CHAPTER 7 a METHODS OF INTEGRATION Goa does not care about our mathemaical difieuties— he integrates empirically. PREVIEW In this chapter we Increase the number of technkjues and procedures for Integrating a funetion. One of the most important techniques, substtuticn, is reviewed in the first scotion and is then expanded in several different contexts. Other important integration procedures include using tables, integration by parts, and pail actions. In addition, Improper integrals, hyperbolic functions, and inverse hyperbslic functions are discussed, along with first-order differential equations PERSPECTIVE [tis possible to differentiate most funetions that arse in practice by applying afairly short, list of rules and formulas, but integration is a more complicated process. The purpose of i increase your ability to integrate a variety of cifferent functions. Learning ike learning. to play a musical instrument: at fist, it may Seem impossibly ‘complicated, but if you persevere, after a while music starts t happen. It should be noted that ar more powerful technology becomes available, tehiiques become less important and ideas become more important CONTENTS ma 72 73 14 75 16 1 18 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Using tables of imps Integration By Parts Inegration by pas formula Repsated use of iteration by Definite integration by pans ‘Trigonometric Methods Powers of sine and cos Powers of secant and tangent ‘Tigommiete substations Quadate-foro etegrals Method of Partial Fractions. Panial fraction decomposition Integrating rational fonctions Rational funetions of sine and ‘Summary of Integration Techniques First-Order Ditferentiat Equations Firstoxder liner diferemal ‘uations Applications of fesoner ‘equations Improper integrals. Improper imerals with iti Tints of integration Improper itegrals with unbounded integrands ‘Comparison test for convergence Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Hyperbolic functions Derivatives an integrals involving hyperbole fonctions Inverse hyperblic fonctions Chapter 7 Review Research Project516 7.1. Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Ifyou use a calculator or computer, you will probably obtain an alternate, but equivalent, foe: SV n( VET + V3 fs JT ae = ATT OR 4) 8 (RTT) +s) You can verily that the (we expressions are equivalent by differentiating both, as wo fonctions whose derivatives are equal will differ by a constant (of integration, in ths case). PROBLEM SET 7.1 Find each integral in Problems 1-12. 1 fa srs 4 foxx etmar a ftountatear & | poo * [wae © [saat u [2 2 wan fara Integrate the expressions in Problems 13-24 using the hor table of integrals given in Appendix D. “xg 16. “ive 8 fees Find the integrals in Problems 28-38. Ifyou use the inte- ‘gral tabe, state the number ofthe formula used, and if you tse substitution, show each step. If you use an alternative table of integrals, then cite the source as well asthe for- ‘mua number. mfarwre fat Yao x, [sues ae 28, | sVTFFas 2 foot 2 frtis sa, [2 (Sa ss fants “(oan vy. [ Hae «fae Hint: Use the identity 40. Derive the sine squared formula shown on the inside back cover7.1 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Hint; Use the deity Problems 41-44 use substation 10 integrate certain pow ersofsineand cosine. 41, sooo Hint Late = cos a Joe in: ete oi oni obo na 44 Micra role on cost x de fs cco va Find each integral in Problems 45-48. a (Fiat 2 aE Ra 49, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region under the curve we 2 t+9 betweon.x = Oand.x = 9 is revolved about the x-axis Interactive 50, Find the volume ofthe solid generated when the curve y= a(l 27)! roms =Ows = Listevelved Aout the x-axis ‘1, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region between the curve pees allt va andthe x-axis beween x = Land x about the y-axis, ‘2, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region between the curve is revolved 517 and the y-axis between y = | and y = 2 is revolved bout te y-axis ‘53, Loty = f(x) be a function that satisfies the differential ‘equation ay = Voi Findthe ar engi fy =f) been. = f and 4, Find the are length of the curve y = In(eos x) on the interval [0.5] 1, Find the areaof the surface generated when the curve x? on the imerval [0 1] is revolved about the x area of the surface generated when he curve y= 22 am the interval (0, 1] s evolved abut the y- $7, Show that Inlesex + e0txl +C Hint: Moliply the integrand by BEES $8, Find J 2sinscoss as by using the indicated substi a, Letu = cos. b. Letu = sins. ‘e. Write 2sinx cos.x = sin2v and carry out the ine aration, {Show that the answers you obtained for pars ave are the sume, 9, Derive the formula ff vfemo 60, Find the surface rea ofthe orus generated when the circle g f Fin de +o by 1 1b > is revolved about the x-axis Interactive1.2 Integration By Parts 521 1 ay base Use substintin where w= U2 and di fiat $ flac +4) = [startin] [o- La] Cheek in Appendix D (Formula 180, with a = 1). PROBLEM SET 7.2 Find each integral in Problems 1-16 using integration by parts. 2 fssinsas 1 foes a [nea 4 fsa 2, [econ de xdy 6 Jessa 8 f Psinaeas ». fein u. fiat 13, f tne? + as M4 [sn veer set tin 15 f ieee fae wn. fovssnnta 1. fesinrassa Find the exact value of the definite integrals in Problems 17-22 using integration by parts wn fivinses 18 [Pinca522 wy [wot am [amore J 7 a fe cosa de 23, M What docs this say? Describe the process known as, integration by parts 24, ME What does this say? Contrast using integration by pats for definite and for indefinite integrals. af tien soo 1m Problems 25-28, fret wse an appropriate substation tn then negra by pts of he neg. Remember togive your answers interns of. 25, f tsinastnvcorsas a [BN 2. [instant m8, fer sine! as 2. a. Find ea using integration by parts. ’, Find the integral in pata by first dividing the inte- ‘rand. / dk Find using integration by pars. bo, Find the integral in part a by first dividing the inte 30. oot 31. Find | cos? dr. Rac 3%, Use Problem 31 to find fovea sing integration by parts 34, Use Problem 32 0 find / wae using integration by parts, 7.2 Integration By Parts 38. Find 36, Show a" Ing di, where 1 is any positive eal number. [cates ['eu-sree hy In for postive integers m,n. 37. Afters hours onthe job, a fatory worker can produce 100te"*** units per hour. How many units does the ‘worker produce during the ist 3 hours? 138, Afr seconds, an object is moving along a line with velocity of te~! meters per second. Express the posi- tion ofthe moving object asa function of time. 39. After weeks, contributions in response toa local {und-tasing eampaiga were coming in atthe rte of 2,000re~ dollars per week. How much money was raised during the fist 5 weeks? 40. Find the volume ofthe solid generated wien the region under the eurve y = sinx + e083 on the interval [0,3] is revolved about the y-axis 4, Find the volume ofthe solid generated whes the region under the curve y = e~* on the interval [0,2] is revolved about the y-axis 42, Find the volume ofthe solid generated when the region under the curve y = In.x on the interval [1,¢] is revolved about the indicated axis: b. yraxis 43, Fi centroid (with coordinates rounded tothe near- est hundredth) ofthe region bounded by the curves yey =e and the line x = 1 Find the centroid (with coordinates rounded to the nearest hundredth) ofthe region inthe first quadrant bounded by the curves y = sinx andy = cos. and the 4, Jn Problems 45-86, solve the given separable differential ‘equations. ay 45, 2 = avin 46, 47, Find a function y = (x) whose graph passes through (0,1) and has the property that the noemal Tine at each point (x7) on the graph has slope = 448, Find a function y = f(x) whose graph passes through C1) and has the property that at each point (x,y) on the graph, the slope of the tangent ine i y tan 49. Suppose itis known that f(0) = 3 and [tpeoe'ealsina What i f(y?72 30. 51 2 Integration By Parts In physics, its known that loudness £ ofa sound is related to is intensity 7 by the equation L = 1hoa is the theshold of avdibilty (the lowest intensity that can be heard). What isthe average value of Las the intensity ofa TV show ranges between /g and fy = 3« 10-$ watvin?? Because a rocket bun fuel in light, ts mass decreases ‘with time, and ths in turn affects its velocity. Itcan be shown thatthe velocity v(1) ofthe rocket a time rin ts Aightis given by wot v() = =r ln a where w is the initial weight of the rocket (including its fuel) and r and are, respectively, the expulsion speed and the rate of consumption of the Fue, wh are assumed to be constant. As usual. ¢ = 32 Us? isthe acceleration due to gravity (assumed to be constan), Suppose w = 30,000 Ip, r = 8,000 fs, and & = 200 Itysec. What isthe befgh ofthe rocket ater 2 minutes, (120 seconds)? {A photographer is taking a pleure ofa clever sign on the back ofa truck. The signs $f high and its lower ‘edge is 111 above the lens ofthe camera, At frst the truck is 4 fk away from the photographer, but then it begins to move away. What isthe average value of the angle 6 (correct to two decimal places) subtended by the camera lens asthe truck moves from 4 fi t0 20 ft away from the photographer? 3. The displacement from equilibrium of a mass oscilla ing atthe end ofa spring hanging from the ceiling is aiven by 3092 cos ce Feet, What isthe average displacement (rounded tothe ‘nearest hundredth) ofthe mass between times 1 = Oand 1 = x/5 seconds? 523 ae § [otters wy 4, [f'n moles of an ideal gas expand at constant temper ature 7. then its pressure p and volume V satisfy the equation pV = nk, for constant R. Itean be shown that the work done by the gas in expanding from voI- tame Vj to V is ‘What is the average work done as V inereases from Vj ws = 10717 ss vind f AES " eos 6, Find | ASP era, 57. Derive the feduetion formula [tedase mn fs (This is Formula 186, with a Derive the reduction Formula whe ale evores=sonsr— fs (This is Formola 198.) ei A 59, Wallis’s formula If isan even positive integer, use reduction formulas to show [Cow sac = [cota Tease result similar tothe one in Problem 59 forthe ease ‘where isan odd positive integer.7. Trigonometric Methods Halfangle identity SA Vigra +c ‘This last stop requires bask-substituting from @ 10 1 and then from u to x. Details are Jef as an exercise. PROBLEM SET 7.3 Eh What does this say’? Explain how to ineprate {sin x cos" x de when m and n ae both even 2, What does this say? Explain how to integrate fan? see" x ds when is even 38. What does this say? Explain the proses of wing 4 rigonometricsubsiution on inteprals ofthe forma? + w2 4, What does this sy? Explain the proces of using ‘ vigonometriesubstiustion on integrals f the form Yat ~ iF. How isthis differen from handling ani ail involving Jar — a2? Evaluate the integrals in Problems 5-50, a fewtea 6 fawtna 1 fowrnesa 4 faadeow ea of artoma nf EE i femincee — fowona ws fosrocsa a Pe is fondo 6 frat ee ee v. foweretne a res wf Vimiwcteds [ostea fos fosstoa fooman am fostscotea a fosintcosas m6 2. Pots a. few reise 28. a B 38. M 3». fseesoss ae [ora 3, ftnsese's as « fof stl as a6 [ oar ve a ax {aa Ise ae ax wo, [4 Ie les af was « {aim Ws [ E=Ba (am see? edt ian + 800 sh. 2. Find the average value of f(x) = sin? x over the inter- val [0,71]. Find the centroid ofthe region (correct to two decimal places) bounded by the curve y = cos?.c, the Ns And the vertical lines x = and x = ¥ § }. Find the volume (correct 0 four decimal places) ofthe solid generated when the region hounded by the curve yy = sin?.x and the x-axis is revolved about the y-axis, Oexen. A particle moves along the x-axis in such a way that the ‘acceleration at time risa(t) = sin? ¢. Wha distance traveled by the particle over the tin {0,27 iis initia velocity is (0) = 2 units per second?7.4 Method of Partial Fractions 531 In Problems 85-58, use the following idenes: 0, f correc sear Sinden = in a) ++) 2 Lay tenis ileal etn ses condcond = Heth =A) bean +8) ii le rtm pends) 10-10-13 cn te interval [0, $]. Find the are length ofthe eurve 1 = F(x) over this terval ned {ae 7.4 METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS IN THIS SECTION: Partial fraction decomposition, integrating rational functions, rational functions of sine and cosine Partial traction decomposition has great value as a oo! o” integration. This process may be thought of as the “reverse” of adding fractional algebraie expressions, and it allows us to break up rational expressions into simpler tems. Partial Fraction Decomposition ‘You are fariliar with the algebraic procedure of adding a string of rational expressions to form a combined rational function with a common denominator. For example, 2 8 DHMH =v HT wat Fd @FDG+D eae? In partial fraction decomposition, we do just the opposite: We start with the reduced fraction atl Fea and write it as the sum of (rations a eel ys ‘This procedure has great value for integration because the terms =2y and 3 are easy to integrate, In parton, r+! 2 3 met /rae fae 2Inkx + | —3lo x +2) +C In the following discussion, we shall consider tational functions =P f= Dey7.4 Method of Partial Fractions PROBLEM SET 7.4 539 Write each rational function given in Problems 1-14 as a sum of partial fractions. ae t2e~1 “FD 4 Bite ae dade eas eig3e? + 3r "OEE a oSend SI 1a Badass rasDa-) MP =DGrs5) Find the indicated integrals in Problems 15-30. w festa age n [ofits wf 19, [ote mo f Sta ity af BE a frsrnecy * [aca were [arnt Se? Seas was [ates Bet 2e ¢4 Bora ‘31, Mf What does this say? Deseribe the process of partial fraction decomposition. erro ae part Weiegr2 iv 30, ds 32, ME What dows this say? What isthe Weierstrass substi Lion and when would you us Phd gai Pr 380. oi ® fast «f sin de & [Tian sects tans de ge Sars fxm | | arco a [an “ata Slate “Jima a ae © [aaa—fearns © | samrtieers a: in © | aaaammn® [mea 51, Find the area ofthe region bounded by the curve 1 ae 52, Find the area under the curve 1 °< yare4 between x = Oand.x = 3. '83, Find the volume (o four decimal pl generated when the region under the: y (on the interval (0,3] is revolved about \ theraxis by the y-axis 4, Find the volume (to four decimal places) ofthe solid generated when the curve 1 at isss) Wyeeea O54 is revolved about fa. the y-axis i. the x-axis . the line540 35, ‘historical Quest George Pélya was born in Hungary and attended universities in Budapest, Wienna, Gottingen, and Paris. He was a professor of. mathematics a Stanford University. Ptya’s research personality eared him a place of honor nor only among ‘mathematicians, but among students and teachers as wel. His discoveries spanned an impressive range of ‘mativematies, eal and complex analysis, probability, combinatorics, number theary, ad geometry Pélya's ‘book, How to Solve I, has been translated into 20 lane ‘guages. His books have a clarity and elegance seldom seen in mathematics, making them a joy 10 read. For ‘example, he explained why he became a mathematician bby saying thar essentially, he thought he was not good ‘enough for physics but onthe other hand, too good for philosophy, and mathematis is “in between”. A story told by Pélya provides our next ves’. He said tha be had once intentionally put the problem [at first on a test of techniques of integration, thinking, that it would make his students confident at the start of the exam, Ifyou substitute w =x? —9, you can solve the problem very quickly and he assumed his stu- dents would do just that. Half of them did use it. but ‘quarter of them used the procedure of partial frac- tions, which isthe correct method but it used up much of the time allowed, so they were notable to finish the exam, Another group of students used the trig substi- uuon x = 3 sind, which is also correct, but again, used up so much time that they weren't able t finish, and did poorly on the exam. What Pélya Found 10 be Ineresting was that the students who used the more time-consuming techniques demonstrated that they et wiomin George Pélya (1887-1985) 7.5 Summary of Integration Techniques ‘knew more dificult mathematics than those who opted forthe easy technique. "But they showed that ‘it’s not {just what you know; it's how and when you use it." I's nice whea what you dois sight, but it’s much better when is also appropriate’™ Carry out all three meth- ‘ods of solution of the given integral Pélya described in this quotation. 86, EXPLORATION PROBLEM Consider the integra [Wireman 06r en 4, Ifyou have acoess toa CAS, report on your atempts lo ind this integral. , Use a Weierstrass substitution to find this integral Can you think of an even more clever way to per- Form the integration? . Use partial fractions to derive the integration Formula, | rata ‘58, Use partial fractions to derive the integration formula Ii ). Derive the formula seeds =Inisoes + tans] +C using a Weierstrass substitution. 60. Derive the formula fosxas using a Weierstrass substitution. In jesex + corn +c 7.5 SUMMARY OF INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES IN THIS SECTION: Integration strategy We conelude our study of integration techniques with a procedure summarizing inegra- tion techniques, Palys tem Solving, Burton” by Alan H, Schoenfeld, Motkonaics Mapes, Wa. NaS, Decber 194, p. 290,7.5 Summary of Integration Techniques Bde “The itegrang is simplified, itis not a basic Formula, andit looks a though an algebraic substitution will not work because of the degree ofthe numerator. Since the integrand involves V9 = 1, we use the trigonometric substitution x = 3sind, dr = 3cos6d6. Ihe itgeal Bal be f 76, you woul! have aed the substuion «= 33800, ay = 3 and seco da. & fe sinae ae ‘The imegrand is simplified and itis nota basi formula. IF we ty wo classify the integrand, we see that integration by pats will work with u = sin2x and dv = e de ‘We also find that this form is Formula 192 in the integration table. cos!x di = sint ‘The inlegration can be simplified by writing | ~si substition, you wil obtain [28g = [SEE = foe ‘This form can be integrated by using a half-angle identity or Formula 127 in the table of imegrals. It can also be integrated by part. 2 he = cost. After doing this PROBLEM SET 7.5 ae 0 [maa Find each imegraln Prolene (34 vw. feteoeas 2 243 a fossa 4 foteet2ey nfo 8. fie coeds 6, fmvEae 7 cot nde 1 pi . [tine se 28, [sin xost a oa wo pamste a7 fenteoutede ne [Bitte 1 feta ». [rw — ws [the mw fxrte Tae sf 6 fps aa. fst ds ® fe 20, fe sinzear 2a, feos'xds 24, [ sin?xcosx ae 26, f sin? cosas ae, frantascets as ” (aR (BS a fot sa544 Find the exact value ofthe definite itegras in Problems 35-42, : x. [ lo a ® [ais 203 “ f aan 4 a [Ora Find each integral in Problems 43-50. fee 4 f oto “iS Vire cere sy Ax +3 Sx? + 30-2 s (See reer +3 Be e241 of Bat weeer S414, x2 49x +21 anes J Gea S51, What does this say’? Outline a method of approaching inlogration problems, Comment on the strategy pre- gated in this section, $82, What does tis ay? Int als ofthe general form foot sera are handled in much the same way as those of the Form foot ssa 1, What substitution would you use inthe ese where m isodd? 1b, What substitution would you use ifm is even? «. What would you do ifm is odd and m is even? '83, Find the are length (correct to four decimal places) of theeurvey = froma = —Htox = 7.8 Summary of Integration Techniques ‘54, Find the are length (correct vo four deci the curve y = Inx from x = 210.3 155. Find the volume of the solid generated when the region under the curve y = cos. between.x = Oandx = $is revolved abut the x-anis, ‘56, What isthe volume ofthe solid obtained when the region bounded by y = Ve", y = 0, x = 0, and x= 2is revolved about the x-axis? 57. Generalize the result of Example 4, Section 7.2 by showing that [eoinbsas for constants. a and b. (This is Formula 192.) $8, Let (" be continuous on the closed interval [a,b]. Use integration by parts vo show that places) of (asin by — bens hee eae [Poun9o-10+s0-s'@ 5. Devive the rection Formula foronsne ~ ttn aT mrt ferns vii ad piven et i im frtnntae (60, Derive the reduction formula Use this Formula to evaluate fossa7.6 First-Order Differential Equations 553 Notice that because el + 0 as ¢ > 00, we have sim tn This means tha, in the long run, the curent 7 must approach ©, ‘The solution of the differential equation consists of two parts, which are given spect names: cf Wis he transient current 7 Figure 7.9 The current in an Figure 7.9 shows how the current /(7) varies with time 0 AL circuit with constant EMF E E Fis the stendystate current = 5. PROBLEM SET 7.6 i ng Solve she differential equations in Problems 1-16 10, n& 2 B.(2)5 ay a ty aw 4 ine 13, 4 F + (unady = sine 16, + (seexdy Solve the differential equations in Problems 17-20 for a particular solution. fory =$ whenx fory =2 when when = 1 when In Problems 21-26, solve the initial value problems. A graphical soluion is shown asa check for your workwhens =0 In Problems 27-30, find the orthogonal trajectories of the given family of curves. Recall from Section 5.6 that ‘a curve is an orthogonal trajectory of a given family if it intersects each member of that family at right angles. 27. the family of parabola y? = 4kx 28. the family of hyperbotas xy = 29, the family of circles? + 130, the family of exponential curves y ce “Modeling Problems: In Problems 31-42, se: up an appro- priate model ro answer the given question. Be sure to state ‘your assumptions 3M In 2010, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States was $14.26 vllion, Suppose the growth rate from 2009 to 2010 was 1.80%. Predict the GDP in 2020. 32, In 2000, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States was $9.38 willion. Suppose the growth rae From 2000 10 2010 was 3.10%. Predit the GDP in 2010. Do some research to find the GDP in 2010, Comment on yo peistion Cite yewe coueens 3B. 38. 2. 40, a 7.6 First-Order Differential Equations According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of U.S. marriages in 2005 was 2,230,000, Ifthe marriage rate is 0.71%, how many marriages (to the nearest ten thousand) would you expect to be reported in 2010 if the marviage rate is constant According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of U.S. divorces was 957,200 in 2000. Ifthe divorce rate is 0.35%, how many divorces (to the nearest hundred) would you expect 1a he reported in 2010 if the divorce rate is constant? ‘tank contains 10 tb of salt dissolved in 30 gal of ‘water. Suppose 2 gal of brine containing 1 Ib of dis solved salt per gallon runs into the tank every minute ‘and that the mixture (Kept uniform by string) runs out atthe same rate 1, Find the amount of salt inthe tank at time t. ’b, How long does i take (1 the nearest second) forthe tank to contain 15 Ib of salt? In Problem 35, suppose the tank has a capacity of 100 gal and thatthe mixture lows out at the rate of 1 gal/min (instead of 2 gal/min). - How long will it take for the tank to fil? 'b, How much salt willbe inthe tank when itis Cull? ‘The rate at which a drug is absorbed into the blood sys tem is given by a a Bb here b (2 is the concentration of the drug in the boot stream at time ¢. What does 6(#) approach inthe long run (that is, as 1 > 00)? At what time is 6(¢) equal 10 half this limiting value? Assume that b(0) = 0. ‘An RL circuit has a resistance of R ohms, inductance of Lhenrica, and EMF of E volts, where Ry Ly and E ote constant, Suppose no current flows in the circuit a time 1 =0.1f Lis doubled and & and R are held constr ‘what effeet does this have on the “long run” current in the circuit (thats, the current as ¢ —> 00)? In 2000 there were 31.1 million Hispanics inthe United States. Ifthe growth i proportional to the population, how many Hispanics should have been recorded in 2010 ifthe 1990 Hispanie population was 15.5 million? ‘A population of animals on Catalina Island is limited by the amount of food available. Studies show there were 1,800 animals present in 2008 and 2,000 in 2011 and suggest that 5,000 animals can be supported by the ceonditions present on the island, Use a logistic model 10 predict the animal population in the year 2030. mn 1986 the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in the Soviet ‘Union contaminated the atmosphere. The buildup of radioactive material in the atmosphere satisfies the dif ferential equation aM _(k wae (fw dr (; ) M = Owhen r =O where M = mass of radioactive maria in the almosphere afer time (in years is7.6 First-Order Differential Equations the rate at which the radioactive material is introduced into the atmosphere; ris the annual decay rate ofthe radioactive material, Find the solution, M (1), ofthis differential equation in terms of & andr. 42. ‘The Motion of a Body Falling through a Resisting, ‘Medium A body of mass m is dropped from a great height and falls ina straight tine. Assume that the ‘only forces acting on the body are the earth's gray tational attraction mg and ai resistance kv, Recall g= 321) ‘8, According to Newton's second law, ay mg —ke a7" Solve this equation, assuming the object has velocity ty = Oattimer = 0. i. Find the distance s(¢) the body has fallen atime Assume s — Oat times = 0. €. Ifthe body weighs W = 100 band & = 0.35, how long does i take for the body co reach the ground from a height of 10,000 11? Recall from Section 5.6 that a tank fled with warer drains ‘atthe rate 5 dr ABA where i is the height of waterat time (in seconds) and Ay is the area (in fF) of the drain hole, This formula, called Toriceli's law, is used in Problems 43 and 44 43, A full tank of water has a drain with area 0.07 £8. fhe tank has a constant cross-sectional area of A= 5 ft and height of fi = 4 f, bow long does i take toomply? 44, A full tank of water of height $ fl and constant cross= seetional area A = 3 Fe has two drains, both of area 0.02 1, One drain is atthe bottom and the other at Fheight 2 ft, How long does i take for the tank to drain? 45. The Euler beam model, Fora rigid beam with uniform Toading, the deflection y(x) is modeled by the difer- cemial equation y = K, where & > Osa constant and.x measure the distance along the beam from one cof tends, Assuine that »(O) = y¢L) = 0, where Lis, the length ofthe bear, and that y"(O) = y"(L) = ‘a, Solve the beam equation 1 find yx). 'b, Where does the maximum deflection occur? What is the maximum deflection? ‘Suppose the beam is cantilevered, so that yO =r) (L) = 0. Now ‘where does the maximum deflection occur? Is the maximum deflection greater or less than the case considered in part b? Would you expect the graph of 555 the deflection y = y(x) tobe concave up or concave ‘down on [0,L]? Prove your conjecture 46. Modeling Problem A tank intially contains 5 Ib of salt in $0 of solution. At time r = O, brine begins 10 ‘enter the tank atthe rate of 217, and the mixed solu- tion drains atthe same rate. The brine coming into the tank has concentration CU) = 1 bie? 1 hours after the dilation begins. 8, Set up and solve a differential equation forthe amount of salt $2) in the solution a time 1 How much salt is eventually in the tank (as 1 oo)? At what time is $(2) maximized’? Wha i the maxi- ‘mum amount of salt in the tank? 47, Modeling Problem Two 100-gallon tanks initially con- tain pure water. Brine containing 21b of salt per gallon ‘eaters the first tank atthe rte of | gal/min, and the ‘mixed solution drains ico the second tank atthe same rate, There itis again thoroughly mixed and drains at the same rat, | gal/min, a. Set up and solve a differential equation of the amount of salt §)(2) inthe frst uank a time ¢( utes) b. Setup and solve a second differential equation for the amount of salt $3(2 in the second tank at time ¢ ©. Let S(t) = Sj ~ Sz. Intuitively, $(1) > O forall. ‘At what time isthe excess 5 (7) maximized? What is the maximum excess? Modeling Problem A chemical ina solution diffuses {rom a compartment with known concentration C(t) scrosr s membrane (o 2 cond comperiment whore ‘concentration C3(t) changes ata rate proportional the difference C, ~ C. Set up and solve the differenti ‘equation for Cx() in the following cases: a. C(t) = Sek = 1.7;C,0) = 0 b, k= 4: Cx(0) = 3,and 4 wosrs3 5 itrs3 49. ‘The Gompertz equation for a population P(t) is a. a here and B are positive constants. Ifthe initial pop ulation is P(O) = Po, and te ultimate population is 48, cn = AP(B InP) lim P() = Poo find PO. ‘50. Modeling Problem Uraniurm-234 (halflife 248 x 10° YF) decay to thoriam-230 (half-lite 80,000 y).556 1. IF U(0) and 7() are the amounts of uranium and ‘thorium at time then au oon shu a ‘Solve this system of differential equations to obain U@and TC). b, If we start with 100 g of pure U-234, how much Th-230 will tere be ater? = 3,000 yr? S51. Solve the differential equation ay Ity a" yseuFD by regarding y as the independent variable i, reverse the roles of and 3). ‘52, Certain biologiesi processes occur periodically over the 24 hours ofa day. A patient's metabolic excretion rate is modified by RW lito Fre He-O and the rate of intake is (1) for 0 <1 < 24. The patient's bady contains 200 g ofthe substance when 0. The amount of substance (1) in a patient's body at time 1 satisies Q() i equal tothe umount of {ake minus the amount of input a. 1F/(F) = 0 (the patient intakes only water), the amount of substance (7) inthe patient's body at time satisfies dy Bone ‘Solve this equation for Q(1) 1b. Suppose the patient intakes (in gal/hr) the substance ‘at aconstant rate for part ofthe day. Specifically 04 fori0s1 = 20 oe 10 otherwise ‘Sel up and solve a differential equation forthe ‘umount of substance @(¢) inthe patient's body at time 1. When is Q(1) maximized? 53, An RL circuit has a resistance of R = 10 ohms and an inductance of L = 5 henries, Find the current (1) inthe circuit at time rif (0) = Oand the electromotive force (EMF) is a, E = IS volts b, 6 = Se sint ‘4, An RL circuit hasan inductance of L = 3 henries and resistance & = 6 ohms in series with an EMF of E = 50 sin 301. Assume /(0) = 0. ‘a, What isthe current (7 at time? 'b, What isthe transient current? The steady-state current? 7.6 First-Order Differential Equations 55. Modeling Problem A lake has a volume of 6 billion 19, and its initial pollutant content is 0.22%. A river whose waters contain only 0.06% pollutants fows into the lake atthe rate of 350 million f/day, and another river lows out ofthe lake also carrying 350 million day. Assume thatthe water inthe two rivers and the lake is always well mixed, How long does it ake forthe pollutant content to be reduced 10 0.15%? 56. A Bernoulli equation is a diferential equation ofthe Form e+ POY where is real number, n #0, # 1 a. Show thatthe change of variable w = y'“" trans forms such an equation into one ofthe form WG) + C1 = mPEaUG) = = MOU) ‘This tansformed equation isa first-order linea f= {erential equation in w and ean be solved by the methods ofthis section, yielding a solution tothe given Bernoulli equation, b, Use the change of variable suggested to solve the Bernoulli equation yrtaa? 57. Consider a curve with the property that when horizontal nd vertical lines are drawn Irom each point P(,)) on the curve to the coordinate axes, the area A under the curve is vice the area Az above the curve, as shown in Figure 7.10, Figure 7.10 Problem $7 Show that x and y satisfy the differential equation Solve the equation and characterize the family of all ‘curves that satsly the given geometric condi7.7 Improper integrals 887 mt a 58. ‘historical Quest Daniel Bernoulli was a ‘member ofthe famous Bemoutt family (see fF ‘Sistorical Quest Problem 50, Section 4.5). Between 1725 cand 1749 he won ten prizes for 5 ‘his work in astronomy, sravity, tides, magnetism, ocean currents, and the behavior of. “ships at sea. While modeling the effects of a smallpox epidemic, he obtained the differential equation ng — kv eases aoe neato > tae cen tga sea tee ese ‘. Suppose k = 4. For an object weighing 20 Ib with res sot sy eet ns ere ane ss ond does the object hit the ground? Basan cee cece aut neem! Says (S) MEE eee Ae nats eon aae ce In this equation S(t) 5 the number of people at age t that are susceptible to smalipox; Nt) is the number ‘of people at age t who survive; pis the probability of oe ng — ke? ‘susceptibte person geting the disease, and 1/m is the proportion of those who di from the disease, Lat 2 Solve this diferent equation to find vt). Then 1) S/N then solve te resulting equation for) and find the beight 1) ofthe objec at ime (in see- then write Nasa fureion ofS. (Hin: You will ned ond). the result of Problem 36.) Ite object weighs 10001, s = 100 fy and 9, An object of mass s projected upward rom ground = 00, how long othe nearest hundredth of a {evel wit nal veloc vy agalnst alr resistance pro- second does ia forthe object oie ground? portional tits velocity 9). Ths, Inerpet this esl 7.7 IMPROPER INTEGRALS 1N THIS SECTION: Improper integrals with infinite tts of integration, improper integrals with unbounded integrands We have defined the definite integral f(s) on a closed bound interval [bh where the integrand) Bound. in ths ston, we exon the oneep of nega co the ease where the ier! of integration fe infate and niki ese where f ie unbound ata nie ner of pons om the interval of ineraion, Collectively, these ave called improper integrals Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration In physies, economics, probability and stastcs, and other applied areas, itis useful to hhave a concept of an integral that is defined on the entie real fine or on hall-lnes of the form x Za or x , the integral of f on the interval x 2 a can be thought of as the area under the curve y= f(r) On this unbounded interval, as shown in Figure 7.11 __ Areasonable strategy for finding this area is frst Lo use a definite integral to compute the area Irom x =a to some finite number x= and thes to let NV approach infinity in the resuling expression. Here is a definition, Figure 7.11 Area ofan ‘unbounded region566 7.7 Improper integrals Theore Comparison test for improper integrals Suppose f and gare continuous functions such that f(x) > g(x) > 0 for x >a. It fx) dx converges, then f° g(x) dx converges 10 a value less than or equal to the integral of f¢x). 1 f°xGx1 dr diverses than f° F(x) de divernes. Proof: We omit the proof of this but itis similar to the proof of the dominance rule (Theorem 5.6 in Section 5.3). See the illustration in the next example for an indication why it works, ’ Example 12 Comparison test sions fT * de converges. Solution We can’t evalucte this integral directly as the antiderivative of e** cannot be stated as an elementary function. However, ¢ “* | (See Figure 7.20), so rawe a Tegra sis under the graph of Notice from Figure 7.20 that the graph of y = rHorx> 1 x > 1, $0 that Theorem 7.2 gi PROBLEM SET 7.7 4, What does this say? What i an improper integral? 2, M What does this say? Discuss the different ypes of Improper inegrals [ oe * [ate {In Problems 3-42, either show that the improper integral converges and find its value, or show that it diverges. ES = Cts “le am 6% ». af & [em fe xe [nse = [a87.7 Improper Integrals 43, Find the area ofthe unbounded region between the -x-axisand the eurve we forx > 6. 44, Find the area ofthe unbounded region between the s-axisand the curve 2 7" ae tors $2 45. The otal amount of radioactive material present inthe atmosphere at time Tis modeled by am [Ure va where P isa constant and is the number of years. Sup- [pose a recent United Nations publication indicates tha, alte present time, r= 0.002 and P = 260 millrads. Estimate the total future buildup of radioactive matrial in the atmosphere if these values remain constant, 46. Suppose that an oil well produces P(t) thousand barrels ‘of crude oil per month aceording tothe formula PA) = 1002" — 1096-8" ‘where 1 isthe number of months the well has been production. What isthe total amount of eil produced by the oil well? 47, Findall values ofp for which Lair [sear coreg fn a ag "dx coop fad he va of eel tet oxiss. 49, Find all values ofp for which [’ ads fo x(nay ‘converges, and find the value ofthe integral when i exists, Talon Ne Sember, 199, 5.8, 567 $0, Think Tank Problem Discuss the calculation =-1-C0) =2 Is the calculation correct? Explain. 51. Journal Problem (College Mathematics Journal") Poier Lindstrom of North Lake College in Irving, ‘Texas, had a student who handled an 9e/oo Form as Follows: [Pon neraee [tae ~ =f Ee rngrsne wor su bal [tobe broeni fort 0): a. Cle ect) ena) ah