perimeter of the section. ‘The ratio of effectively confined concrete core A, to the full concrete section is called confinement effec- tiveness coefficient: wi4 si4 S$ Elevation oh] Tg a ( Fig. 10 ~ Spallng, by arching action, ofan external part of confined concrete core, n'a RC column Parameters used in Mander’ mode! (9) EEHEs 2, 1000 k, = Aybd(l ~ p,), co) where p, is the volumetric ratio of transverse reinforce- ment. 3. By multiplying the lateral confining pressures with the confinement effectiveness coefficient, the ef- fective lateral confining pressures, in both principal directions of column section, are found: Oi =ken, iy =key (sy 4. The ultimate strength surface of Willam-Warnke [31] for concrete in triaxial stress state, calibrated to the test data of Schickert-Winkler [17]. is adopted. A nomograph, presented in J. Mander’s publication [9], for given factored effective lateral confining pressures ial. 1/0 Teturns the magnification factor 0/05, that is the ratio by which the confinement increases the ultimate longitudinal compressive strength of concrete In the usual case of equal effective lateral confining pressures, along both principal directions of column section, 0, =0%, =o, the magnification factor is given by the simple formula [9] 254 + 2.254 TF TSEC, — 20/fo9. (19) 5. After finding the ratio of strength of confined concrete to that of unconfined concrete 6,./Gg, the ax- ial strain £,. corresponding to the ultimate strength 7. of confined concrete can be determined: Fale fe = Ea [1 +5 (G/F - Ds (20), where €. is the axial strain corresponding to the strength” g., of unconfined concrete. Generally &.q= 0.002 can be assumed. 6. The initial tangent elasticity modulus, of both unconfined and confined concrete, is determined: 4, = 5,000. /0=5MPa, an as well as the secant elasticity modulus corresponding to the ultimate strength of confined concrete: Eyes = Colle (22) Then, the quantity Exd(Eco ~ Exec) (23) is found. 7. Now, the formula, for the monotonic skeleton stress-strain curve a-€ of confined concrete, is written: telex) 24) Ge rel +(€lea) which is demonstrated in Fig. 11, in comparison with the stress-strain curve a-€ of unconfined concrete. 8. The theoretical o-€ model of J. Mander for con- 63unconfined confined O Eco # ee 0.002 Suress-strain curves of unconfined and cor fined concrete (9] includes unloading-reloading, which can be briefly described on the basis of Fig. 12. Let &y. Om be the coordinates of a point $ on the monotonic skeleton curve @-€ of confined concrete, from which unloading begins. First, the quantity, €, = feat 5) is determined, where (26) concrete. Parameters used in Mander's model (91 strains, The vertical line from K intersects the exten~ sion of the intial tangent of the o-€ curve at the point L. The line LS defines the secant unloading modulus: en So, the amount of strain, recovered after a complete unloading, is Ae = ou/Ewm 28) ‘and the remaining plastic strain is @9) Fig. 12 — Parameters forthe determination of secant unloading elasticity modulus of confined concrete, according to Mander's model (9) 64 "BBR 2,100