QDemona 44 | COLONIALITY AT LARGE Latin America and the Postcolonial Debate correo ay Mabe Morafa, Brrigue Duss, and Carlos A. dure UKE UNIVERSITY PRESS Durham & London 2008‘oypmas mepuowy ‘ene pur jemojcorsod jo spy axp Suyp 30 adegs Kaus ay Jo star UF negap retuojoatsod aap possoxppe aneq aeqa stro Suva jo wondo ayp 10} sapygord pte eng paso[aeJo sBufpear asopp Sua jo woudo axp pope ney ‘spay 25g) usaaaag soBueyax9 uo Bursnooy Ag “seIpms wrOKOUTY wae] pue reojoaised ussussq anorep ot Sumuodsop 107 suonsssn= papuo-uodo pue Ssysuesnaury un arog Soypms pHuojomisod 01 sastrodsax ‘saqpnas yeqwojooxsod ur eauamy unry jo a5e]d amy ‘sompmas yeojooisod _30 pay am Jo waneune a4p ‘suoR29s roy enw: Papp 1 UeISsHOS Ay uojsuen pur suondumnsse sa Ae 01 ose ang wo|SsNasIp jeIUOjomsod aif 0) swedpppued pe oy snf ou aaaoe pmoys ‘siomnzed fenboun Sour ‘usko aSinyoxe sornwo Ane sn se ‘onopep stU “euwonngynuo9 aanouastp pe sunsoues paseys 3% ap uo warp usdaag anROqeIp & YsIGESS (02 a8 “pquojoaasod se Qypenb pure sprepunss sau Aew sep SOMME pe sx) Sun2ojoe pur spms fquojoatsod 0: sorpmas westaiy ane] BaneUIpIO -qas wep sBIpN “worssnasHp sy swuE|O “aoUIaySp 200 ‘souaeNp ssanIs -saqqun wemodonsur japawod ur Suypunoaf ex woxy portiedos 2q owe aovienyur feqoj@ asoyse a8paysousy jo sndzoa jeuorBar x staf emp sioIOy 20 31 Ajo uoued 10 pzepuers jerada8 ¥ se u99s 2q ues PppY sta ‘SU -oj0> wou pure pjo moge suorsenostp wy souarayer Jo wad ajqesuadsypu ovuysoyprasrepuojonisod pousm axry swupur2s2ry>e ajgeands pur sar ‘paysiouy Jo sarpog ows 2earq t90Na 24 diysuoneja a1p wo Bunaayas dq—seououry ayy uy SoIpMs pemojonsod Jo 4 298 02 zyaud 1 se ‘10—se}pMas jeNHOJo=Isod ueoHOLIY WRET 4o woIS -anosrp aya qoeosde nap ['sopms weoq omy Ur pure feyuoyomsod wsmg ang ‘DEeuly URET uo seqpaus fo 10u wHa}gord & st serpnas feNuOjODIsOM LED -womy ary yo sndioo » Jo apuaeqe aya “yreutaye SuroBu0 Sy pu ste (o> uo yuBnowp [ESE Jo Aayssoasp aprpyioM 2a Jo 198) UT susyPRLO|OD 3 10 ‘wsystuoqoD 0 Se}eH9] pur ayp ©) oR uae [2 fan 2K ‘steusue S529 pjolaou op suonsonb SusSuaqTeyo 9594, Buz I0}09 ‘Aagexsouy sup par uoues euojooisod Suns ay Jo sua uray Buquze3 uu ,qeuojonsod, se 3 wan 1 80H 2a SumyuOD 20 SuUasuT AyuENIGI nomi 1 2UYap 01 MoH GERD O1 seadde you Soop Ayyear uy we 30 Apo auturexo pre Agnuapy os ‘uo ‘MOH “tog6r 942 mt padojop SEs 1y se ramps [eojomsed 30 py aq sepsed Buo] ‘uorBas emp ut suo sea sou 29 ‘yoqysago Kaun sonst posoyoasod pe uojo> s,2paury upey wo suonsagax jo sseutpou puE ‘aysransp atp 6q pu Seouomry Me 205 mp -as0d jo 2oueoyar tp pouonsanb syBnown aun dg ony wey pessedisoous sojdood pur stone jo SuaSora14 1g onoqonsod sagas axa oa parngyme Baraat -Sroup woyo pu ajdayou op Aq poysiews s1 wajqoxd se pozqufloas fjuoumuo eouamy fea ‘Suze eIp 19pLN aA}papeou Jo ApOg EUS 1 Jo sounspia ayp sysa8Kins ,soqpmas (etuojo=sod esuowy wnPy, Ogu otp apm A -suorssoucra euoys su Jo ypors ayes 01 ‘auo sip a ‘SHED a4}08 uy prom auatudojap soypany se ree pred 2q 01 ‘gog6x ae] a1p 2ouIs szqu29 erodomau M1854 1 pIPY oftopEDe ue Se se 04 =e 4 sourmaord oy osix prder fsnoxn> 24p oH) uci opuowng NOILVZINO1023q 1019 GNV S3IGNLS TVINO1031S0d NVOIHSHY NILVT isvoIaW 3H1 NI SLNVHaa7aWh FeRwanoe conowt, POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES fom a8 a term and as @ conceptual category origina the decolonization of Aftican and As scientists to characterize changes in the states and economies of former colonies of the “Third World,” a category that was also cxeated at ‘This regional focus was already present in the French sociologist George (1952) as well asi Latin America was considered pat ofthe Third World, because most oF its nations had achieved politcal independence during the first quartet of the nineteenth century, it was only tangentially addzessed in these discussions that centered on the newly independent nations of I nations that had faced the problem of ey word in Latin American social ism, but depen dency. This term identified a formidable body of work developed by lest scholars in the 1960s, designed to understand Latin Ametica’s distinct his- torical trajectory and to counter modernization theory. Riding atop the wave ‘of economic growth that followed World War I, madetnization theory pre sented capitalism as an alternative to socialism and conditioned the achieve rent of modernity to overcoming obstacles inhering ia the economies, es, and subjective motivations of the peoples of the "teaditiona!” so- ieties of the ‘Third World, W. W. Rostow’s The Stages of Economie Growth 2960), revealingly subctled “A Now: ist Manifesto," was a particu- larly clear example of modernization theory's unilinear histoicism, ideo- logical investment in capitalism, and teleological view of progtess In shatp contrast, dependency theorists argued that development and underdevelopment are the mutually dependent outcomes of capitalist ac ‘cumulation on a world scale, In cher view, since underdevelopment is the product of development, the periphery cannot be modernized by un laced capitalism bur through an alteration ofits polatizing dynamics (see, on this issue, Grosfoguel in this volume), This basie insight about the mutual constitution of centers and peripheries was rooted inthe Argentinian econo national development thought during this period was not colonialism or post ‘mist Rail Prebisch’s demonstration chat unequal trade among nations leads to their unequal development, Formulated in the 1940s, Prebischs critique ‘of unequal exchange bas been considered “the most infiuential idea shout {economy and society ever to come outof Latin America” (Love 1980, 46). His insights were integrated into “tructual” reinterp ‘wansformation in Latin America by Rernando Henrique Cardoso, Enzo Faletto, Anibal Quiano, Theotonio Dos Santes, Rui Mauto Macini, and 1 “dependency” theorists; as Cardoso (1977) noted, their work ‘was “consumed” in the United States as “dependeney theory" associated with the work of andre Gunder Frank, ined after the 1970s. De pendency theory was erticized for its one-dimensional strueturalsm and fagmentay, and ine its Burocentric Focus on state-centea development and dis al and ethnic divisions in Latin American nations has been @ focus of recent ctitique (Grosfoguel 2000) Despite its shotteomings, in ry view the dependency school represents one of atin ameice’s most significant contbutions to postcoonial thought within this period, augue- ing the postcolonial etique of histoicism and providing conceptual tools fora much-needed postzolonal esque of contempora sm. Asa fundamental citique of Eurocentc conceptions oFhstoy a of capitalist dependency theory undermined histcielst natatives of the donal” and "inodern,” making it necessary to examine Jn elation to each other through ‘categories appropriate to specific situations of dependency, Starting around three decade after World War the second usage ofthe texm pastoral developed in the Anglophone world i connection with ‘of colonialism and colonial of postmodern perspectives. This change took place dating a histor jnctare formed by four intertwined worldwide processes: the increasingly World natonal-development projects; the xstog socialism; the ascendance of conservative po! (Thatcherism) and the United States (Reaganism); and the overwhelming appearance of neoliberal expels asthe only visible, or st least seemingly viable, historia! horizon. During this pevid, postcolonial 5S acquired a distinctive identi 2s an seademic fet, marked by the unusual marriage between the tan location of its production and the ant-mperial stance of its authors, many of whom were linked to the Third World by personales and poiel choice. ‘Im tis second phase, while historical work has ed on British eolo-“soqox sip ur poaedionzedaou py seouomy atp jo wonezquoqoo usHeqr ‘xp arog Suamnsox soangezay amt $8382 38 10—saIMa]N9 pu suorBox sore suogane pue sept jo owen agp Kq p22 sa soamaesany 250% [J} se ‘weaggued aip uy peonpord asoun Bu panysaony suoudoysuy ‘eon Yoog ay oWNY Ue2HOWY URET & A 10 HUEWY URET wo aA cm ous © uaa wonuou 01 sip ‘(be2) ,suopeangnd jRyasn jouontppe uo! 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The reader fea- tures eighty-six texts divided into fourteen thematie sections, including topies suchas nationalism and hybridity, which have Fong concerned Ladin ‘American thinkers, While some authors are repeated under different topics (Bhabha appears three times, Spivak wvice), che only author associated with {atin America is José Rabasa, whose contribution is a critical reading of ‘Mereator’s tus, atopie relevant but not specific co Latin America ‘he marginalization of Latin America is reproduced in lonialism published since then. For example, Leela Gandhi's Post ‘Theory: A Critial Introduction (1998) does not discuss Latin Amer ‘an critica reflections or include even a single reference to cers in its extensive bibliography. W berg and Quayson 2002} “relocates” the os «al tin American identities, it maintains the exclusion of “Latin America by having no articles or authors associated with tis area, This ken-for-granted exclusion appears as well in @ dialogue between John ‘Comaroff and Homi-Bhabha that introduces the book, Following Coma- roff's suggestion, they provide a historieal feune for “posteoloni signalled by the end of the Cold Wat in x989 (bid, 15). In contrast, two recent works on po within the postcolonial feld, yet ther sharply different the postcolonial dcbate in Latin America, Bill Ashcroft (whose coedited book basically excludes Latin America) presents Latin Amerieg a¢ “modernity's first born” and thus as 2 region that has pasteipated since its inception in the production of postcolonial discourses (2999), He defines postcolonial discousse comprehensively as “the discourse ofthe colonize colonial contexts; as such, it does not have to be “ant-coloni 15). le presents Menchi? a examples that reveal that transformative strategies of postcolonial discourse, strategies which enga not limited to the recently colonize’ definition ofthe field includes Latin American discourses from the conquest ‘onward, his examples suggest a nazcovrer field defined by more discriminat- ing but unesamined erteia ‘The second text is Robert Young's Postolanialin: dn Histor (2001). While Young (like Asheroft) had not discussed Latin America in a Previous work (White Mythologies 990), In his new book he gives such foundational impottance to Latin America and to the Thied World that he name the field "tricantinentalism,” after the ticontinental con- ference held in Havana in 1966 (2001, 57). Young recognizes that postea ise has long and vatied genealogies, but he finds it thought developed after formal political independertce has been achieved: “Many ofthe problems raised can be resolved ifthe postco bial is defined as coming afte colonialism and imperialism, in ther ori meaning of diecttule dor (ibid). Yer Young distinguishes Further between the anticolonial thought df the periphery and the more theor thought formed at the heart of empires “when the political and cultural experience of the marginalized petiphery developed into a more general theoretical postion that could be set against western politic and academic hegemony anc 65). Thus, even successful anticolonial movements “did not the equal value of the cultuzes of the decelonised nations. Young argues, “it was necessary co take the struggle the former colonial powers” ib.) Young's suggestive discuss leaves uncleat the extent to which its anticolonialism is also setise he ascribes to metropolitan reflections. Young discusses Latin Ameti an postcolonial thought in two brie tegui, Hansculturation and Cultural Dependency,” is divided into four sections: "Marxism in Latin America," an account of the development of communist parties and Marxist thinkers in the twentieth century, leading to ‘the Cuban Revolution; “Mexico 1910," a presencation ofthe Mexican revo essary to restrlet ial exploitation; "Matitegui," a discussion of Maridtegu’s role as one of Latin America’s most original thinkers, highlighting his innovative inte. pretation of Peruvian reality; and “Cultural Dependency,” an overview ofthe ideas of some cultural erties which, for brevis sake, Iwill reduce to a few shames and to the key concepts associated with their work: the Braziliansofeur © uy sorpras peyuoqomsod pue yeruoy0> wo sxeqap feRuenyUT Uy ‘uojsaedxa wrsisay Jo ss20024 pouoIs uourtuoD #30 3anpoud ax Se suo} 2jdajous sy 22720091 o1—esypeojoo azspemyd 039 PInom vondo aanonp ond arom v“paepueys aaysnpox9 6156 souottads9 [rMoTO9 Jo 28 240 BunLTe coud unyp 2oypey “(.wIstTEITO|eD feu, Se KOHALKY UNET 205 pozHOaNE any (S961) waequanns oxjopoy pur (qS96x] eaoueseD zaqpzUOD OEE ew) sonmrenbour jeusn Jo wononposdar amp pur 2Bayaqtd ane jo won -esrasaud an poajonur ose Honus ‘ex pur eS Jo sasss50%d Bureruojo0ep ‘xp pte souspuodopar jo sew ayp uaawag Sueur aap 298 02 Sie] 21 PLE sqpeeag pue weaqqueg 249 Ht soqer aes pontoduuy q un suopexuryd us pur sy fens pur tag eon 3 sneR0s sTOUNsIpT AswMp aM aN ueadoang warpioy yo vonda2u03 Jo wopdaouos pains: & sidope ue snowaaipuy uasinaq woneuedoe ¥ dieys oo soumnsse at ssouanada [en -ojoaxsod ue [eojoo wean pure wersy 2tp Jo SuoIssnosip 4q 29s prepuins ‘5p uaatd ee enn ay ssorajgond feos sey “wows Aus us GUEWENELE SO “sagqenbow feuojos paureiorew 2p sjapour ueedeang ur pousdouy op8nans ano ang “s2Pa [eHUo|oORLE LOU aa souapundapuy jo sea "ung 20g sGmau30 aan tp sous sarzon eo “poy aq Jo sepapos uensiHD pur ueadoung AeBxe] amp pouty sey] 2ey9 ‘5¢9 Uepu-uo rer 2tp 6901 'sousd pus Jo suoneyndod yeursaews a Aqua e265r ey 9p zon S661 spI0y "g6GEseRNY¥) SuONpeN eNO 8 -sqp pue eouaury ory “wos 10m ‘noqe ays oY sormapere jo uoMsod yp 02 20 "WDIgY pue eISy Jo soaqPar ayoods ay jsanqun ergo ou jo sussouoo 2qapeae atp 02 spuodsex sorpms jewojonisod rep Buy -auye “royousy une ox soxprasfeojonisod 30 ssouaveudoxdde 2x9 pargnop paey smug Anew -pontus uaog sey sisImonaMY uneT SaowE sorpmOs uoromsod jo uondasax ay 3619 a]gepuerezapun sta BoyeOUDS sya WOH) sa1anis WINOTOD1S04 ANY S3IGNLS NVDMISAY NILVT -asouddo on sme 3 soatajna pu s9}doad so ws Surnpordar seu 1yBa01p frwojoaxs0d Uwoneztusaneqes op a6pra st {yo wonenjess up ‘aspusayplo “soRenBuey usoyjeqns pur feuadin zeYB0 wy 30 rerfig ey Sepjeods 20 Buppim ‘sopaydund snows oye wt 39 somva0 weNOS ta poanpoud are Zoya soqpayas ‘Soypms yeruojoatsod Jo pray [e22 papnpuy s9smossyp pure sau 3 ‘utes agp pia ‘ye HAN 02 sf yEMOUEpUN SI I ‘SIS ‘orpousy uneT Jo uopugsp passa ¢20 vedo ue sdope azo ‘sya Amwonsioep-ssa] YSnoatp pozTuesxo 9 speou wep ang “SONNE {jo won2oppe sajesosdum pure aanepaidde ue sopnjuy 2eys wyewop pasinso2 'eaamoous 9m ‘ouianxo saypo au ay “TWyasn 3q 01 paplupqns aq 2snt 24 20} Srey si ose s& ant BsoM PHY axsINDsIp avysuayerduso9 e 2a -ungoua am ‘gurza@ ano ay “vouoUy Uney uy sempmasyeruopoctsod BuruED {jo Amayptp ah teases Zamof pur yoroysy Jo suontsod ZunseN HO 2H, stare Sou ‘opoudiye sone pu ‘ouelind Teapuy “ssn anbyang ‘oidurexa 20j—yeards pue “eugeng ‘pres se pouad owes arp Sump ‘werpraoqos Jo senbeu> yeyoounuou: proapord ane ‘eousBy une] PEE mop uo9saog suoneso] Buruyys wo 10 saad asorp wosy SOPOM ‘OHM _asqurouamy uneT Aueu auf Jo wonUW ou soxPuH Sun, “szBINa9 LE -onaui wie suopo2yar Jeonazosyp a1 SeyDEET a4 29Ut pay ‘rousury uneT ur s2j88na jeruojoon me pre $12 Luonsej9s auzanpp ¥ ouienny sist Meo suo ‘3e2)9fveyoysHS YOU az HEAD SurzueBto sy ‘qeuoseas put astouayasdo si HoNDeI>e 8g, TNA (€x2 002) ,jeMUONYL, a yp Og sem STEN -ojonsog,, ‘pues s,8un0, o—1yBnoMp ferMoqoorsod yo wawOM BuIpUNO} amp s¢ gg6s ur eurarys uy pipy ,e5pouIY ONET puE EY mp 30 A2epyjog Jo aoua23yv0D uBuUEDN, 2Ip sIH9893 onbsourvgya) ssemey Z9pUREDY OHAGOY ‘asqrramn,jpoypex puo wisipenUE 8 eeAon9 wo sesn99} Jere a4 O10 -relurog,, ‘suopaoe 2eup oxw! papmap st ‘agnor retojoasod Jo yaausdo jemounwaoey 241 \deyo puooas s 8an0x ro ue -uowy ugeT 8 axpour amp pe jeuonypen 219 Jo wonenoau ap) ,s9:n9Tt> igi, squyouen ypres rorspyy werunuedry atp pue s(sane08 pu sou uazaggp txouy seapt jo seoqratay 243 uontsodeaent ow) ,stap poet, sazmeanyas oxaqoy uny|2e1g 29 “GuoNEWONNOD TetUoyOD Jo mo sesTH|ND {Jo wopears a¢neanojsnen arp) \fonemaynosuER,, s,2810 pwr Ue ‘a s(euonewios jexajna 2puapoM Jo ,uonsaBIp,, aq WBnosR AANNEPY urapawy uneT Jo uopeuos 249) .leqodoxkaue,, 8 apespuV 7P OPTEASO46 Fennanioo coRONK journal ofatin American studies was initiated by Patricia Seed, zi f colonial Latin America, who presented the methods and concepts of colonial igh in social analysis. ‘According to Seed (1991), postcolonial studies’ critique oF conceptions ofthe subjects unitary and sovereign, and of meaning as taansparently expressed polatized as resistance versus accommodation by autonomous suhjects, Two years later inthe same jou teary erties questioned hher argument from different angles, Hern Vidal expressed mis leit superseded and nullified," which he called “technocrat cisim” (2993, 17). Rolena Adorno (19936), echoing Klor de Als argued for the need to recognize the distinctiveness of L: historical experience, suggesting that colonial and postcoloni may more properly apply to ical experience of Asia aud Aftiea, And Walter Mignolo (1093) argued for the need to distinguish among three ues of modetnity: postmodernism ([ts internal expression), postcolo- nialism (ts Asian and African modality), and post-Occidentalism (ts L ‘American manifestation), Yet far fiom regarding postcolont vant for Latin America, Mignolo suggested that we eeat i for developing knowledge from our various loci of enunciation. He has \eveloped his ideas of post-Oceidenclism (building on is original eoncep- tion by Fernandez Retamar {1976} and on my own ci {Cotonil 19961) in his pathbreaking Local Histor adi 'sargument, America’s discourse ledge that draws on Quijano's notion of 29950) Subaltern studies has been widely recognized as a major curtent in the postcolonial field. While historians developed subalteen studies in South Asia, litetary theorists have played a major roe inthe formation of subaltern studies on Latin America, Around the time of the Seed debate, the Latin American Subaltern Studies Group was founded at a meeting of the Latin ‘American Studies Association in r992. Unlike its South Asian counterpatt, after which it was nat ‘composed of literary cites, with the exception of Seed and two anthropologists who soon thereafter left the ‘group. Its “Founding Statement” offered a sweeping overview of major stages of Latin American studies, ejecting theie common modernist foun- ie subaltern, But walike the South Asian group, foerned by a small group of historians organized around a coherent historiographical and editorial pro} ect centered on rewriting the histovy of Indi, this group, mostly composed was characterized by its diverse and shi8ting membership of their disciplinary conceras and reseatch agendas. ry boundaries, they have privileged the interpretation of texts over the analysis of historical transformations. The group's attempt to cepresent the Item has typically taken the form of readings of texts ptoduced by authors considered subaltecn or dealing with the issue ofsubalternity. nits deeade-lon White centered om literary studies, subaltarn studies has been consid- ered a major source of posteo 2 thoughtful discussion titled “The Promise and ies: Perspectives from Latin American History,” published in @ forum subaltern studies in 2 major history journal, historian Florencia M (4994) examines the consumption and pfoduetion of subaltern studies in Latin America and evaluates the tensions and prospects ofthis Feld, Her account focuses on historieal works, making explicit reference tothe conti- butions of scholars based on the United States who have made significant tse of the categories or methods associated with subsltern studies, She highlights Gil Josephs pioneering use of Guha’s work on India’s peasantry imhis examination of banditry in Lcin America, noting thavit moved discus sion beyond simplistic oppositions chat reduced bandits to cther resisters or reproducers of given social orders. In her review Mallon does not adress subalten studies on literary and tural criticism (perhaps because she does not find this work propedly historia!) but she does offer a critique of ehe Latin American Subaltern ‘Studies Group's “Founding Statement,” noting its ungrounded dismissal of historiographical work on subaltera sectors in Latin America, She makes 2 similar critique ofthe more substantial srticle by Seed, the one historian of the group. Objecting to Seed’s presentation of members of the “Subaltern studies movement” as leaders of the “postcolonial discourse movement,” ‘Mallon offers ample references to recent historical work on polities, eth- icity, and the stave from the eatly colonial period to the twentieth century that “had begun to show that all sobaitern communities were internally40559 9uru.yo Uonso[9s 8 yo stone(suzn zo pasodito> ps pe rnbuesysng exsary ris suetonsny a A 4 setpms on woompon uy ‘sa.eqop [PrEoyo=sOg) popHAMIDGNS oy 2p orp “9 so)» uppmpou sup wpounsod ax 120u aM ap ons maunaaiBe ag uo paseg ,ateas-voneu 21930 Aqdexong ain, st pazie#20 srmn0998 WON} ewe yearg on sxdwone por] cm race Burssnostp 4 wet -enBar sty sdoppuap apf aye uweoynaq andoeyp 24 a0yo2 0 Inq SOAs, cn ropa sip 81 wlod SIEy aMoDse peuossayord 194 Jo Suquinsse jo sopoead uousion axa wroa s9y dos 30U s20p saanoodsiod s2420 “jo uonernzeazd s,uoyeye weap uonRatasgo s,.yfuac; uRodyeH o1NL ses10pU> sorsng ‘subpp s.fapatog wou sjesuny Bunurisp 2 “euEONNTY MON, pure syueejey 294 MPH woReIPE jeoyerp wy aBeiue or xGwane roy Ruy -poyom ‘sapeame 4 Jo Apvaldmon ayy sovensuowp Ip wow PUD BUNS ew 30 Suipzaz apqne v yor wondo sup soun dures ot syeioue> ynomp >]qe12asue suonsanb, ow 2anzods rranyed pur yeonazomip ogy anoge suueys tama 04 st yesodoxd pay, 3038 tquunsse asureSe wonnes 011 s28 2 maaan Jo sprepueIS yp Jo SUN U 30M SHOE a wunsIp sup sosn doparogt ajnyaang soenosdazad yrwsayeqns pus 03819 fIo0s waowaag ysITBURS|P 92 oot ara sozmuBonee soxsng,apoung 2/7 nbues.ens eaaany pure Sereda yo9 ‘tepnopessy ssmuapuy pay sax Setuonusw Aq ensouoqdu0 so1ang yoy “opuyeD sos0[g ERIS asIuespmy ay OF st soUaI—per ATO syuoqrew ‘eapawy unry wy poonpoad 30m Jo ajduurs oaneauasazdoa oxour = Jo woysnypuy axp mss8Ens PUP UoIsENosIp 194 40 sno} ueodonaN pu seruaa0j2uy ayp SoM sorsng y Sqpmag wrayegns Jo BUTTE pu esTOTE ay oydon sia 30 worssnosip s,uoreW ea suet anyyy “98pepAoU [Jo sopoq ows aso4p uaounog ORE ay ss>sse on UO [eoOY Se KaEK>g pure uojfeW s9sn (Coor) soxeng OUNATIND uvuorsTy UELOpENDy amp ‘Keen “any vatamy wpe puesoypras cHay/eqns jo uotssnostp parrousTos eu] ‘suoneu asaqy so sarydesorq 12 -ago 2tp Aunonzsuosep ueyp zaytex Surquosui9s 'woneD 3¢p Jo sorysesONG ane wimeqas sash ae4p lord uo ue se sieadde ‘2s 'suonmanay 204 yfdsep aexp Susie “(S6x) nag pun empayy yO} fo Buyony 241 woRDyY puD DSM S,H -ymqns © suyop cay 105 reHp EAD SuiMoydad “(oo0e * “ans aa 30 sarpmis asrusajegneton 2240 saancadsiad wapeqns 30 fow0H seins ap 304 sare Bans syy ay owt ‘cno29 saypmas woqeqns WeDeLY upeT jo stapuines ayn Jo au “fapsAng uo] 403 JeuDo sf UDA SIAL “spay aon u99440q 2000 _sagnp op 01 wontrane wuafoggnsays9y 105 en090e SMe eon yan ure wuawrepuny 08 29(oxd werpsuresp ap on iaousty Ur=HEGNS 0 [E21 juonnswooap jo uopeurpraqns 294 sdeysag “(S1S't 7662) ,a2f010 ueppsurezg 230 aoyaae atp 2, we!anp9 tepounsod Jo swuany MeapAsaCL ue merpnesnog ain Suypeyé fq emmagip sip 2xfos 02 sosodoad ays “(et “puns weajeqns teysy Hanes anoge suotssnosHp uk poron spuaNba7y 1) sonnoadsied urapounsed puewspezmy (ueosioe1p) waeMrag wo seam expe wanyeqns wesawW ENET JO ,POIAHP 94M SEO LOHE ‘soe wanes £q passondsa roporsiy jo setzo8aye> texuao ap Suwonsonb syevua wry Bares ston “onasuosap st pe oust jeanne pa [e108 yo asorp ayy row soBowens| Jeoonewasardor jo 95n 24 Sesost) ApBBsso00u OTH “we ysapon soo ‘9 aBoynaq wo}sua) aep Aq paspeu v2Eq sey roaloxd encyeqns (rorUde 6, oR, HORE, up ey soueDyUBIS RBIS ysIaBusyp ax yBNOS 04 Aydesfosonsy 1p ssuouos axe warp Suneredas sou 2m ‘sporpam pur souoora aeuns doy pure mem Toolqns ® se nussypeqns areys sexpms [erwoyo>xsod/uzayeqns ue ) ssornes easyegne jo Laoasy [emia par JePOs 2 tuojomsod 30 wrmieqns otf Jo ued por9pIs o> 24 pmoys SHO Te cureuoo Js Ajuey> sfouayoygns 10M s20p aang ‘soppnis wiopeqns jo 2d0os ap spuedxa uoyssnasyp auprue 8,UOTEN "(ooSr F661) ,shem avenues Aagared wy snsuasti09 4p Aun peoprod pa8ios swaneqns aeKp pe yerus!yUOD pu pSIERTaTATP awvovos eanvnnne ge =by South Asien authors. In their introduction Rivera Cusicangul and Barea- sain make only tangential reference to the Latin Ametican Subaltern Studies Group, and none tothe work ofits members. They ae oritical ofits “Found ing Statement” for reducing the cont he South Asian group (0 an assortment of ethnographic cases that “exemplify fom the South the theory and the broad conceptual guidelines produced in the North” Ibi. 1). And they criticize Mallon’s article on subaltern studies both for its {inattention toa long Latin American tradition of eitieal work on colonialism and postcolonialism and for reducing South Asian subeltern studies “eo a questionable Gramscian project on behalf of which one should place the whole postmodern and postscucturalist debate” (Ibid). Theic own interpretative effortis centered on und fof South Asian subaltern studies for Latin American historiogcaphy, em- phasizing the innovative importance of the poststructualist perspectives informing the South Asian seholacship. Theit brief discussion of Latin ‘American work highlights three critical currents the Axgentinean school of economic history represented by Enrique Tandeter, Carlos Semmpat Assa- outian, and juan Carlos Garavaglia, and distinguished by its transforma- -Macxist and Gramscian categories through a confiontation with the specificities of Indian labour in the Potosi area; the studies of peasant insur- agency and oligarchic rule careied out by the Taller de Historia Oral Andina dialogue at the same time avoids dist the danger present in “cet new theories and disear ‘one of them-for this impoverishes and fe Date” (Rivera Cusieanqui and Bacragin 1997, establishes 2 common ground between postcolonial studies and Latin Amer- ican historiography on colonialism and postealo alter studies as the product of an “epistemological and methodological i, x7)-IPsubalteen is postcolonial, its post isthe post of postmodernism and poststructuralism, Avaciantof this view is presented by the philosophers Eduardo Mendicta, and Santiago Castro-Gémer in their thougheful intcoduction to an impor- tant book of essays written by Latin Americanists published in Mexico under lina: Latinoamericano, postoo 5, yet presents sub- critical thought and the historieal concext ofits production, Casteo-Gomés and Mendieta seck to determine the specific character of postcolonial stud~ ies. They draw a distinction between “anti-colonial discoutse,” as produced in Latin America by Las Casas, Guamdn Poma de Ayala, Francisco Bilbao, and José Enrique Rodé, and “postcolonial discoutse,” as articulated by Sald, Spivak, and Bhabha. For them, anticolonial discourse is produced in “tra tional spaces oF action,” that i identities in predominantly local contests not yet subjected to intensive pro cesses of rationalization” (as described by Weber ot Habetraa that postcolonial theories, contexts of action,” that jects configure Men dicta 1998, 16-17), For them, this distinction has political implications: While anticolonialist discourse clains to speak for ot bistoricizes its own position, not ro discover at but to produce truth effects chat unsettle the Field of p follows that rade structs them in order to broaden the scope of 's, From this perspective, the post of post sm. In my view, it raises several questions. Its distinction hetween iscourse risks reproducing the tradition- modernity dichotomy of modernizat rapialy chang stable “tradi rational worlds that engender postcolonial theorists and their supecior di courses. By treating deconstruction as theoretical breaktheough that supe ical efforts—now relegated to less-cational traditional position also risks becoming an expression of Vidi that “Latin America has not patticipated in decolonization” (Vidal 1993, 57) perhaps an extreme ex tation” of those who ig shown interest on the recognize that Latin American thinkers haveered ayy ‘Sotpms uroyousy uae pur epuojoasod daemiaq érysuoneys om ‘uo uonoagare sy ‘samTaH20 2240 wo3y ro yeydapp 24 Jo smom aan -sodsozapyp 282jnd 108 praca fonp festa 298 01 aod eTP}ONDS 9518 2H. ‘soapoadsaad pue sono zaz0 wos} pado|Bs9p WHsEMO|OD Ho SuONOYEE yo souraigdis 2% YsTUNUTP 20 aepyEady 01 spuen a ‘WHER Jo anba “tio panjoxa sou ayp se saeadde soqpnas jemoyonisod se zeJost] ‘PONDS “spans zotadns pe83y ye 30 a8paynouy jo s2ekgo aus swoalgns autos wna wip suoudunsse pur sanyoresany ou s2,ano9 02 saedanens jeuoneuosordaxsosn ‘anvemoysuEn ang jruopeiuosoide2 snl ou sy ojowsmsid sy ~érysuone|ax SuzIU0Ioo ‘qenboun spp Samo 28 pores sumoazapua feopseur ov 25019 30 ad aney soso rey ip ot Sunpelgns Sanus “tgunp zusiay) we) vomsaysrges 10h wojoresod yo eanondezed ou w1035 oxrsy waqgoxd up ead ues 11 2946 « 3f9Sq [sIUD9 pue IOWANS Sq POIPMES 2q 01 425NOy rar we p9lqo pozstojoo ¥ sv paw} uD ang 'IaM98q0 2x 30 om peanayno aya Buypeys se papzeBars90/qns jetoos e waka 40 ‘uEydo|a we so eanse P04 a saps fqEojon}sod jo DeKgo AeA ap IIT outepuny azous ona Sayer Sogpms fyuojpaased uesueMIY NET ‘sn sf ‘satsnPouoaut pue fenmed sAeaye st yeaa Jo 2Bpayouy ea amos aygezed sa ,/u99s, 2¢ wD HI ypIUN oY somvodsiad wueReRTP ane aap se souew v pouta st uy pomuosauda aq we ‘fsa Sapna feqwojoo “asod Jo pret 9p agp 2 “PIG SH “S29 ays 20 a4 zed ay £q axmea¥> _yusogp © ee aweyday>2yp sazfensya moyis 30 Yea) sTepOWDS pants as aR pur asydap 21a jo ges 2 SY sazpmIs eUo|EsOM We “way WBE], aUyop 0% $21 4]oyy|P oy wapIAa @peUT SEN WoISSNOSTP STE, isvonvgny aH NI SLNYHaaTa (gn axowaqes exeuoc opse>nY pue“pueto| aureYpE) "yd2soLJIEHIW _epqitg Aq pane uopaoqo aga Uy Suoneyar HeDHaMY UNET-S'n Jo sarpmas ss jrouoisty peqfmep pu uonsepar feonstoatp Jo wonder Suuaduo;d ‘guys ‘s1syunonus ryuojomsod oytoeds jo soypnas yBnoap aeASP TOL -oo4s0d ata 2Btua on sj wondo aanonpoxd szemnanzed yg ‘9661) , 4903944 _eouyatp go pue weg upwrens Jo Buxpeo1 apqns ay yBno sup seq LORE -onseg expurg se “Oysnayos [eanMD Jo sontfepous moragHP srepoxdE £0 joy dew srop ferooyoarsod se woues jeuooowsod a joxwed parapisuo> {ou ave ow sio¥gne Jo auouneaN1-y “spray asamp BaYRP TeYB ELD 24 ‘ugar o1zopzo uy ‘saa 0 Boypeas 19s0p ose nq sO HD LIONTIYSEP 127! baa suonipen emroysiu{ asoup uaanag snap e “aSueypa sy ay Jo uoyssnostp 5,sousng WH Sy IPEUNDYE NY pur ws! joo wo stonzayay UESHSUY UReT pue [eoyo=sod vaDAiog UCRE aruyop Jo Synoup ai steavan ‘Bam pUE YoHOYY aBWNK EK D4 set ceway zopupteg pur zewon-onsep/erIpuawy w>oKI%q AOTAMLTP 2. ‘aonez;uoqooop gam iuawaBiSua pareys stu Supe -andde sau nq Snot feoq9 Tepuoyosrsed pur UrouUNY UT weanKeg ‘seuepunod op Surseza 10 Aoyyap ys pauzaouoo row $1 eUIMY zopUT “oq ‘oopeW PUP eeuREND UF sroIs TPuONRE pu snEUET!pw Jo >? “ford Buyemoronep axp sie sau uy BugeyTORTE se soorEyy aaNEpUTTTONGNS puv pysuaye razoqofry jo sorraodérezodusenwo> ayy syBu81G 3H 70 ‘operating pre pumyy 7804 sungno pur ‘oxteqny oreq pu aprapULY @P PIP 30) sure "2m OBEI0 PU PZ, opjKlow] SUEREOW! “OTHE SPUPUY PE ‘aounig suejanzauag apnjouy Zoyy ang 2194 doraUT 1 snoxeU ‘001 ase sajdimea Si ‘Seotauy ayy woay uoNDay [eonE-yPS HuaIO;U spoinos snosusBouai>q pure AjeuBn0 otf seresqa|s9 so PUE SHOHAINE 50 “uonoayes apua SiH ‘omuoususy pure “eyderBounsty weoprouy mae passazddo ‘1g Jo ABoBepod “Gooey Aovapuadsp “uonessqy Jo Aydosorad pue ABojo “ay ‘syezapous Aresany se s9f8@nns fomoeyoue asTOMT eos tH OF 2D exya 81 ap soupeyy amp pue srsneder, am yo stuguiaaow ata pure ‘woRN|OHY, treqng arp ‘tonnjoazy ueoniayy aif ‘eouapuadaper yo szet 24) ORSON, Lueaep] ay Stiol ay sq ‘woReZIoIO9p Jo ssarord offs ¥ 30 1xrd se Ssuonaayor feraoeront pue s|2Aoa jeynyod zatpaBion yay] monewudeDnd se ough, qabap 29 aotapundapa, Se Yan ‘siuaWeAOT 14 dpoqara rep sep! 20 sasexyd fay hq poynaps ‘upon punoze paztueSxo ‘tsoiauds aya Apeosye S14 13 -(966r suey z>puptiea) saypras [e7UO[0 jn}d9 303 22d 1 se patayo seuiSixo ‘syns Surzojosop weOHOUEY UA saeurenay atqrnaus ue se ys styp xdo008 ox aos Ao, wstERUOIO® JO OREUILIENSble appears as literal absence of indigenous elephants in the ned and bounded region and argue in defense ofits autochthonous intellectal productions (but doing so typ xopolitan languages and with arguments supported by theories which were ‘foreign’, tempt to define Latin tinents and regarding it as an imperial “import” that devalues “local” Latina Ametiean knowledge. 'e my opinion, the view that testriets postcolonial reflexivity to certain very, 28 well as the position that teats Posteoionial studies as another foreign fad that undermines local kn edge, reinforces both the file's theoretical and ethnographie provincialism and its de facto exclusion of Latin Ametica. These two sides of a protected ial coin prevent us from taking advantage ofthe global circulation of postcolonial stdies as ap uctency for the exchange and evelopment of perspectives on colonialism and its legacies from different regions and inellecraal traditions. The problem is not simply, a 5 can critics of postcalo- nialism have suggested, thar Latin Americanists should be deawing on ‘Kusch ot Jorge Luis Borges as much as on Said or Dertida, but that knowl edge should be global and acknowledge the worldwide conditions of its production, Just as Kusch drew on Heldegger, and Derrida was inspited by Jorge Luis Borges, Said and Ortiz developed indep Feach other, fifty years apart, a contrapuntal view ofthe historical formation of cultures and identities that disrupts the West-rest dichotomy (Coronil 1995). Citical responses to colonialism from different locations take different but comple- tary forms, While fiom an Asian perspective it has become necessary to Buropean thought (Chakrabarty 2000), ftom a Latin Ameti- ‘can perspective it has become indispensable to globalize the pevipheny: to recognize the worldwide formation of what appears to be self-generated modern meteopolitan centers and backward peripheries, ‘As it has been defined so far, the eld of postcolo neglect the study of contemporary forms of pk nomic exploitation, Recognized by many as one of the field's founders, -Edwatd Said has distanced himsel by building on Latin American critical traditions. the rlatlanship between colonialism and modernity is the core prob fem for both postcolonial and neriean studies, the fondamental contribution of Latin American studies isto recast this problem by setting it ina wider depth. A wider focus, spanaing from Asia and Aiea to the Americas, yields 8 deeper view, revealing the links between the development of modern colo- lism by Northern European powérs and its founda Portugal. This larger fare modifies prevailing understandings of modern history, Capitalism anc y ‘sumed both in mainstream and in posteolonial studies to be a Eucopean process marked by the Enlightenrwent, the dawning ofindustralization, and the forging of nations in the eighteenth century, ean be seen instead as a global process involving the expansion of Christendom, the formation af aud the exeation of transcontinental ce the six- ‘century A dialogue between Latin American and postcolonial studies ‘ought not to be polarizing, and might range over local histories and global esigns, texts and their material contexts, and subjective formations aud structures of domination "his dialogue should bring to the forefront two incerelated areas of s lected by postcolonial studies. At the juncture of colonialist 3k and the dawn of new forms of imperial domination, the Feld tends to vecollect colonial- ism rather thaw its eventualities. Bullding on 2 long tradition of work on post-independence Latin Amevia, [have argued for the need to distinguish “global from “national” and “colonial” imperialism as a phase character- ined by the growing absteaction and generalization of impetial modes of Political and economic control (Coronil 2003), And drawing on pestcoloninp se ‘Aopos 2jBuis & unRus sasmoosip sejnonze ‘usoasaq tononsaiuy 2m Jo Apmas ain st sxeoddestp O57 east “aojossp soouasagp Tees yor mn Grayduod [ue rauan pure pazquojoo pur 2921U0I09 se Yans sot payq annionpea Jo sua) ur saopaesd jesnyod pre pean - wojdutoo Jo suoyssmasip paonposd uayo sey a9p re at yo .Sujuapingzaco, sty, (L066) .pROM 3p yo spmp-ona mmoge Buyoea so Aniqysuodsax axa sp appes dupa sno Jo dpmeqe, aqpano porwrod seq ‘ad “urexa 304 ‘2alioypgaW uray "eusmmousyd aarewp AIR ae jo woeztuafomoy aygenmour ue 02 BNpESI “PY peoag Apuranxe we snoge aBpepnouy jrogpadns Buyonp oud 10; pazjoa9 uaaq Apuonbay se aFaENp sNOREETE nas reojonased go adoas ayy 3083 Uy wouNO9 ‘samy 2 Waae Hoyo TEIN SOMOS Jo uostred gj wias Sew, 109 a4geredwo> & uy, wsypemoqoowsod Sune LX3LNOD JALLWUVEWOD V_NI a1Va3q WSIIVINOTOD.1S0d NVDIWaNY NILVT 3HL ‘uw Koy ae suonesuess ys BUa I pater Ss S>TEN aque," © SprUNB AN 28 e007 Jo sstme p BupND “oyozasod wo aeuntossienpeaSiod jo suotssaosyp Aaa aya soy Wal SI. 310N asodord smspedez ay pax soarew atuepurwoogns Se ,'spHO% Ame apnpU! 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