L See 92h ecpig' 9269'S g98l'y S/R OL 822bs 2 i 2OL60518' 20188688" «-01-S9908'6 sfu dy OLL0L8/ Z0v0'OL 1 28€10'L OLOOSH'L dH OFU9S/L SL ,-01-02698'6 L OL66PSE'L Sd OF Sb888 2 216 LOL zoLvs't z96ge'L Ib AN —— 3/94 s/widy dH Sd Mw — UOISIBAUOS J8MOd Ib 26s'esb -OL26SES'7 zeabb'y sa OL29r0e'2 i Oh 01599086 ab zor0z 2 000k Ll s9e08'6 ay 060822 2/6'101 OLZZ610 1 L N {a dub dy N g ae UOISJSAUOD 89104 15SYMBOLS AND MEASURING UNITS ACCORDING TO THE INTERNA- TIONAL SYSTEM, USED IN POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY Symbol Meaning IS unit symbol Geometry A Area m? a Distance m a, B,Y Angle rad b Width m d Thickness m d Diameter m h Height m | Lenght m r Radius m s Space m Vv Volume m? Time a Acceleration m/s? a Angular acceleration rad/s? f Frequency Hz g Gravity Acceleration m/s? n Rotation speed Ws o Angular speed rad/s T Time constant s t Time, duration s v Speed m/s 16Symbol Meaning IS unit symbol Mechanics E Young's elasticity MPa F Force N G Weight N J Moment of inertia kgm? M Torque Nm m Mass kg P Power WwW P Pressure Pa Q Density kg/m? oO, Tensile, compressive and bending stress Pa WwW Work, energy J n Performance - u Coefficient of friction - 17BASIC FORMULAS USED IN POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY Translation s =v-t Space (m) | angle v= > Linear speed (m/s) Angular speed (rad/s) a= + Acceleration (m/s?) F=am-a Force (N) M=F-r Torque (Nm) P =F-v Power (Watt) W=F-S Energy (Joule) We + mv2_ Energy (Joule) Important definition 1 Newton (N) = 1 kgnvs? 1 Kilogram-weight (kp) = 9,80665 N 1 metric horsepower PS = 735,5 W = 75 kgm/s 1 horsepower (HP) = 745,7 W 1 Wh/3600 = 1 Nms = 1 Joule (J) g = 9,80665 m/s* Rotation @ =ot=2a-n-t v =dxn=or o =$=2m-=~ Force Force Power Power Work, energy Gravity acceleration 18SYMBOLS AND DESCRIPTIONS = peak or motor total torque (Nm) = stall torque (Mn) l = acceleration torque (Nm) es Z=Z=Zzz I = braking torque (Nm) = motor total power (kW) = power at normal operating speed (kW) = acceleration power (kW) » eu UU I = rotating speed (min”) > 5 I rotation difference (min) = linear speed (m/min) = speed difference (m/min) = inertia (kgm?) mass (kg) = force (N) = energy (J) e7rsce< " acceleration time (s) braking time (s) = space (m) ao I diameter (mm) radius (mm) = coefficient of friction pressure (N/m? or Pa) = 9,80665 mvs? = 3,141592654 a QD et I 19Linear speed (m/min) Force (N) Torque (Nm) Work (Joule) Translation energy (Joule) Rotation energy (Joule) Power (kW) in rotating conditions in translating conditions in lifting conditions d-an 1000 =1000 My m-g Fer 1000 _ 3-104P _ 9549P an on =F-s=m-g-s ~ 1800 = mv ~ 7200 x2 =a 20Important definitions _ Pavailable Efficiency Pabsorbed ny M, Je : =—t=—2=. /_ 2 Rat uaa Mi J, atio Transmission acceleration Total x An torque (Nm) M =M.+M,=M+— J 30° t, Acceleration torque M,=—- J An =0,105J An (Nm) 30 ty t, knowing that 1000 v n =v Ven 100 Av M. = — a 3d t, effective work 2 (Joule) = ape M_ = dAn?M 1800 M-M, 182,4 (M-M,) 2 We 5000 J AV M 9 ? M-M. Total power (kW) P =P_+P, 21Power under . meven+M, n-M, VeM, normal operating P, = ator = 94g = a0-d conditions (kW) . . Power when 2 acceleratin p= 2 n An nyAn (kW) 9-10 tz 9,12 104-4, P= 10-v An __m-v-Av aged ~ t, 72-108, For braking, symbols A and M, should be modified. Acceleration time t= J An = 0,105 J An _ 100 An 30° M-M, M-M 3d M-M, t = an JAn = nJAn ° 9-108(P- P) 9,12-104(P- P) Jean, de An t, = —— ; = —_—_ ° 955-M,'* 9,55 M, Acceleration during horizontal movement _ mv 6-104 [9 60 t, 22STRENGTH OF MATERIALS A . CE Tensile strength 1 mad os = Feo-A Shear strength fe F a T= — FHA-t A Bending strength SS A o= M [N/mm2] Wp Torsional strength oS =? M = N/mm? J TW, [ ] Area of section in mm? Torsional and bending strength in N/mm? Shear and torsional strength in N/mm? Force in N Moment in Nmm Bending strength module in mm? Torsional strength module in mm? b SssEzmnaap a 23Moment of inertia - Resistance module Resistance Moment of inertia module of a surface -d3 a= 64 -d4 8 p= os . 4 (4-44 igs. g 4 (dt-dgtVd Ig = Za + (dd) au xu Wee dvd 1, = «dtd 4) bt l= + bs ~b- h2 3 -b2-h a= heb 12THERMAL EXPANSION - ELONGATION Elongation lo sal, (ty-t) Final length L =l, (1 +a ° AT) a A 1 1 moo . ly los a - AT aT, __ly al, I = Elongation | = Initial length a= ou a 1 Final length (after heating) Temperature difference in Kelvin Thermal expansion coefficient for 1 degree Thermal expansion coefficient for 1k and length unit (between 0 and 100°C) Alluminium 0,000024 Bronze 0,000018 Glass 0,000009 Cast-iron 0,000011 Copper 0,000017 Magnesium 0,000025 Brass 0,000019 Steel 0,000012 25GEAR WHEELS The ratio between a driving wheel with diameter d, and a dri- ven wheel with diameter d, is defined as transmission ratio and is indicated as u. us = = q, Ne M2 In gear wheels qd, m4 OF driven of the driving wheel of the driving wheel of the driving wheel of the driving wheel Zz us 2 revs driving min as: , di revs n, = angular speed, in ——— 1 9) peed, min , di revs Nn, = angular speed, in——.— 2 9) peed, min ©, = angular speed, in @, = angular speed, in Z, = number of teeth of the driving wheel Z, = number of teeth of the driving wheel When u > 1, the gear reduces speed, when < 1, the gear multiplies speed, When drive is transmitted between external gear-wheels, rotation directions are opposite. When one of the two gear-wheels is internal, rotation directions are identical. 26Elements of a cylindrical gear wheel with helical spur teeth and an involute-to-circle profile © ao FS CTUUDOU TAZTN number of teeth on gear wheel tooth addendum in mm module in mm tooth dedendum is 2 minmm external diameter in mm pitch diameter in mm internal diameter in mm pitch in mm pressure angle 27Relations between elements of a helical spur teeth cylindrical gear wheel D m =—& [mm] from which D Di=m-z; z= Pp m xD . p = r [mm] from which D PL P_ =m[mm] x Zz p =am[mm] Forces transmitted by a helical spur teeth cylindrical gear wheel set The tangential force T is the component of force F acting in the direction of the tangent common to the two pitch circumference - the gear wheel rotates by action of T. The radial force R is the component of force F directed towards the gear wheel centre and is normal to the axis of the gear wheel. T= 2550 P pny; R =T tga [N]; F-—!' [NJ rn cos @ where r =pitch radius [m] p = power [kW] n=rpm [min] M = 9850 P [Nm] transmitted torque 28Main relations between the elements of a cylindrical gear wheel with helical teeth Z = number of teeth p, = circumference pitch P, = normal pitch p, = axial pitch p, = helix pitch m, = circumference module m, = normal module m, = axial module @ = pressure angle B = helix angle Do = mz zg P, = Pp,cosB zg Pa g Po= og 5 cos B g P, = =m, é Po = aM, ~~ x Dy —— stg B from which P. X D, Pe tg B Pp = Pe Axial profile a Zz Loads translitted between cylindrical helical teeth gear wheels with parallel axis 9550 P T = S908 F A=Tt rn 9B where r =pitch radius [m] p = power [kW] n=rpm [min] T Ttga F =———_ R = ———— cos B cos B 29HELIX ANGLE DIRECTION A helical teeth gear-wheel has its helix on the right if, where observing its profile, with the axis horizontally located, the teeth are inclined downwards to the right. It has its helix on the left if the teeth are inclined downwards to the left. Np Right helix Left helix The direction of force A depends on the rotation direction of the two gear-wheels and on the direction of helix angle according to the following scheme: “ Driving right rotat. Driving A Driven 12 left rotat, Driven left helix left helix NRO. a ™~ (a) Driving right rotat. Driving Teft helix oN left helix A . ~~ os LL \ ™“ Driven 2 left rotat, Driven right helix right helix (c) (d) 30HELICAL GEAR WHEEL WORM GEARING normal pitch of worm and gear-wheel in mm axial pitch of worm equal to circumference pitch of the gear-wheel in mm worm helix pitch in mm normal module in mm axial module of worm equal to the circumference module of the gear-wheel, in mm helix angle, worm and gear wheel worm pitch diameter in mm gear wheel pitch diameter in mm number of worm starts pressure angle number of gear wheel teeth 31Relations between the elements of a helical gear wheel with worm gearing p,=7m, ine . _ ne, _ n Pa = = +P. iq, id, xm, P, p,i d m,i d mz cosB cosB cos B senp cos B Ratio Zz i us In the case of a worm with one start only i= 1 and u = > Forces transmitted between worm and helical gear wheel Tangent force of the worm fitted on the pitch circumference equal to gear-wheel axial force. T= _ 9550 P = Gear wheel axial force, in N = Worm tangent force rn where r = worm pitch radius [m] and =p = power [kw] n=rpm [min"] Tt Re er = Gear wheel radial force = Worm radial force A= ob = Gear wheel tangent force = Worm axial force 9 32ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY Ohm’s law Direct current Voltage U = R +I [V] -u Current | = R [A] Resistance R = a [e] Alternated current Voltage U = 0,707 - U.,., [V] Current | = 0,707 - |... [A] Three-phase current with star connection Voltage U = 1,73 -U,, [V] ouU=U,, v3 Current | = |, [A] Three-phase current with delta connection Voltage U = U,, [V] Un Current | = 1,73 - |, [A] orl= lon v3 Uph In = Phase current in A U,n = Phase voltage in V 33WORK AND ELECTRIC POWER Direct current Work W=P-t=U-|-t =[Ws] p.W t _ WwW [ ot DO ® we U-l @) YY Power P + U- I[W] or P=-R[W] or U2 Ps R (W] - [2 I A [A] U=VP-R [V] Three-phase current P=U-+1-1,73 cos » =[W] = Electric power in watt or kW = Time in seconds Electrical work in watt - s -s- 0 W = Current intensy inACHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE-PHASE MOTOR _ V3" Ul: cos » Absorbed power Pas 1000 Available power P. 2 ¥B-U | cos wy ol 1000 P = power in kW U = voltage in V I = line current for phase in A cos@ = power factor y = motor performance SYNCHRONOUS SPEED OF A THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC MOTOR fo = 120 f n, = synchronous speed in min! p 2p n= work speed in min! f = main frequency in Hz p = number of pole pairs 2p = number of poles s = slipping n, = 60 lo nen,(1-s)=60 1 (1 -s) p 2p) f= 50 Hz f=60Hz f=100Hz f=200Hz | f=400Hz | p 2 3000 3600 6000 12000 24000 1 4 1500 1800 3000 6000 12000 2 6 1000 1200 2000 4000 8000 3 8 750 900 1500 3000 6000 4 10 600 720 1200 2400 4800 5 12 500 600 1000 2000 4000 6RELATION BETWEEN MOTOR SIZE AND POWER (CENELEC 231 - IEC 72) An example of the correlation between rated power at 4 poles and motor size. Size Rated power in kW Axis height in Closed motors with mm squirrel cage rotor 63 0,12 63 0,18 71 0,25 71 0,37 80 0,55 80 0,75 90S 11 90L 1,5 100L 2.2 100L 3 112M 4 132S 55 132M 7,6 160M 1 160L 15 180M 18,5 180L 22 200L 30 36COMMON MOUNTING POSITIONS The following table shows the most common mounting positions with reference to IEC 34-7 Standard. IMV6 IMB3 IMV5 IM 1001 IM 1011 IM 1031 IMB6 IMB7 IMB8 IM 1051 IM 1061 IM 1071 S Bs i IMv1 IMV3 IM 3011 IM 3031 iw m iMB 14 IMV 18 IMV 19 IM 3601 iM 3611 IM 3631 m IM B 34 37TYPES OF DUTY Definitions For a corect selection of the motor, customers must specify the foreseen types of duty. Standards IEC 34-1 define 9 different types of duty from S1 to S9. Continuous running duty - duty type $1 Operation at constant load of sufficient duration to reach thermal equilibrium Short-time duty - duty type S2 Operation at constant load during a given time less than required to reach thermal equilibrium, followed by a rest enabling the machine to reach a temperature similar to that of the coolant (tolerance 2K). 38Intermittent periodic duty - duty type S3 A sequence of identical duty cycles, each including a period of operation at constant load and rest (without connection to the mains); For this type of duty, the starting current does not significantly affect the temperature rise. Intermittent periodic duty with starting - duty type s4 A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a significant period of starting, a period under constant load and a rest period. Intermittent periodic duty with electric breaking - duty type S5 A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load followed by rapid electric braking, and a rest period. Electrical losses Temperature Electrical losses Temperature A period of duty © max TimeContinuous-operation periodic duty - duty type sé A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of operation at constant load and a period of operation at no-load. There are no rest periods. Continuous operation duty with electric braking - duty type S7 A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period starting, a period of operation at constant load followed by electric braking. There are no rest periods. A period of duty Load Electrical losses / Temperature Aperiod of duty Load Electrical losses Temperature 40Continuous-operation periodic duty with related load/speed changes - duty type S8 A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of operation at constant load corrisponding to a predetermined speed of rotation, followed by one or more periods of operation at other constant loads corresponding to different speeds of rotation, (e.g. duty with a switching pole induction motor). There are not rest periods. The period of duty is too short to reach thermal equilibrium. Duty with non-periodic load and speed variations - duty type S9 Duty in which generally load and speed vary non periodically within the permissible range. This duty includes frequently overloads applied that may gratly exceed the full loads. Load Electrical losses Temperature A period of duty Speed ‘ Load J Electrical + losses Temperature | 41Power of equal thermal value both for intermittent duty and variable load. P =[W]= power t=[s]=time How starting time is established t (dy +d) ° - M (where M=M,,,-M 2.) Jy = [kg - m?] = moment of inertia of motor J, = [kg : m*] = moment of inertia of load w = [ RAD/S ] = angular speed M tam = LN ,, | = motor mean torque value Mam =EN ,, ] = mean resisting torque Acoustic pressure level Lp, = 20 -Ig (22 jf db] p =[ N/m? ] = acustic pressure where p, po = acustic pressure p, = 2:10°N/m Acoustic power level s bya = bp + 10 Ig (—— ) [db] a where s = effective measuring area [m‘] s, = 1m’ = reference area vibration amplitude s=[mm] where V_, = vibration speed = [m/s] f = vibration frequency = [s"] 42