Ry. Tee 4ls 19 Report 3 Research Project on : —_—_ Study of Seismic Design Codes for Highway Bridges A Proposed Draft For IRC:6 Provisions On Seismic Design Of Bridges :: Code and Commentary Sponsored by Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing) Government of India New Delhi by C. V. R. Murty and Sudhir K. Jain Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 March 1997Draft for IRC:6 Provisions on Seismic Design of Bridges :: Code & Commentary page 2 of ts 0. Introducti The performance of bridges in India during past earthquakes has been summarised in a recent report [Murty and Jain, 1996]. The existing provisions of Indian seismic codes [IRC:6-1966; IS:1893-1984] on bridge structures have been reviewed in detail in light of those in countries with advanced seismic provisions in another report [Jain and Murty, 1996]. Incorporating most of the suggestions made in these reports, a draft proposal for Indian code is presented here. In order to explain these provisions and to explain the intent behind some of the clauses, this report also provides a detailed commentary. Some explanations of a few terms have been borrowed from a similar effort on codal provisions for buildings [Jain, 1995]. The objective of this draft code is to provide seismic design provisions assuming that the seismic zone map for the country is available, In line with current discussions in seismic code committee (CED:39) of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), it is assumed that the revised zone map will merge the current seismic zones I and IT into a single zone which will be equivalent to the current zone II In arriving at these draft provisions, reference has been made to seismic codes of several countries, in particular American (AASHTO, 1992; CALTRANS, 1991] and New Zealand [TNZ,’ 1990] codes, Some major modifications proposed in the Indian code inlcude upward revision of the design force level, introduction of the philosophy of different response reduction factors for different components of a bridge structure, use of the concept of capacity design, and design for controlling the consequences of displacements at the connections between adjacent sections, Further, the clauses have been completely redrafted for more effective implementation, In this report, the commentary is presented in a different font, To enable easy reading, the figures and tables pertaining to the commentary are numbered with prefix C Thus, for example, “Table 5” refers to Table 5 of the codal provisions presented in this report, while “Table C5” refers to the Table C5 of the commentary. 0.1 Definitions For the purpose of this standard, the following terms are defined: Base : It is the level at which inertia forces generated in the substructure and superstructure are transferred to the foundation. Bridge Flexibility Factor C : It is a factor to obtain the clastic acceleration spectrum depending on flexibility of the structure; it depends on natural period of vibration of the bridge. Centre of Mass : The point through which the resultant of the masses of a system acts. This point corresponds to the centre of gravity of the system. Critical Damping : The minimum damping above which free vibration motion is not oscillatory. Damping : The effect of internal friction, imperfect elasticity of material, slipping, sliding, eic,, in reducing the amplitude of vibration and is expressed as a percentage of critical damping Design Seismic Force : It is the seismic force prescribed by this standard for each bridge component, that shall be used in its design. It is obtained as the maximum elastic seismic force divided by the appropriate response reduction factor specified in this standard for each component. Ductility : Ductiity of a structure, or its members, is the capacity to undergo large inelastic deformations without significant loss of strength or stiffness. Ductile Detailing : It is the preferred choice of location and amount of reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures to provide for adequate ductility in them. In steel structures, it is the design of members and their connections to make them adequately ductile.of Bridges :: Code & Commente e 3 of dd Elastic Seismic Acceleration Coefficient A : It is a plot of horizontal acceleration value, as a fraction of acceleration due to gravity, versus natural period of vibration 7, that shall be used in the design of structures. Importance Factor J : It is a factor used to obtain the design spectrum depending on the importance of the structure. Liquefaction ; Liquefaction is state in saturated cohesionless soil wherein the effective shear strength is reduced to negligible value for all engineering purpose due to pore pressures caused by vibrations during an earthquake when they approach the total confining pressure. In this condition the soil tends to behave like a fluid mass. Maximum Elastic Seismic Force : It is the maximum force in the bridge component due to the expected seismic shaking in the considered seismic zone. Modes of Vibration : (see Normal Mode), ‘Natural Period 7’: Natural period of a structure is its time period of undamped vibration (a) Fundamental Natural Period 7; : It is the highest modal time period of vibration along the direction of earthquake motion being considered (b) Modal Natural Period 7; : The modal natural period of mode k is the time period of vibration in mode &, ‘Normal Mode : A system is said to be vibrating in-a normal mode when all its masses attain maximum values of displacements and rotations simultaneously, and also they pass through equilibrium positions simultaneously. Overstrength : Strength considering all factors that may cause an increase, ¢.g., steel strength being higher than the specified characteristic strength, effect of strain hardening in steel at high deformations, and concrete strength being higher than specified characteristic value. Principal Axes : Principal axes of a structure are two mutually perpendicular horizontal directions in plan of a structure along which the geometry of the structure is oriented. Response Reduction Factor R : It is the factor by which the actual lateral force, that would be generated if the structure were to remain elastic during the most severe shaking that is likely at that site, shall be reduced to obtain the design lateral force Response Spectrum : The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree freedom systems having certain period and damping, during that earthquake The maximum response is plotted against the undamped natural period and for various damping values, and can be expressed in terms of maximum absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity or maximum relative displacement. Seismic Mass : It is the seismic weight divided by acceleration due to gravity. Seismic Weight MV’: It is the total dead load plus part of live load as pet 3.2.3. Soil Profile Factor § : It is a factor used to obtain the elastic acceleration spectrum depending on the soil profile underneath the structure at the site. Strength : It is the usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist the applied loads. Zone Factor Z : It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending on the perceived seismic risk of the zone in which the structure is located, This section on definitions has been particularly included to define numerous terms that are added fresh in the code. Two of the important ones are: (a) The term “average acceleration spectrum” used in IRC:6-1966 has now been dropped. Instead, a term “elastic horizontal acceleration spectrum” hae been introduced. This is because the spectrum used in design may not necesearly be the “average” of the acceleration spectra of the recorded ground motions, In fact, the average acceleration spectrum may undergo modifications before it Is prescribed for use in design to account for eects euch as ductility and