Conventional

Telephony
Engr. Cyrill O. Escolano
Contract of Service Instructor
College of Engineering
Southern Luzon State University
Telephone
 People Behind

 Innocenzo Manzetti
 Antonio Meucci
 Johann Philipp Reis
 Elisha Gray
 Alexander Graham Bell
 Thomas Edison
 Telephone

 an apparatus of reproducing sound,

especially that of the human voice, at a great
distance, by means of electricity; consisting of
transmitting and receiving instruments
connected by a line or wire which conveys
the electric current.
The Standard Telephone Set
 The Standard Telephone Set

 Basically a simple analog transceiver designed

with the primary purpose of converting speech or
acoustical signals to electric signals.
Bell System 500-type – rotary dial telephone
 Bell System 302-type

 telephone with hand crank magneto, fixed

microphone, hand-held.
 Bell System 2500-type

 touch-tone telephone
IP Telephone
 Factors Affecting the Quality of Transmission

 Received volume
 Relative frequency response of the telephone
circuit
 Degree of interference
 Functions of the Telephone Set

 Notify the subscriber when there is an incoming

call.
 Provide a signal to the telephone network
verifying when the incoming call has been
acknowledged and answered.
 Convert speech energy to electrical energy.
 Functions of the Telephone Set

 Incorporate some method of inputting and

sending destination telephone numbers from the
telephone set to C.O. switch via the local loop.
 Regulate the amplitude of the speech signal the
calling person outputs onto the telephone line.
 Incorporate some means of notifying the C.O.
when a subscriber wishes to place an outgoing
call.
 Functions of the Telephone Set

 Ensure that a small amount of the transmit signal

is fed back to the speaker, enabling talkers to
hear themselves speaking.
 Provide an open circuit condition to the local loop
when not in use and closed circuit when in use.
 Provide a means of transmitting and receiving
call progress signals between the central office
switch and the subscriber, such as on and off
hook, busy, ringing, dial pulses, touch-tone
signals, and dial tone.
Telephone Set
Telephone Set

Tip (green) – used to transmit the signal

Ring (red) – used to receive the signal far-

end

Slave (yellow) – used as a spare or for

special- purpose applications
 Parts of the Telephone
Transmitter/Microphone

It converts acoustical energy into electrical energy

by means of a carbon granule transmitter
 Telephone Transmitter
Carbon Transmitter

a sound-to-electrical signal transducer consisting of two metal plates

separated by granules of carbon.

Has the advantage of simplicity and the ability to generate a relatively large
signal without amplification.

Poor audio quality

Carbon Transmitter
 Telephone Transmitter
Electret Condenser

Has a vibrating diaphragm that effectively changes the plate spacing in

a permanently charged capacitor consisting of electrodes on both sides
of a layer of plastics that has a permanently stored electrical charge
 Parts of the Telephone
Receiver/Speaker

It converts electrical signals to acoustical signal

understandable by human.
 Parts of the Telephone
Switch Hook (Plunger)

A DPST switch placed across tip and ring.

On-Hook: handset in idle condition

Off-Hook: headset is lifted up
 Parts of the Telephone
Dialer
enables the subscriber to input telephone number of the
party being called.
 Parts of the Telephone
Ringer
device that converts electrical signals from C.O. to an
audible signal to notify the subscriber by an incoming call.

Equalizers
Combinations of passive components that re used to
regulate the amplitude and frequency response of the voice
signals.

Hybrid Coil
Convert a two-wire circuit into four-wire and vice versa.
Parts of the Telephone
 Dialling Methods
1. Dial Pulsing or Pulse Dialling
Defined as a momentary on-hook condition that causes loop
making and breaking from the telephone set dialer toward the
central office.

Interdigital
make delay

break

Make – circuit closed/off-hook

Break – circuit opened/on-hook
 Pulse Dialling

Nominally: break period = 61 ms

make period = 39 ms

Pulse Period = 0.1 s/pulse

Interdigital Delay = 0.5 s

Interdigital Delay – idle period separation

 Pulse Dialling

Example:

What is the minimum time required to dial the 7-digit telephone number
395-4258 using a rotary type telephone set?
 Dialling Methods
2. Multifrequency Dialling or DTMF Dialling

- Dual-Tone Multifrequency originally called as Touch-Tone

- A simple two-to-eight encoding scheme where each digit is

represented by the linear addition of two frequencies.
 DTMF Dialling

High-Group Frequencies
1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz
Low-Group Frequencies

697 Hz 1 2 3 A
ABC DEF
770 Hz 4 5 6 B
GHI JKL MNO
852 Hz 7 8 9 C
PQRS TUV WXYZ
941 Hz * 0 # D
 The Telephone Circuit
Long-distance (inter-exchange) carriers

Tandem Office

Central Central Central

(end) office (end) office (end) office
 Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)

 The simplest and most straightforward form of telephone

service.
 bi-directional, or full duplex, voiceband path with limited
frequency range of 300 to 3400 Hz: in other words, a
signal to carry the sound of the human voice both ways at
once;
 call-progress tones, such as dial tone and ringing signal;
 subscriber dialing;
 operator services, such as directory assistance, long
distance calling, and conference calling assistance;
 Local Subscriber Loop (Local Loop)

 Provides a means of connecting a telephone set

at a subscriber’s location to the closest
telephone office.
 Local Subscriber Loop (Local Loop)

 Carries voice signal both ways.

 It carries signalling information both ways:
dialling pulses or tones to the central office from
the network to the subscriber.
 Copper wire is preferred over optical fiber.
 On the Local Loop
Main Component Parts That Make Up a Traditional Local Loop
1. Feeder Cable (F1)
- Largest cable used in a local loop.

2. Serving Area Interface (SAI)

- A cross-connect point used to distribute the larger feeder cable into
smaller distribution cable.

3. Distribution Cable
- A smaller version of a feeder cable containing less wire pairs.
 On the Local Loop

4. Subscriber or Standard Network Interface (SNI)

- Device that serves as the demacration point between local
telephone company responsibility and subscriber responsibility for
telephone service.

5. Drop Wire
- The final length of cable pair that terminates at the SNI.

6. Aerial
- A portion of the local loop that is strung between poles.
 On the Local Loop

7. Distribution Cable and Drop-Wire Cross-Connect Point

- Location where individual cable pairs within a distribution cable are
separated and extended to the subscriber’s location on a drop wire.
Attenuation On the Local Loop
Attenuation On the Local Loop
 Attenuation on the Local Loop
Loading Coils

- Use to decrease the attenuation, increase the line impedance,

and improve transmission levels for circuits longer than 18,000 ft.

- Cancels capacitance that inherently builds up between wires

with distance.

- Specified by the addition of letter codes A, B, C, D, E, F, H, X,

or Y, which designate the distance between loading coils and by
numbers, which indicate the inductance value of the wire gauge.
Letter Designation Distance(ft)
A 700
B 3000
C 929
D 4500
E 5575
F 2787
H 6000
X 680
Y 2130
 The Telephone Circuit
Long-distance (inter-exchange) carriers

Tandem Office

Central Central Central

(end) office (end) office (end) office
 The Telephone Circuit
Central Office
- A central location where subscribers are interconnected, either
temporarily or on a permanent basis.
 Central Office
Primary Functions:

1. To provide battery (DC voltage) to a telephone. This DC

voltage is used to operate the telephone and to determine
when a subscriber has gone off or on-hook.
2. To provide ringing voltage.
3. To provide dial tone.
4. To accept the digits dialled.
5. To provide connection to subscribers.
6. Supervise the calling process
 The Telephone Circuit
Tandem Office
- A Class 4, or Tandem, central office telephone exchange used
to interconnect local exchange carrier offices for long
distance communications in the Public Switched Telephone
Network.

Trunk Circuit (interoffice trunk)

- Connection between C.O.

Tandem Trunk(intermediate trunk)

- Truck connecting tandem office and any other C.O.
 The Telephone Circuit
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
- A regulatory term in telecommunications for so-called local
telephone company.

International Gateway Facilities

- Consists of international transmission, switching and network
management facilities which serves as point of entry and exit in
the Philippines of international traffic between the national
network and points outside the Philippines.
 Transmission Parameters

1. Bandwidth parameters
a. Attenuation distortion
b. Envelope delay distortion
2. Interface parameters
a. Terminal impedance
b. In-band and out-of-band signal power
c. Test signal power
d. Ground isolation
3. Facility parameters
a. Noise measurements
b. Frequency and phase distortion
c. Amplitude distortion
d. Nonlinear distortion
 Bandwidth Parameters
Attenuation distortion

The difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular

frequency with respect to the circuit gain at reference frequency.

Also called as frequency response, differential gain and 1004-Hz

deviation

Envelope Delay Distortion

The difference in phase shifts with respect to frequency that

signals experience as they propagate through a medium.
 Interface Parameters

1. Electrical protection of the telephone network and its personnel.

2. Standardization of design arrangements.

 Interface Parameters

600Ω – station equipment impedance over the usable voice band

20 MΩ dc and 50 kΩ ac – minimum station equipment isolation

from ground
0 dBm – maximum transmitted signal power for private-line circuit

Circuit gain at 3000 Hz is 3 dB below the specified in-band signal

power

Signal must be received at the Telco office at -12dBm

 Facility Parameters

Includes potential impairments to data signal due to the telephone

company equipments
 Facility Parameters

1. Impulse Noise
Characterized by high-amplitude peaks (impulse) of short duration
having an approximately flat spectrum
2. Gain Hits and Drop-Outs
Gain Hits – a sudden, random change in the gain of a circuit resulting
in a temporary change in the signal level.
Caused by noise transients (impulses) on transmission
facilities during the normal course of a day.

Drop-Out – decrease in circuit gain of more than 12dB lasting for

more than 4 ms.

Caused by deep fades or by switching delays.

 Facility Parameters

3. Phase Hits
Sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal.

4. Phase Jitter
A form of incidental phase modulation that occurs at a 300-Hz rate or
lower.
5. Single-Frequency Interference
Presence of one or more continuous, unwanted tones within a
message channel – called spurious tones.
Often caused by crosstalk or cross-modulation between adjacent
channels due to system nonlinearities.
 Crosstalk

Any disturbance created in a communications channel by signals in

other communications channels.
 Crosstalk
Nature of Crosstalk

1. Intelligible Crosstalk
Particularly annoying and objectionable because the listener
senses a real or fancied loss of privacy.

2. Unintelligible Crosstalk
Does not violate privacy but still annoying
 Crosstalk
Primary Types

1. Nonlinear Crosstalk
Direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog system.
Produces harmonics and cross products.

2. Transmittance Crosstalk
Caused by inadequate control of the transfer characteristics or
transmittance of networks – (frequency response of a
transmission system, poor filter design, or poor filter
performance)
 Crosstalk

3. Coupling Crosstalk
Electromagnetic coupling between two or more physically
isolated transmission media.

Types of Coupling Crosstalk

a. Near-end crosstalk (NEXT)

Occurs at the transmit end of a circuit and travels in the
opposite direction as the signal in the disturbing channel.

b. Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)

Occurs at the very far end receiver and is energy that travels in
the same direction as the signal in the disturbing channel.
 Signalling
Provides the means for operating and supervising a telephone
communications system.

Main Functions of Signalling

1. To help the switching equipment provides connection
2. To announce incoming calls.
3. To supply dial tone
4. To send the busy signal
 Signalling
Signalling Messages are divided into:

1. Alerting
Indicate a request for service, such as going off hook
or ringing the destination telephone.
2. Supervising
Provides call status information, such as busy or ring-
back signals.
3. Controlling
Provide information in the form of announcement.
4. Addressing
Provide the routing information.
Call Progress Tones and Signals

Acknowledgement and status signals that ensure the

processes necessary to set up and terminate a
telephone call are completed in a timely manner
 Signals on the Local Loop
1. Dial Tone
- A tone advising that the exchange is ready to receive call
information and inviting the user to start sending call information

Breaking Dial Tone

- Dial tone is removed as the subscriber begins dialling
No Dial Tone
- When a subscriber go off-hook and doesn’t receive dial tone.
2. Station Busy
- Sent from switching machine back to the calling party whenever
the called telephone number is off-hook (in use).
 Signals on the Local Loop
3. Equipment Busy
- Congestion tone or no-circuit-available tone.
- Sent from the switching machine back to the calling station
whenever the system cannot complete the call because of
equipment unavailability

Blocking
- Condition whereby equipments are temporarily unavailable

4. Ringing Signal
- Sent from C.O. To a subscriber whenever there is an incoming
call.
 Signals on the Local Loop
5. Ring-back signal

- Sent back to the calling party at the same time the ringing
signal is sent to the called party.

4. Ringing Signal
- Sent from C.O. To a subscriber whenever there is an incoming
call.
 Signals on the Local Loop
Call Progress Tone Direction of Propagation

Tone Signal Direction

Dial Tone C.O. to calling station
DTMF Calling station to C.O.
Dial Pulses Calling subscriber to C.O.
Station Busy C.O. to calling subscriber
Ringing C.O. to called subscriber
Ring-back C.O. to calling subscriber
Receiver on-hook Calling subscriber to C.O.
Receiver off-hook Calling subscriber to C.O.
Receiver-Left-Off-Hook-Alert C.O. to calling subscriber
Equipment Busy C.O. to calling subscriber
 Signaling Techniques
Loop Start Signalling

Provides a way to indicate on-hook and off-hook conditions in a

voice network.

Used primarily when connecting from the telephone set to a

switch
C.O.
Telephone Set

48 V
C.O.
Telephone Set

48 V
A local loop has a resistance of 1 kΩ, and the telephone
connected to it has an off-hook resistance of 200 Ω. Calculate
the loop current and the voltage across the telephone when
the phone is:

a. On-hook
b. Off-hook
 Signaling Techniques
Ground Start Signaling

Used in a switch-to-switch connection

Similar operation with loop start signaling method

 Signaling Techniques
Common Channel Signaling System

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)-based message oriented signalling

systems
 Signaling System 7

 A packet-switched data network linking C.O. to

each other, to long-distance switching centers,
and to centralized databases used for many
applications
 Allows much more data to be sent more quickly,
and less interface.
 Uses dedicated 64 kbps data channels.
 A more realistic example…

Ingress Packet forwarded Egress router

router adds based on label removes label
label to packet

Unlabeled
Packet arrives

Autonomous
system boundary
A more realistic example…

Label switched path

 Switching

 Method of connecting one telephone set to

another by bringing one pair of wires from each
telephone to a central location where a
connection can be made for a certain period of
time between any two subscribers.
Switching

N = no. in interconnecting wire

n= no. of parties
 Types of Switching Systems
1. Manual Switching (1870’s until 1975

 Uses switchboards
 Calls are manually switched using patchcords
and jacks
Switching
Switching
Switching
 Types of Switching Systems
2. Strowger System (step-by-step switching)

 Developed by Almon B. Strowger in 1989

 Aka SXS switch
 Stepping process continued until all the digits of
the telephone numbers were entered.
 Uses a relay which is called the stepping relays
Types of Switching Systems
 Types of Switching Systems
3. Common Control Switching

 Aka crossbar system (XBAR)

 Method by a common control unit
 Select a closed path through electromechanical
switching
 Utilizes a switching matrix externally managed by
common control to route telephone calls.
 Types of Switching Systems

Input

Tie Lines

Output
 Crossbar Switching
Major Functional Area
1. Line Equipment
Recognizes a request for service from the customer end and starts
the request for dial tone
2. Switching Network
Provides path for dial tone and a path for call completion.

3. Common Control Equipment

Performs the vital coordinating functions of the whole system

4. Trunk Equipment
Interface between the facility and the switching office maintaining
the connection.
 Types of Switching Systems
4. Electronic Switching System (ESS)

 A digital computer based system capable of

controlling matrices that connect analog signals
as well as digital signals
 Electronic Switching System
ESS Parts
1. Central Control Section
Coordinates the system operation
2. Permanent Memory
Stores programs such as restrictions, features, etc.

3. Temporary Memory
Serves as type of electronic scratch pad.
4. Line Sensor
Senses each line a few times per second to determine whether the
line is busy or idle
5. Switching Network
It contains mostly of relays and drivers.
 Subscriber Line Interface Card

 Circuit board that connects a local loop to the

central office
 SLIC Functions

 Battery : the 48 Vdc supply

 Overvoltage Protection: protection against lightning and other high-
voltage transients
 Ringing: the 100V, 20Hz ac ringing voltage connected to the line by
a relay on the line card.
 Supervision: monitoring the line for on- or off-hook conditions
 Coding: for digital switches, analog-to-digital conversion take place
here, at the interface between the analog loop and the digital switch.
 Hybrid: the local loop is a two-wire circuit with signals travelling in
both directions on the same pair, and the rest of the network is
usually four-wire. Conversion is done.
 Testing: Checking of the line for opens, shorts, and so forth.
 Losses

1. Insertion Loss
2. Net Loss
3. Transducer Loss
4. Return Loss
 Insertion Loss

 Caused by the transmission of a gain element to

a transmission medium
 It is the ratio of the power delivered from a
source to a load, to the power delivered from the
same source to the same load through a
transducer.
 Net Loss

 The ratio of the signal power at the input and the

output of the channel
 Transducer Loss

 The ratio of the maximum power available from a

source to the power delivered by that source to a
load through a transducer..
 Return Loss

 Measure of the match between the two

impedances on either side of a junction point.
 Return Loss

Echo Return Loss (ERL)

 The weighted power-average loss at the reflection point.

Singing Return Loss

 Same as ERL but over a considerably narrow band near

an edge of the voice band.
 Transmission Loss Plans

Via-Net Loss
 Loss to be introduces to avoid “singing”
phenomenon.

L = circuit length in km
Vp = velocity of propagation in the
facility (km/s)
t = time delay (ms) for propagation
one way along the line
 Example

 Calculate the via net loss (VNL) of a telephone

signal that takes place 3 ms to reach its
destination for an acceptable amount of echo.
 Overall Connection Loss (OCL)

D = path delay (ms)

N = number of trunks in tandem
 Traffic Theory

 In a voice or data communication, sources

generate calls to a facility, or servers. When a
call arrives at a group of servers, and one is
available, the call is handled. When all servers
are busy (depending on system design), the
caller can:
 Traffic Theory

 Receive a busy signal requiring the caller to

hang up and try later.
 Automatically route to another facility
 Queue (wait) in a holding facility until the server
is available
 Queue for some tolerable interval, then
disconnect of not served.
 Traffic Engineering
Measurement of Telephone Traffic

Traffic Intensity

 The ratio of the traffic volume and the length of

time during which it is measured.
 Average traffic density during 1-h period
 aka Traffic Load
Traffic Intensity (A)

A = traffic intensity (Erlang)

C = number of calls within the duration of
observation period (calls/min?
th = average holding time per call (min/call)
tn = occupancy of each path (min)
 Units of Traffic Intensity
Erlang

 International dimensionless unit of traffic intensity

 One Erlang is the traffic intensity represented by
an average of one circuit busy out of a group of
circuits over some period of time
 Agner Krarup Erlang

 Danish
mathematician,
statistician and
engineer, who
invented the fields
of traffic
engineering and
queuing theory.
 Units of Traffic Intensity

Call-Second, Call-Minute, Call-Hour

 Units of traffic quantity representing the

occupation of a circuit for a second, minute or
hour.
 Units of Traffic Intensity

Century Call-Second (CCS)

 Units of traffic intensity equal to 1/36 of an

Erlang.
 It is otherwise known as Hundred Call-Second
(HCS)
 Units of Traffic Intensity

Equated Busy Hour Call (EBHC)

 European unit of traffic intensity equal to 1/36 of

an Erlang.
 Units of Traffic Intensity

1 Erlang = 60 Cmin = 36 CCS = 36 HCS = 3600 CS = 36 EBHC

TeleTraffic Engineering

T = traffic in Erlangs
N = number of customers
P = probability that a given customer is using the phone
 TeleTraffic Engineering
Example
 A telephone system has uses a 120 channels system
and 20,000 subscribers. Each subscribers uses the
phone on average 30 minutes per day, but on average 10
of those minutes are used during the peak hour.
Calculate
a. the average and peak traffic in Erlangs for the whole
system
b. the average and peak traffic in Erlangs for one call,
assuming callers are evenly distributed over
the system
 Grade of Service

 A measure of the probability that during a

specified period of peak traffic, a call is offered to
a group of trunks or circuits will fail to find an idle
circuit at the first attempt.
 Usually applied to the busy hour traffic.
Call Congestion

Clost = no. of lost calls

Coffered = no. of offered calls
 Blocking Probability Models
Erlang B
 Blocked Calls Cleared (BCC) or Lost Calls
Cleared (LCC)
 Based on the assumption that calls not
immediately satisfied at the first attempt are
cleared from the system and do not reappear
during the period under consideration
 Generally a good estimator of single-hour service
Erlang B
 Erlang C

 Blocked Calls Delayed (BCD) or Lost Calls

Delayed(LCD)
 Based on the assumption that calls not
immediately satisfied at the first attempt are held
in the system until satisfied.
 Erlang C

a= offered load (Erlang)

c = number of circuits/servers
 Poisson Probability

 Blocked Calls Held (BCH) or Lost Calls Held

(LCH)
 Based on the assumption that calls not
immediately satisfied at the first attempt are held
in the system until saved or abandoned.
 A good estimation of the service given on the
average over a busy season during which the
offered load varies over a wider rabge that would
be expected from the assumptions of random
offered traffic.
 % Overflow or % Blocking

 The measure of the rate at which subscriber’s

call attempt failed or blocked
 Occupancy of Utilization

 Traffic intensity per traffic path

Offered Traffic (ao)
 The equivalent traffic offered to a group of
switch.
Carried Traffic (ac)
 The equivalent traffic carried by a group of trunk
lines.
 FDM Telephony

 Employs SSB or SSBSC modulation technique

 4 kHz spectrum is allocated to each conversation
 Allows small guard bands between channels
 AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy
Group
 Consists of 12 LSB signals
 60 kHz to 108 kHz range

Supergroup
 Consists of 5 groups
 Has 60 voice channels
 Occupies 312 kHz to 552 kHz
 AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy
Mastergroup U600

 Consists of 10 supergroups
 Has 600 voice channels
 Occupies 564 kHz to 3084 kHz
 Has a bandwidth of 2520 kHz
 AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy
Mastergroup L600

 Consists of 10 supergroups
 Has 600 voice channels
 Occupies 60 kHz to 2788 kHz
 Has a bandwidth of 2728 kHz
 AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy
Jumbogroup
 Consists of 6 mastergroups
 3600 voiceband channels

Superjumbogroup
 Consists of 3 jumbogroups
 10,800 voiceband channels
 FDM Telephony

60 108
f (kHz)
(a) Group: twelve signals, all LSB, each in 4kHz band
 FDM Telephony

312 552
f (kHz)
(b) Supergroup: five groups

564 3084
f (kHz)
(c) Mastergroup: ten supergroups, separated by guard bands
FDM Telephony
AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy
 Digital Telephony

 Digital telephony is the use of digital electronics in the

provision of digital telephone services and systems.
Since the 1960s a digital core network has almost
entirely replaced the old analog system, and much of
the access network has also been digitized. Digital
telephony was introduced to provide voice services at
lower cost, but was then found to be of great value to
new network services such as ISDN that could use digital
facilities to transfer data speedily over telephone lines.
Digital Telephony
 Time-Division Multiplexing
DS-1

 Has one sample (8 bits) from each 24 telephone

channels plus one framing bit.
 Time-Division Multiplexing

Framing Bits

 Used to enable the receiver to determine which

bit is being received at a given time.
 T-Carriers Heirarchy
Carrier Signal Voice Bit Rate Typical
Channel (Mbps) Medium
T1 DS-1 24 1.544 Twisted pair
T1C DS-1C 48 3.152 Twisted pair
T2 DS-2 96 6.312 Low
capacitance
twisted pair,
microwave
T3 DS-3 672 44.736 Coax,
microwave
T4 DS-4 4032 274.176 Coax, FOC
T5 DS-5 8064 560.16 FOC
 Digital Local Loops

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)

 Designed to allow voice and data to be sent in

the same way doing the same lines.
 Allows the telephone system to be completely
digital from end to end.
 Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)

Types of Connection in ISDN

1. Primary Access Point

 Used by large users with a data rate of 1.544

Mbps
 Includes 24 channels with a data rate of 64 kbps
each
 Has one D channel and 23 B channels
 Primary Access Point

D-Channel
 Used for common-channel signalling, that is, for setting
up and monitoring calls.

B-Channel
 Can be used for voice or data, or combined, to handle
high-speed data or digitized video signals.
 Types of Connection in ISDN

2. Basic Interface

 Used for connecting individual terminal through a

basic access rate of 192 kbps
 Users have two 65 kbps B-channels for voice or
data, one 16 kbps D channel, and 48 kbps for
network overhead.
 ISDN Access

TE1
S
T
NT2 NT1
S To Network

R
T – Primary Interface
TE2 TA S – Basic Interface
TE – Terminal Equipment
TA – Terminal Adapter
NT – Network Terminal Equipment
 ISDN Access

Terminal Equipment Type 1 (TE1)

 Terminal equipment as digital telephone and data
terminals, designed specifically for use with ISDN.
 Connects directly to the network at point S

Network Termination Equipment

 Could be a PBx, a small computer network (LAN) or a
central office.
 ISDN Access

Terminal Equipment Type 2 (TE2)

 Terminal equipment not specifically designed for ISDN.
 Needs to connect through (TA) Terminal Adapter to allow
it to work with the ISDN.

Terminal Adapter
 Serves as an interface between different systems.
 Could be a modem
 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

 A data communications technology that enables

faster data transmission over copper telephone
lines than a conventional voiceband modem can
provide.
 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Downstream (to the subscriber): 1 to 8 Mbps

Upstream (from the subscriber): 160 to 640 kbps

 ADSL Spectrum

Voice Upstream Downstream

Power

4 25 200 250 1000

Frequency (kHz)
 Broadband ISDN

 Uses much larger bandwidths and higher data

rates.
 Has a data rate of 100 to 600 Mbps
 Engr. Cyrill O. Escolano
Contract of Service Instructor
College of Engineering
Southern Luzon State University
Lucban, Quezon

09275515344
cyrillescolano.ece@dostscholars.org
www.inhinyerotm.wordpress.com