ome tn te
Is Gratitude a Moral Affect?
Michael E. McCullough
‘National Institut for Healtheare Research and
Southem Methodist University
Robert A. Emmons
University of California, Davis
Shelley D. Kilpatrick
National Institute for Healthcare Research
David B. Larson
National Institute for Healthcare Research
Gratitude is conceptualized ase moral affect that is analogous to other moral emotions such as empathy
sand uit Gratitude has 3 funetons that ean be conceplized 3 moclly eleva: (a) amoral baromete
anctio (ie, tsa esponse to the perception tat one has been the beneficiary of another persons mora
action) (b) amoral motive function (eit maivates the grateful pesca to behave prosoclally toward
the benefactor and other people}; and (c) a moral reinforcer fonction (ie, when expressed, it encourages
benefactors to bebe morally inthe fut). The personality and social factors ha are asscited with
ratte are also consistent with a conceptuliation of graitde as an alfet tat is relevant wo people's
‘cognitions and behaviors in the moral domain,
Grate is ot only the grstest of vines, but the parent of all he
cots.
—Cicero
Ingrattude.. tam abomination
Seneca
‘Across nearly all cultures and through most of human history,
‘gratitude has been treated as both @ normal and normative aspect
‘of personality and social life. Gratitude is a highly prized human