Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electronic Evidence3 PDF
Electronic Evidence3 PDF
Evidence
Understanding the Rule and the Technical Nature of its Terms
By: IAN DANIEL B. GALANG
3E- San Beda College of Law
History
People v. Burgos, 200 SCRA 67
The SC, in this sedition case, had occasion to rule on whether evidence
submitted in electronic form could be admissible as evidence. Burgos
argued that the evidence- contained in diskettes- which the military had
sought to introduce against him could not be admissible as the military
could have been tampered with it. RTC Judge agreed with him and
disallowed the presentation of the evidence. In the SC, the lower court
was reversed and was directed to admit the evidence. But instead of
ruling, however, on whether an electronic- generated evidence was
admissible or not, it relied on the presumption of regularity in the
performance of public service. It allowed the introduction of the
evidence on the ground that there was no showing that the military had
tampered with the diskette. Thus the issue on electronically generated
documents/data as evidence was not squarely decided upon.
The New Law RA8692
The e-commerce law expressly provides that for
evidentiary purposes, an electronic document shall be
the functional equivalent of a written document under
existing laws. Under this principle of “functional
equivalent” any electronic data message, document or
signature, which is the functional equivalent of a
written document or original signature, it is now clearly
admissible as evidence. The operative words for
admissibility are integrity, reliability and can be
authenticated.
RULE 1- COVERAGE
RESOLUTION
Information generated using word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software (eg. MS Office, OpenOffice)
Information generated with the use of application software, eg., financial reports, bank statements, etc.
Scanned documents
Digital photos
Traffic Data
(d) "Computer" refers to any single or interconnected device
or apparatus, which, by electronic, electro-mechanical or
magnetic impulse, or by other means with the same function,
can receive, record, transmit, store, process, correlate, analyze,
project, retrieve and/or produce information, data, text,
graphics, figures, voice, video, symbols or other modes of
expression or perform any one or more of these functions.
Devices that hold Electronically Stored
Information
Computers
Electronic*Informa/on*
is*stored*in*a*
hierarchical*manner,*
grouped*in*folders/
subfolders*
Electronically Stored Information
Calls made
Unfortunately, providers do not keep a record of calls and sms activities for prepaid
subscriptions
Mobile phone
Call logs
i. whether the transformation was created using the private key that
corresponds to the signer's public key; and
ii. whether the initial electronic document had been altered after the
transformation was made.
refers to the key of a key pair used refers to the key of a key pair used
to verify a digital signature to create a digital signature
KEY PAIR
in an asymmetryic cryptosystem refers to the private key and its mathematically related
public key such that the latter can verify the digital signature that the former creates
Example:
3048 0241 00C9 18FA CF8D EB2D EFD5 FD37 89B9 E069 EA97 FC20 5E35 F577
EE31 C4FB C6E4 4811 7D86 BC8F BAFA 362F 922B F01B 2F40 C744 2654 C0DD
2881 D673 CA2B 4003 C266 E2CD CB02 0301 0001
Certification Authority
Card Number
Card Number = Public Key
Public – Private Key Pair
4559
ATM
PIN is kept
PIN = Private Key here
Digital Signing
This is Juan
Pu Pr
bli iva
c te
Digital Signing
Message
Process Digest
Encryptio
n using
private
key
Pr
iva
te
Digital
Juan uses the signing procedure Signature
provided by the CA
Digital Signing
Digital
Signature
Pr
iva
te
Document and Signature Verification
This is Pedro
Message
Process Digest
Digital Message
Signature Decrypts Digest
Pu
bli
c
Juan s Info:
Name
Department
Cubicle Number
Certificate Info:
Expiration Date
Signs with
Serial Number Maria s
Juan's Public Key: !!! Key
Pu
Juan s Digital
bli
c Certificate
Verifying Signer’s Identity
Pu
Verify using
bli
c Maria s
Juan s Public Key Juan s Digital
Public Key Certificate
Pedro uses the identity verification
procedure provided by the CA
Securing Electronic Documents
In the same case, it was held that EDM and electronic document may be
used interchangeably as this was part of the resolution of the bicameral
committee in the Congress.
MCC Industrial Corp. v. Ssangyong
G.R.No. 170633, October 17, 2007.
The case interprets the term “electronic data message” by looking back to the
discussions of the Congress upon formulation of the law. In this light, it held
that the intention is to have same meaning as the term “electronic record” in
the Canada Law, which construction of the term “electronic data message”
excludes telexes, or faxes, except computer generated faxes in harmony with
E-Commerce Law’s focus on “paperless” communications.
Note: It was also held that since fax cannot be considered as electronic evidence, with
greater reason is a photocopy of such a fax transmission not electronic evidence.
Electronic Documents / Electronic Data
Messages as Documentary Evidence
ECA, Sec. 7
ECA Sec. 12
Admissibility
REE Rule 4
(k) "Ephemeral electronic communication" refers to
telephone conversations, text messages, chatroom sessions,
streaming audio, streaming video, and other electronic forms of
communication the evidence of which is not recorded or retained.
Closed Circuit TV
Satellite TV
Video over IP
Aznar v. Citibank
NPC v. Codilla
Nuez v. Cruz-Apao
Vidallon-Magtolis v. Salud
Rustan Ang v. CA
http://www.dti.gov.ph/uploads/DownloadableForms/ECO_DTI-
DAO_11-01_18Feb11.pdf
!